专业八级人文知识美国.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,美国概况,America,【,国名,】,美利坚合众国（,The United States of America,）,简称美国（,U.S.A.,），英语亦常称之为,United States,、,U.S.,、,The U.S.,、,USA,、,The States,或者,America,，绰号“山姆大叔”（,Uncle Sam,）。中文旧称“花旗国”。,Uncle Sam,美国的绰号叫“山姆大叔”。传说年英美战争期间，美国纽约特罗伊城商人山姆,威尔逊（,1766.9.13-1854.7.31,）在供应军队牛肉的桶上写有“,u.s.”,，表示这是美国的财产。这恰与他的昵称“山姆大叔”,(Uncle Sam),的缩写,(u.s.),相同，于是人们便戏称这些带有,u.s.,标记的物资都是“山姆大叔”的。后来，“山姆大叔”就逐渐成了美国的绰号。十九世纪三十年代，美国的漫画家又将“山姆大叔”画成一个头戴星条高帽、蓄着山羊胡须的白发瘦高老人。年美国国会通过决议，正式承认“山姆大叔”为美国的象征。,The Stars and the Stripes,The Old Glory,The Star-Spangled Banner,【,国旗,】,星条旗。呈横长方形，长与宽之比为。主体由道红、白相间的宽条组成，道红条，道白条；旗面左上角为蓝色长方形，其中分排横列着颗白色五角星。红色象征强大和勇气，白色代表纯洁和清白，蓝色象征警惕、坚韧不拔和正义。道宽条代表最早发动独立战争并取得胜利的个州，颗五角星代表美利坚合众国的州数。年美国国会通过法案，国旗上的红白宽条固定为道，五角星数目应与合众国州数一致。每增加一个州，国旗上就增加一颗星，一般在新州加入后的第二年月日执行。至今国旗上已增至颗星，代表美国的个州。每年月日为“美国国旗制定纪念日”。在这一天，美国各地举行纪念活动，以示对国旗的敬重和对合众国的热爱。,National Emblem,【,国徽,】,主体为一只胸前带有盾形图案的白头海雕（秃鹰）。白头海雕是美国的国鸟，它是力量、勇气、自由和不朽的象征。盾面上半部为蓝色横长方形，下半部为红、白相间的竖条，其寓意同国旗。鹰之上的顶冠象征在世界的主权国家中又诞生一个新的独立国家,美利坚合众国；顶冠内有颗白色五角星，代表美国最初的个州。鹰的两爪分别抓着橄榄枝和箭，象征和平和武力。鹰嘴叼着的黄色绶带上用拉丁文写着“合众为一”，意为美利坚合众国由很多州组成，是一个完整的国家。,【,国歌,】,星条旗永不落,（“,the star-spangled banner”,曾译,星条旗,歌），歌词是一位名叫弗朗西斯,斯科特,基的美国律师在英美战争时，透过战场上的硝烟看到星条旗经过英军炮轰后仍在要塞上空高高飘扬时感慨万分而即景写下的。曲谱是“进行曲之王”苏萨的著名代表作。,星条旗永不落,于年被美国国会正式定为国歌。,【,国花,】,玫瑰花，象征着美丽、芬芳、热忱和爱情。年经参议院通过定为国花。,【,国石,】,蓝宝石,【,国鸟,】,白头海雕（秃鹰）。美国是世界上最先确定国鸟的国家。白头雕最早出现于美国的旗帜上是在独立战争期间。年月日第二次大陆会议发表了,独立宣言,并决定新生的美国必须有一个特殊的国徽。年月日，美国国会通过决议，把北美洲特有的白头海雕作为美国的国鸟，并把这种鸟作为国徽图案的主体。白头雕外观美丽、性情凶猛，头上有丰满的羽毛，它的最大特点是两头白，即白头白尾。它代表着勇猛、力量和胜利。,American President,1 1789,1797,年 乔治,华盛顿,(George Washington),2 1797,1800,年 约翰,亚当斯,(John Adams),联邦党,3 1801,1808,年 托玛斯,杰弗逊,(Thomas Jefferson),民主共和党 即民主党的前身,4 1809,1816,年 詹姆斯,麦迪逊,(James Madison),民主共和党 即民主党的前身,5 1817,1824,年 詹姆斯,门罗,(James Monroe),民主共和党 即民主党的前身,6 1825,1828,年 约翰,昆西,亚当斯,(John Quincy Adams),民主共和党 即民主党的前身；是第二任总统约翰,亚当斯之子。,7 1829,1836,年 安德鲁,杰克逊,(Andrew Jackson),民主党,8 1837,1840,年 马丁,范布伦,(Martin Van Buren),民主党,9 1841,年 威廉,哈里森,(William Harrison),辉格党,1841,年,4,月病死，由副总统泰勒继任。,10 1841,1844,年 约翰,泰勒,(John Tyler),辉格党,11 1845,1848,年 詹姆斯,波尔克,(James Polk),民主党,12 1849,1850,年 扎卡里,泰勒,(Zachary Taylor),辉格党,1850,年,7,月病死，由副总统菲尔莫尔继任。,13 1850,1852,年 米勒德,菲尔莫尔,(Millard Fillmore),辉格党,14 1853,1856,年 福兰克林,皮尔斯,(Franklin Pierce),民主党,15 1857,1860,年 詹姆斯,布坎南,(James Buchanan),民主党,16 1861,1865,年 亚伯拉罕,林肯,(Abraham Lincoln),共和党,1865,年,4,月遇刺身亡，由副总统约翰逊继任。,17 1865,1868,年 安德鲁,约翰逊,(Andrew Johnson),共和党,18 1869,1876,年 尤里塞斯,格兰特,(Ulysses Grant),共和党,19 1877,1880,年 拉瑟福德,海斯,(Rutherford Hayes),共和党,20 1881,年 詹姆斯,加菲尔德,(James Garfield),共和党,1881,年,9,月遇刺身亡，由副总统阿瑟继任。,21 1881,1884,年 切斯特,阿瑟,(Chester Arthur),共和党,22 1885,1888,年 格罗弗,克利夫兰,(Grover Cleveland),民主党,23 1889,1892,年 本杰明,哈里森,(Benjamin Harrison),共和党 是,1841,年任总统的威廉,哈里森的孙子。,24 1893,1896,年 格罗弗,克利夫兰,(Grover Cleveland),民主党,25 1897,1901,年 威廉,麦金莱,(William McKinley),共和党,1901,年,9,月遇刺身亡，由副总统罗斯福继任。,26 1901,1908,年 西奥多,罗斯福,(Theodore Roosevelt),共和党,27 1909,1912,年 威廉,塔夫脱,(William Taft),共和党,28 1913,1920,年 伍德罗,威尔逊,(Woodrow Wilson),民主党,29 1921,1923,年 沃伦,哈定,(Warren Harding),共和党,1923,年,8,月病死，由副总统柯立芝继任。,30 1923,1928,年 卡尔文,柯立芝,(Calvin Coolidge),共和党,31 1929,1932,年 赫伯特,胡佛,(Herbert Hoover),共和党,32 1933,1945,年 富兰克林,罗斯福,(Franklin Roosevelt),民主党,1945,年,4,月病死，由副总统杜鲁门继任。是美国第,26,任总统西奥多,罗斯福的远亲。,33 1945,1952,年 哈利,S,杜鲁门,(Harry S.Truman),民主党,34 1953,1961,年 德怀特,艾森豪威尔,(Dwight Eisenhower),共和党,35 1961,1963,年 约翰,肯尼迪,(John Kennedy),民主党,1963,年,11,月遇刺身亡，由副总统约翰逊继任。,36 1963,1968,年 林登,约翰逊,(Lyndon Johnson),民主党,37 1969,1974,年 理查德,尼克松,(Richard Nixon),共和党,1974,年,8,月因水门事件辞职。,38 1974,1976,年 杰拉尔德,福特,(Gerald Ford),共和党 尼克松因水门事件辞职后，福特继任为总统。,39 1977,1980,年 吉米,卡特,(Jimmy Carter),民主党,40 1981,1988,年 罗纳德,里根,(Ronald Reagan),共和党,41 1989,1992,年 乔治,布什,(George Bush),共和党,42 1993,2000,年 比尔,克林顿,(Bill Clinton),民主党,43 2001,2009,年 乔治,沃克,布什,(George Walker Bush),共和党 是第,41,届总统乔治,布什之子。,44 2009,贝拉克,奥巴马,(Barack Obama),民主党 美国历史上首位非洲裔总统,Geography,地理位置,美国全国分为,50,个州和一个特区,-,哥伦比亚特区（,District of Columbia,），即首都华盛顿（,Washington,D.C.,）所在地。,Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.,阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。,The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China.,就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。,Of all states of American,Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.,所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。,The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the Continental Divide.,落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。,The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains.The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast.,阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。,The Mississippi River is the largest river in American,over 6000 kilometers.The Mississippi has been called father of waters“or old man river,密西西比河是美国最长河流，有被称作,众水之父,或,老人河,。,The Ohio river has been called the American Ruhr,As in Germany,the area along the river is rich in valuable deposits of high-grade coking coal and is well known for its steel industry.The river provides cheap water transportation for raw materials.,俄亥俄河被称作美国的鲁尔河，就像德国一样，沿河有丰富的高品质焦煤，并且因其钢铁而著名。另外，该河还为原材料提供了廉价的水路运输。,On the Pacific side there are two great rivers:the Colorado in the south and the Columbia,which rises in Canada.,太平洋沿岸有两大河：科罗拉多河及哥伦比亚河。,The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.,格兰德河是美国和墨西哥之间的天然界河,The most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes.They are Lake Superior,which is the largest fresh water lake in the world,Lake Michigan,the only entirely in the U.S.,Lake Huron,Lake Eire and Lake Ontario.They are located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.,美国最重要的湖泊是五大湖：苏必利尔湖，密歇根湖，休伦湖，伊利湖和安大略湖，其中，苏必利尔湖为世界最大淡水湖，密歇根湖完全是美国境地内。,Climate,气候,A humid continental climate(,湿润的大陆性气候）,is found in the north-eastern part of the country.,（东北部）,In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate.(,湿润的亚热带气候,-,东南部）,The Pacific northwest is favored with a maritime climate,（海洋性气候,-,太平洋西北岸）,The southern part of the Pacific coast in California,（加州太平洋沿岸南部）,has a Mediterranean climate(,地中海式气候,)with warm,dry summers and moist winters.,Many factors besides latitude influence the climate in the United States.Perhaps the most important forces are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans,the Gulf of Mexico,and the Great Lakes.,影响美国气候的最主要的因素为：太平洋，大西泮，墨西哥湾，五大湖。,New English,is made up of six states of the Northeast.Because of its stony soil it is not noted for its agriculture.Dairying is the most important farm activity,New English is also well-known for its position in education,Many famous universities and colleges such as Yale,Harvard,the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)are located here.,新英格兰由美国东北部六个州组成，由于土壤多石，不利于农业生产，乳制品业是最重要的农业活动，许多重点大学如耶鲁大学，哈佛大学和麻省理工学院都坐落于此。,New Englanders were originally known as Yankees,which came to stand for all American.,新英格兰人最初曾被称作,”,美国佬,”,：这一名称，后来渐渐指所有的美国人。,The Middle Atlantic States have about one fifth of the total population of the united states.,大西洋中部各州的人口占美国总人口的,1/5,。,The soil is rich,the rain usually plentiful and the growing season long,These factors make the Midwest Americas most important agricultural area.It is also a major manufacturing region and the nations leading center of heavy industry.,中西部地区是美国最重要的农业区，也是主要的制造业区各最主要的重工业区。,Chicago,the largest and busiest port on the Great Lakes,is the largest industrial and commercial center of the area.,芝加哥是五大湖最大最忙的港口，也是该地区最大的工商业中心。,Detroit is known as the automobile capital of the world.,底特律被称作,汽车之都,”,.,Omaha is known as the agricultural capital of the United states.,奥马哈被称作农业之都。,Dry farming,irrigation farming,and the cattle and sheep herding are the main activities of the Great Plains of the American West.,旱地农业，灌溉农业和牛羊牧业是美国西部大平原地区的主要活动。,Colorado has been called the steel city of the west,Denver is the largest city of the Great Plains.,科罗拉多市被称作,“,西部钢城,”,，丹佛市是大平原地区最大的城市。,the largest groups of Native Americans are found on the Colorado Plateau.,美国最大的土著群落位于科罗拉多高原。,Mauna Loa,the worlds largest volcano,is located on Hawaii and erupts from time to time,Sugar cane and pineapples are Hawaiis main crops.Tourism is Hawaiis most important industry.,莫纳罗亚火山是世界最大活火山，甘蔗和菠罗是夏威夷的两大作物，旅游业是夏威夷最重要的产业。,Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii and Juneau is the capital of Alaska.,火奴鲁鲁是夏威夷的首府，朱诺是阿拉斯加的首府。,Population Race and Ethnic groups,美国人口种族,The United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after China and India.,美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。,Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth,The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigrants from independence until 1960s.Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.,19,世纪末,20,世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。,Almost 20 million people or 7.8%of the total population were immigrants in 1992.Between 80%and 90%of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.,如今美国移民的,80%,到,90%,主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。,Arizona,Nevada,and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.,在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。,The first immigrants in the American history cane from England and Netherlands.,美国历史上第一批移民来自英国和荷兰。,The first of these immigration waves in the mid-1810s and reached the highest point in 1845.,The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890.,The largest of the three immigration wave in American was from 1890-1914.,三次移民浪潮中最大的一次是,1890-1914,年。,One in five American moves to a new home every year seeking new job opportunity,a better climate of other goals.,有,1/5,的美国人每年搬一次家。,美国的四次大规模的人口流动：,流动方向,the First 1865-1880 east coast-west,the Second 1980-1920 rural areas-cities,the Third 1920-1960 the south/black people-other areas,the fourth 1960-now Northeast/Central-N-the West/the South,A large number of blank people move out of the south to other areas during the period between 1920-1960.,大批黑人离开南方涌向外地发生在,1920-1960,年间。,The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the United States is the blacks who number about 13%of the population.The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.,美国人口最多的少数民族是黑人，大约占总人口的,13%,，第一批黑人作为奴隶于,1619,年运抵北美。,The Hispanics,讲西班牙语的（人或民族）拉裔美国人,The Hispanics usually are Spanish-speaking person of Latin-American origin who live in the United States.,Three major Hispanic groups historically have had the greatest influence on the United States.They are Mexico-Americans of Chicanos,the Puerto Ricans and the Cuban-Americans.,三大对美国影响最大的讲西班牙语的群体为：墨西哥后裔美国人，波多黎各人，古巴裔美国人。,The most important obstacle to Hispanic success in the labor market is their low education.Hispanics have the highest school dropout rate of any major racial and ethnic group.,讲西班牙语的美国人在其他种族的民族中失学率最高，因此，阻挡他们在劳动力市场获得成功的最主要是教育程度低。,The Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States,The largest group of Asian-Americans are the Chinese-Americans.Experts say three Asian traditions best explain the success of Asian-American:education,hardwork,and family.,美国少数民族人口中增长最快是亚裔美国人，亚裔美国人中又以华裔美国人最多，专家指出亚洲三大传统可以用来解释亚裔美国人的成功：教育，工作努力和家庭。,Traditionally,the mainstream American were called WASPs,that is,White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.,传统意义上，美国人的主流是祖先为英国新教徒的白人。,American History,美国历史,The first American were the Indians.The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown,Virginia,in 1607.Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North American.,“,最早的美国人”是印地安人，他们是来自亚洲蒙古族的后裔。英国于,1607,年在美国建立了第一块殖民地，即在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯，,1607-1733,年间，英国在北美洲的东海岸建立了十三个殖民地。,In 1620,102 Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower.They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony.,1620,年，有,102,名英国清教徒乘坐一名为,“,五月花号”的船到达了普利茅斯并建立了殖民地。,From 1630 to 1643,some 200 ships transported over 20000 Englishmen to the Massachusetts Bay colony.,从,1630-1643,年，约有,200,艘船把,2,万英国人抵马萨诸塞湾殖民地。,The colonists were building a new way of life in the New World.There were a number of features which would play a role in forming the American character.They were:representative from of government,rule of law,respect of individual rights,religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.,殖民主义者新生活方式的这些特点在美国人性格形成中发挥了重要作用：建立代义制政府，法治，对个人权利的尊重，宗教上的宽容及强烈的个人进取心。,According to the Tea Act,the East India Company sold their tea to the colonies and made profit.On December 16th,1773,some Boston men poured the tea that was on the English ships at Boston Harbor into the sea.The people in the colonies showed great anger for the British government.,1773,年，波士顿倾茶事件，反倾销。,In September 1774,the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia which encouraged American to refuse to buy British goods.,1774,年,9,月，第一届大陆会议在费城如开，鼓励美国人拒绝买英货。,The Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia,and adopted on July 4,1776.The Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke.,独立宣言,是由托马斯,杰文逊起草的，于,1776,年,7,月,4,日采用。它明确阐述了支撑这场革命的政治理论，这一理论来源于英国著名哲学家约翰,洛克。,On the Christmas Day of 1776,the Americans defeated the British troops at Trenton,New Jersey.Not long afterwards,the Americans troops defeated the British at Saratoga in Northern New York.This was a great turning point of the War of Independence,leading directly to an alliance between the U.S and France.,1776,年的圣诞节，美军在新泽西的特伦顿挫败英军，这之后不久，美军在萨拉托加击败英军，史称“萨拉托加大捷”这次胜利被认为是北美独立战争的转折点，并直接导致美法联军的建立。,In September,1783,the Treaty of Paris was signed,Britain recognized the independence of the U.S.,1783,年,9,月,巴黎和约,签订，英正式承认美国独立。,The Articles of Confederation was accepted by all the states by Match 1781.It has two serious weaknesses:1,，,there was no national executive of law-enforcing branch;2,，,Congress has no power to raise taxes.,1781,年美国各州批准了被称为,联邦条款,的文件，它有两缺陷：一是没有执行或执法机构二是国会由于过于庞大起不到政府的作用，而且国会无权征税。,The Federalist Papers are regarded as the best explanation of the constitution as well as one of the most important works on political theory.,联邦文集,被认为是对美国宪法最好的解释，也是美国最重要的政治理论著作之一。,A conference was held in Philadelphia in May 1787 to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate.All of the states except Rhode Island were represented at the Constitutional Convention.,1787,年在费城召开的制宪会议上，除了罗得岛外，其他所有州都参加了，大家讨论如何使,联邦条款,能够满足需要。,The first ten amendments to the U.S Constitution,which was called the Bill of Rights,adopted in 1791 which promise to protect individuals rights.,宪法的前十条修正案正案被称为,人权法案,。,The U.S went to war with Britain in 1812,the last war fought between these two countries.,英美最后一次交火是,1812,的英美战争。,During the 13 years of Indian wars after the War of Independence,the Americans forced England to give up the Old Northwest and they forced Spain to open the Mississippi river.Their crossing of the Mississippi helped persuade Napoleon to sell the Louisiana Territo