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按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Passive voice,and,metonymy,初级英语与语法与修辞,English Grammar and Rhetoric,Contents,Back to,school,Lead-in,Homework,Looking Ahead,Approaching the Topic,Discovering Grammar,Applying Grammar,Further Development,Metonymy,Lead-in,-Look!That is the person who has been named the first violin in the orchestra.,Which part of the conversation contains the use of passive voice and metonymy?,Looking ahead,Learn to use the receiver of an action as the subject.,Know how to change active voice into passive voice.,Learn to use the name of one thing to replace anther.,Approaching the Topic,1 Map description,produce grapes,raise sheep,grow wheat,grow bananas,grow rice,in the north,in the south,in the northwest,in the middle,in the northeast,Approaching the Topic,Sentence making,The/A sheep is raised in the north.,Wheat is grown in northeast.,Bananas are grown in the south.,Rice is grown in the middle China.,Approaching the Topic,2,Read the passage and underline the sentences in passive voice,is given,are presented,are nominated,is chosen to,is not opened,are not known,were presented,was attended by,are only sent to,are no longer sold to,is being built,are presented in,is seen by,Discovering Grammar,Simple present,The Oscars,are given,out every year to recognize the vest work of movie actors,directors,and others who are part of the movie-making industry.,Present continuous,An even bigger auditorium,is being built.,Discovering Grammar,Simple past,When the awards ceremony started in 1927,15 awards,were presented,and the ceremony,was attended,by only 250 people.,Discovering Grammar,Present perfect,Since 1952,Oscar night,has been televised and broadcast,in the U.S.as well as in hundreds of other countries.,Discovering Grammar,Simple future,Several weeks before the ceremony,movie reviewers make predications about which movies and actors,will be awarded,.,Discovering Grammar,Tenses,Forms,Tenses,Forms,simple present,present continuous,simple past,past continuous,present perfect,is/are+done,am/is/are+being+done,was/were+done,was/were+being+done,past perfect,have/has+been+done,simple future,past future,modal,had+been+done,will/shall be+done,would be+done,modal verb+be+done,什么时候用主动语态或被动语态？,主语是动作的执行者就用主动语态,主语是动作的承受者就用被动语态,The active voice,&,The passive voice,Discovering Grammar,在主动语态句子变成被动语态句子时，哪三个部分要变？怎么变？,1.把原句的宾语改为主语。,2.把原句的谓语动词改为被动语态结构,(,be+p.p.)。,3.把原句的主语改为,by,的宾语（,用宾格,）,可省略,。,Discovering Grammar,e.g.,She,made,the cake,.,The cake,was made,(by her).,Discovering Grammar,一般来说，及物动词可以用作被动结构；,不及物动词和介词结合可构成动词短语，也可以用于被动语态。,Discovering Grammar,You should do your homework at once.,A Your homework should do at once.,1 Active and passive,Discovering Grammar,B Your homework should be done at once.,I,C,He made her cry.,A She was made to cry by him.,1 Active and passive,Discovering Grammar,B She was made cry by him.,I,C,B I was given a bar of chocolate by my father.,My father gave me a bar of chocolate.,A A bar of chocolate was given to me by my father.,1 Active and passive,Discovering Grammar,C,C,the boy _the fish.,the man _,the fish.,Exercise,Who eats who?,Discovering Grammar,eats,is eaten by,Tip:When the logical subject of the infinitive is the receiver of an action,the infinitive should be in passive.,2 Passive infinitives,Discovering Grammar,Form:to+be+done,A,当不定式的逻辑主语就是主句的主语时，逻辑主语不需要表示出来。,2 Passive infinitives,Discovering Grammar,I am proud to be praised.,B,当不定式的逻辑主语不是主句的主语时，逻辑主语必须表示出来。,It is impossible,for lost time,to be made up.,A:The speaker is invited.,2 Passive infinitives,Discovering Grammar,e.g.1 Its an honor to invite you here.,2 Its an honor to be invited you here.,B:The listener is invited.,A,B,2 Passive infinitives,Discovering Grammar,e.g.,1 To wash hands before a dinner seemed to them a rule never to be broken.,C,2 To wash hands before a dinner seemed to them a rule never to break.,Tip 1:When the logical subject of the,ing,participle is the receiver of an action,the,ing,participle should occur in passive voice.,2 Passive,ing,participles,Discovering Grammar,Form:being+done,Tip 2:The logical subject of the,ing,participle need not be expressed if it is the subject of the main clause.Otherwise,it must be expressed.,2 Passive,ing,participles,Discovering Grammar,Who were praised?,The workers were proud of their products being highly praised by the buying public.,2 Passive infinitives,Discovering Grammar,A:The worker.,B,:The worker products.,A,当,-,ing,分词的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，就要用,-,ing,分词的被动形式。,2 Passive infinitives,Discovering Grammar,The problem being discussed is very important.,B,如果,-,ing,分词的逻辑主语同时也是主句的主语时，就不用表示出来，反之，要表示出来。,What upset the child was his not being allowed to go to play with his friends,.,Tip:We use the passive causative to talk about services that we arrange someone to do for us.,2 Passive with causative verbs,Discovering Grammar,Form:have/has/had,sth,+done,Correct answer:,And of course we cooked all the dishes ourselves,2 Passive with causative verbs,Discovering Grammar,Exercise:,The use of the verb,get,to form the passive voice is more informal than the use of the verb,be,.The get-passive also sometimes seems to focus more on the action than on the result.,2 Get-passive,Discovering Grammar,Form:get+done,我们用,get,代替,be,，表示动作的发生和变化。,2 Get-passive,Discovering Grammar,Form:get+done,get,强调状态的变化，如,get arrested/confused/delayed/dressed/,drowned/elected/hit/hurt/killed/married/washed,1,、,Use the modals in the brackets and the correct forms of the verbs given in the box to complete the conversation,.,Applying Grammar,A should be kept,ought to be improved,could be designed,can be removed,B ought to be given,are going to delivered,will be done,will be stored,2,、,Complete the following dialogues with the get-passive and the appropriate tense.,Applying Grammar,1)will;get eaten,2)is getting fixed,3)got robbed;got taken away,4)got invited,5)will get stopped,6)are getting graded,7)will get published,8)Did;get arrested,3,、,Change the following sentences into passive voice.,Applying Grammar,1)This novel was written by Lu,Xun,.,2)English is spoken everywhere in the world.,3)The homework will be finished tomorrow.,4)A dictionary has been recommended to us by our teacher.,5)The road is being repaired by the workers.,6)I heard that he had been sent to hospital.,7)The room was being cleaned by her mother.,8)The book will be returned next week.,9)I was bought a watch by my father from America.,10)This is called DV.,4,、,Imagine yourself being a reporter.Write a paragraph about an event.Make use of the passive voice.,学习主动结构表示被动意义,英语里有些动词能以主动结构表示被动意义。这类动词通常都是既可作,及物动词,，也可作,不及物动词,，当它们作为不及物动词用于,SV(A),，即主谓（状）结构中时，往往含有被动意义。,Further Grammar,这里有两种情况：,一种是用这类动词的进行时（主要是现在进行时）表示被动意义，这种句子的主语通常都是指物的，而且可以转换为相应的被动结构,。,Further Grammar,The house is building.,=The house is being built.,The book is printing.,=The book is being printed.,The dinner is cooking.,=The dinner is being cooked.,这里有两种情况：,另一种情况是用这类动词（最常用的是一般现在时）表示被动意义，这类句子的主语（也是指物的居多）通常具有某些内在的特征，能够促使动词所表示的动词得以实现或难以实现。如：,Further Grammar,My voice doesnt carry well.,我的声音传不远。,The door wont lock.,这门锁不上。,The cloth washes well.,这种不很耐洗。,The match lights easily.,这火柴容易化着。,Further Grammar,以上这些句子一般不能转换为被动句，如果变为被 动句，句子的意义就改变了：,His novels dont sell.,他的小说销路不好。,His novels are not sold.,他的小说没有卖掉。,She doesnt photograph well.,她不上照。,She has not been photographed well.,她的相片 没照好。,.,Further Grammar,1 provide a sentence equivalent in meaning to the one in the example.,The house is being built.,The door cant be locked.,Im not heard clearly.,His novel arent popular.,Further Grammar,2 decide which of the following sentences is in the passive voice.,I am annoyed with him.,我对他很生气。,I was annoyed by mosquitoes all night.,我彻夜给蚊子闹苦了。,I am surprised at your behavior.,我对你的行为大为震惊。,I was surprised by a knock at the door.,有人敲门使我吃了一惊。,Further Grammar,2 decide which of the following sentences is in the passive voice.,以上各组中，第一句均为系补结构，第二句是被动结构。作为被动结构，它们都有相应的主动句（如,Mosquitoes annoyed me all night;A knock at the door surprised me,）,而系补结构没有。,Why?,Further Grammar,2 decide which of the following sentences is in the passive voice.,如前所述，被动语态是助动词,be+,及物动词的,-ed,分词构成，但这并不等于说凡是,be+,及物动词的,-ed,分词结构都是被动语态。英语中有些,-ed,分词能作形容词用，当它们与助动词,be,连用时就构成通常所说的,“,系补结构,”,，也就是,-ed,分词作主语补语,。,高考链接,1.,Hundreds of jobs _ if the factory closes.(2001,全国春招,),A,lose B.will be lost C.are lost D.will lose,2.A new cinema _ here.They hope to finish it next month.(2001,全国春招,),A.will be built B.is built,C.has,been built,D.is,being built,3.Visitors _ not to touch the exhibits.(2001,全国,),A.will request B.request C.are requesting,D.are,requested,4.This is Teds photo.We miss him a lot.He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.(2002,全国春招,),A.killed B.is killed C.was killed,D.was,killing,5.-How are the team playing?,-They are playing well,but one of them _ hurt.,got B.gets C.are D.were,B,D,D,C,A,高考链接,6.-How long _ at this job?,-Since 1990.,A.Were you employed B.have you been employed,B.had you been employed D.will you be employed,7.The silence of the library _ only by the sound of pages being turned over.(2003,全国春招,),A.has been broken B.breaks C.broke D.was broken,8.The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics _ by 2006.(2004,北京,),A.has been completed B.has completed,C.will have been completed D.will have completed,9.The first use of atomic weapons was in 1954,and their power _ increased enormously ever since.(2004,上海,),A.is B.was C.has been D.had been,B,D,C,C,高考链接,10.All the employees except the manager _ to work online at home.(2004,广东,),A.encourages B.encourage C.is encouraged D.are encouraged,11.More patients _ in hospital this year than last year.(2004,江苏,),A.treated B.have treated C.had been treated,D.have,been treated,12.-George and Lucy got married last week.Did you go to their wedding?,-No,I _.(2004,湖北,),A.was not invited B.have not been invited,C.hadnt,been invited,D.didnt,invited,D,D,A,高考链接,13.The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people _ to eat more fruit and vegetables.(2004,上海,),A.persuade B.will persuade C.be persuaded,D.are,persuaded,14.-The window is dirty.,-I know.It _ for weeks.(2004,广西,),A.hasnt cleaned B.didnt clean C.wasnt cleaned D.hasnt been cleaned,15.According to the art dealer,the painting _ to go for at least a million dollars.(2004,吉林,),A.is expected B.expects C.expected D.is expecting,D,D,A,Metonymy,Metonymy,转喻,Look!That is the person who has been named the first violin in the orchestra.,The figure of speech used in this sentence is metonymy.,Metonymy,转喻,英语中的,metonymy,与汉语的,“,借代,”,十分相似，只是在分类上略有不同。,Metonymy,是用甲事物的名称代替乙事物的名称，而甲乙两事物在某一方面有着密切的联系，但没有相似之处。当提到甲事物时就自然联想到乙事物。换言之，它是用与甲事物密切有关的乙事物来代替甲事物。,Study it,1,.,人体器官代替其行为或能力,Give every man the ear,but few the voice.,句中用“,ear”,人体器官代指其作用和能力“,listen to others”,；,“,voice”,指代“,expressing opinions”,Study it,2.,工具指代相关的物或人,That farmer gave up the plough.,用“,plough”,代指“,farming”,3.,容器代表所容纳的东西,The store is burning.,“the store”,代指“,the fire in the store”,Study it,4.明显的特点或特色代表人或物,His elder sister went to the stager:the young one has taken the veil.,Our eleven has won the game.,“,the veil,”,是修女的突出特点，指代从事此行业；,板球和橄榄球队一般是由,11,人组成，所以,“,eleven,”,代指,“,our team,”,。,Study it,5.人名代表相近的事物和概念,He reads Shakespeare.,“Shakespeare”,代替“,his work”.,Study it,6.具体代表抽象,Check in lines snake across the hall,waiting for flights that are 10 hours late.,“,snake,”,象征着它的弯弯曲曲的蛇形运动，这里有两种修辞效果，一个是形象的替代，另外也让人联想起某些怨恨或怀恨的情感,。,Study it,7.,地点或场所代表所暗指的人或物,Shares rose sharply on Wall Street yesterday.,金融地点,“Wall street”,代指金融市,“financial market”。,Study it,8.,结果代原因,Its nice here under the shade.let me have a rest,”said the hare.,“The shade”,代替,“the tree”。,Study it,9.替换名称（,alternative,name,）,代指,人或物,By some he is called“a thoroughbred Englishman,by some,“a genuine John Bull”.,“John Bull”,是英国人的绰号（nickname），所以代表“Englishman,”。,Differences between metonymy and synecdoche,In,metonymy,the two things are obviously different,but they are closely associated.,In,synecdoche,there is association between the whole and the part,the general and the specific or the material and the things made from it.,Homework,1.Write three sentences containing passive voice introduced by the relative words learned in this unit.,2.Find more cases of metonymy.,3.Preview the new terms to be used in Unit 12.,Thank You,！,
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