语法精讲系列(七).ppt

语法精讲系列（七）,主谓一致和特殊句式,考,查,角,度,题 号,主谓一致的语法一致,1,、,2,主谓一致的意义一致,311,主谓一致的就近原则,12,倒装句,1318,省略句,19,强调句,20,、,21,其他句式,2225,1.(2012,湖南高考,)All the scientific evidence _ that increasing use of chemicals in farming _ damaging our health.,A.show;are B.shows;are,C.show;is D.shows;is,【,解析,】,选,D,。考查主谓一致。句意：所有的科学证据表明在农业生产中越来越多地使用化学物品正在损害我们的健康。,evidence,为不可数名词,作主语时谓语动词用单数；题干中的第二个空的主语是,use,，为不可数名词，谓语动词用单数，故,D,项正确。,2.(2011,江苏高考,)The fact that so many people still smoke in public places _ that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking.,A.suggest B.suggests C.suggested D.suggesting,【,解析,】,选,B,。考查主谓一致和时态。句意：仍然有很多人在公共场所吸烟,这样的事实表明我们或许需要一场全国性的运动来提高人们对吸烟的危害的认识。分析句子结构可知，,the fact,后,that,引导的是同位语从句，空格后的,that,从句则是谓语动词,suggest,的宾语从句；主语是,the fact,，故排除,A,、,D,两项；结合从句的时态可知主句要用现在时态，故选,B,项。,3.(2011,安徽高考,)The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials,the rest of which _ saved for other purposes.,A.is B.are C.was D.were,【,解析,】,选,D,。考查主谓一致和时态。句意：工厂用了这种原材料的,65%,，剩余部分节省出来留作他用。定语从句中先行词是,the raw materials,，故定语从句应与先行词的数保持一致，用复数，上文时态为过去时，故选,D,。,4.(2012,陕西高考,)The basketball coach,as well as his team,_ interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.,A.were B.was C.is D.are,【,解析,】,选,B,。考查时态和主谓一致。句意：比赛后不久，那位篮球教练和他的队员们因为他们的出色表现而受到了采访。根据句意可知事情已经发生，所以用过去时，排除,C,和,D,两项。主语后接,as well as,短语作插入语时，谓语动词形式不受其影响。这里的主语,The basketball coach,是单数，所以谓语动词应该用单数，,B,项符合题意。,5.(2010,全国卷,)Barbara is easy to recognize as shes the only one of the women who _ evening dress.,A.wear B.wears,C.has worn D.have worn,【,解析,】,选,B,。考查主谓一致和时态。句意：,Barbara,很容易被认出来，因为她是那些妇女中唯一穿晚礼服的人。首先,the only one of.,为先行词时,定语从句修饰的是,one,即,one,是主语,而非后面的复数,women,根据主谓一致的原则,谓语动词应该用单数,排除,A,、,D,两项。另外,从“,is”,可以看出句子用一般现在时,排除,C,故选,B,。,6.(2010,湖南高考,)Listening to loud music at rock concerts _ caused hearing loss in some teenagers.,A.is B.are C.has D.have,【,解析,】,选,C,。考查主谓一致。句意：在青少年中，在摇滚音乐会上听噪音太大的音乐已经导致听力丧失。根据动名词短语作主语句子的谓语动词用单数形式,可排除,B,、,D,两项,根据主语与,caused,的主动关系,排除,A,项。,7.(2010,四川高考,)Such poets as Shakespeare _ widely read,of whose works,however,some _ difficult to understand.,A.are,；,are B.is,；,is C.are,；,is D.is;are,【,解析,】,选,A,。考查主谓一致。句意：像莎士比亚那样的诗人在世界范围内拥有大量的读者，但是，他的一些作品却很难理解。主句中的主语应为,poets,谓语动词用复数,其后的非限制性定语从句的主语应为,some of whose works,谓语动词也应是复数。故选,A,。,8.(2009,山东高考,)The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities _ rising steadily since 1997.,A.is B.are,C.has been D.have been,【,解析,】,选,C,。考查主谓一致和时态。句意：自从,1997,年以来，上中国大学的外国学生数量一直在稳定增长。主语是,the number,故谓语动词用单数,又因时间状语是,since 1997,，所以用完成时态。故选,C,。,9.(2009,四川高考,)The teacher together with the students _ discussing,Reading Skills,that _ newly published in America.,A.are;were B.is;were,C.are;was D.is;was,【,解析,】,选,D,。考查主谓一致。句意：那位老师跟学生们正在讨论,阅读技能,，这本书在美国刚刚出版。,A together with B,作主语时，谓语动词与,A,的单复数保持一致；第二空为定语从句，,that,指代,Reading Skills,由于,Reading Skills,是书名所以谓语动词用单数。故选,D,。,10.(2009,陕西高考,)Dr.Smith,together with his wife and daughters,_ visit Beijing this summer.,A.is going to B.are going to,C.was going to D.were going to,【,解析,】,选,A,。考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：史密斯博士还有他的妻子和女儿们准备今年夏天去北京参观。主语中心词是,Dr.Smith,表单数,谓语动词用单数形式；时间状语是,this summer,表将来,故时态用一般将来时,选,A,。,11.(2009,江西高考,)At present,one of the arguments in favor of the new airport _ that it will bring a lot of jobs to the area.,A.is B.are C.will be D.was,【,解析,】,选,A,。考查主谓一致。句意：目前，人们赞成建一座新机场的理由之一是它将给这个地区带来很多的就业机会。句中的,in favor of the new airport,是介词短语作后置定语，修饰,arguments,。根据句中的,one of,可知谓语动词用单数形式，再结合,at present,可判断用一般现在时。故,A,项正确。,12.(2009,湖南高考,)Either you or one of your students _ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.,A.are B.is C.have D.be,【,解析,】,选,B,。考查主谓一致。句意：明天的会议可以是你或你的学生们中的一个去参加。,either.or.,连接两个主语,按就近原则来确定谓语的单复数。根据,one of your students,谓语应用单数形式，故选,B,。,13.(2012,江西高考,)Never before _ seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert.,A.had she B.she had C.has she D.she has,【,解析,】,选,C,。考查倒装句。句意：她从来没见过有人打网球打得和罗伯特一样好。,Never,放于句首，句子要用部分倒装结构，从后面的,can,可以看出是描写现在的情况，用现在时态，这里用完成时，表示到现在为止，故选,C,。,14.(2012,山东高考,)I dont know about you,but Im sick and tired of this weather.,_.I cant stand all this rain.,A.I dont care B.Its hard to say,C.So am I D.I hope so,【,解析,】,选,C,。考查倒装句。句意：,我不知道你感觉怎么样，但我讨厌这种天气。,我也是。我无法忍受整天下雨。当表示后者与前者具有相同特征的时候，后者用倒装的形式；肯定用,so,，否定用,nor,或,neither,构成。根据后面一句中的,I cant stand all this rain,可知，此处与上一句中的,Im sick and tired of this weather,表达同样的感受，因此应该用,So am I,，表示“我也是”。故选,C,。,15.(2012,重庆高考,)The headmaster will not permit the change in the course,nor _ it a thought.,A.does he even give B.he even gives,C.will he even give D.he will even give,【,解析,】,选,C,。考查倒装句。句意：校长不会允许改变课程，将来也不会考虑的。否定词“,nor”,位于句首，句子应该使用部分倒装结构，而且根据语境空白处应使用一般将来时，,C,选项符合题意。,16.(2012,辽宁高考,)Not until he retired from teaching three years ago _ having a holiday abroad.,A.he had considered B.had he considered,C.he considered D.did he consider,【,解析,】,选,D,。考查倒装句。句意：他直到三年前从教育行业退休才考虑到国外旅行。,Not until,位于句首时句子要倒装，排除,A,、,C,两项，,consider having a holiday abroad,这个动作发生在,retire,之后，排除,B,项。故选,D,。,17.(2012,四川高考,)This is not my story,nor _ the whole story.My story plays out differently.,A.is there B.there is C.is it D.it is,【,解析,】,选,C,。考查倒装句。句意：这并不是,(,关于,),我的故事，它也不是故事的全部。我的故事的结局与这不同。,nor,位于句首引起部分倒装，排除,B,、,D,两项；再根据句意选代词,it,。故答案选,C,。,18.(2012,天津高考,)Only after Mary read her composition the second time _ the spelling mistake.,A.did she notice B.she noticed,C.does she notice D.she has noticed,【,解析,】,选,A,。考查倒装句。句意：玛丽直到再一次读了自己的作文后才注意到这处拼写错误。,only,放在句首，引导状语结构，后面的句子用倒装，叙述过去的事情，用过去时，故选,A,。,19.(2011,江苏高考,)It sounds like something is wrong with the cars engine._,wed better take it to the garage immediately.,A.Otherwise B.If not,C.But for that D.If so,【,解析,】,选,D,。考查省略和替代。句意：听起来汽车的发动机好像有问题。如果这样的话，我们最好立刻把它送到汽修厂去。前后两句话之间是顺承关系。,otherwise,否则，要不然；,if not,要不，不然；,but for that,若不是因为那样；,if so,若是这样。根据句意，,D,项最佳。,20.(2012,湖南高考,)It was not until I came here _ I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.,A.who B.that C.where D.before,【,解析,】,选,B,。考查强调句。句意：直到来到这儿我才意识到这个地方出名不仅仅是因为它的美丽，还因为它的气候。把,it was,及空去掉，可转换为一个完整的句子。且这是表示“直到,才”的句型之一：,it was not until.that.,。故选,B,。,21.(2012,重庆高考,)It was 80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic _,Zheng,He had sailed to East Africa.,A.when B.that C.after D.since,【,解析,】,选,B,。考查强调句型。句意：在克里斯托弗,哥伦布横跨大西洋的,80,年前，郑和就航行到了东非。句子虽然比较长，但是其主干为强调句型，是对“,80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic”,进行了强调，由此可知，空白处应该填写,that,。因此正确答案为,B,选项。,22.(2012,北京高考,)_ at the door before you enter my room,please.,A.Knock B.Knocking,C.Knocked D.To knock,【,解析,】,选,A,。考查祈使句。句意：请在进入我房间前先敲门。本句没有主语，属于发出指令，是祈使句，所以要用动词原形。故选,A,。,23.(2012,江苏高考,)There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent,_?,A.is there B.isnt there,C.is he D.isnt he,【,解析,】,选,A,。考查反意疑问句。句意：毫无疑问你认为他是无辜的，对吗？根据前面,there be,句里含有否定意义的词,little,，所以反意疑问句用肯定形式，其主谓应与陈述部分的主谓保持一致，故选,A,项。,24.(2011,上海高考,)It doesnt matter if they want to come to your party,_?,A.doesnt it B.does it,C.dont they D.do they,【,解析,】,选,B,。考查反意疑问句。句意：他们是否想来参加你的聚会无关紧要，是吗？对“,It doesnt matter if+,从句”句型进行反意疑问，需要针对主句进行反问，故选,B,。,25.(2011,重庆高考,)I told them not everybody could run as fast as you did,_?,A.could he B.didnt I,C.didnt you D.could they,【,解析,】,选,B,。考查反意疑问句。句意：我告诉过他们并不是每个人都能跑得像你那么快，难道不是吗？含有宾语从句的主从复合句，反意疑问句常与主句保持一致，本句的主句为一般过去时的肯定形式，故选,B,。,一、主谓一致,原则,主语,谓语,典句例示,语法,一致,原则,单数,单数,The boy,was,struggling for a better life.,复数,复数,The students,are,working hard to go to college.,原则,主语,谓语,典句例示,就近,一致,原则,由,or,either.or.,neither.nor.,not only.but(also).,等连接,与最近的主语在单复数上保持一致,Either the shirts or the sweater,is,worth buying.,Not only the students but also their teacher,is,enjoying the film.,由,there,here,引起的主语不止一个时,和最邻近的主语保持一致,There,are,two pencils and a pen on the desk.,原则,主语,谓语,典句例示,意,义,一,致,原,则,由连词,and,连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现,单,数,The poet and writer,has,come.,Truth and honesty,is,the best policy.,no/each/every/many a+,单数名词,+,and(+no,/each/every/many a)+,单数名词,Each boy and each girl,has,an apple.,one/every one/each/either/the,number+of,/the variety of+,复数名词,The number of students from the north,is,small.,原则,主语,谓语,典句例示,意,义,一,致,原,则,clothing,furniture,traffic,jewellery,baggage,equipment,luggage,等无生命的集体名词,单数,Clothing,is,badly needed in this flooded area.,以,-s,结尾的表示学科、国家、机构、书籍、报刊等名称的词,Politics,is,often a topic for discussion.,表示时间、重量、距离、价格、金钱、体积等复数名词表达一个整体概念,Ten years,is,a moment in history.,原则,主语,谓语,典句例示,意,义,一,致,原,则,由,every-,any-,some-,no-,和,-one,-thing,-body,等所构成的不定代词,单数,Is,everybody here today?,动词,-,ing,形式、动词不定式和名词性从句,Persuading him to join us,seems,really hard.,Whatever,was,left was taken away.,原则,主语,谓语,典句例示,意,义,一,致,原,则,由,and,连接的两个并列成分表示两个不同的概念,复数,A poet and a writer,have,come.,people,police,cattle,等有生命的集体名词,People,read,for pleasure during their spare time.,一些常用作复数或只有复数形式的名词，如,goods,stairs,arms,等,The goods,are,sold out.,原则,主语,谓语,典句例示,意,义,一,致,原,则,山脉、群岛、瀑布、运动会等以,-s,结尾的专有名词,复数,The Olympic Games,are,held once every four years.,a number of+,名词,A number of students,are,from the south.,原则,主语,谓语,典句例示,意,义,一,致,原,则,集体名词,class,family,army,team,club,company,population,minority,enemy,party,crowd,crew,audience,public,committee,government,majority,group,等强调整体时谓语用单数，指个体成员时谓语用复数,单复,数视,情况,而定,Our family,has,a reunion every year.,His family,are,waiting for him.,原则,主语,谓语,典句例示,意,义,一,致,原,则,单复数同形的名词，如,means,works,deer,fish,sheep,等,单复,数视,情况,而定,Every means,has,been tried.,All possible means,have,been tried.,all,none,some,any,等不定代词作主语，根据其指代的内容而定,All,is,going on very well.,All,are,present besides the professor.,原则,主语,谓语,典句例示,意,义,一,致,原,则,“,half/most/enough/part/the rest/the last/lots/plenty/,分数,/,百分数,+of+,名词”作主语,谓语要和,of,之后的名词单复数保持一致,单复,数视,情况,而定,About one third of the books,are,worth reading.,Only 60 percent of the work,has,been done.,特,别,提,醒,what,和,whatever,引导主语从句时谓语动词的单复数根据从句所表达的意义上的数确定,What he says and does,do,not agree.,What he says and does,does,not concern me.,在定语从句中，关系代词作主语，其谓语动词的数和先行词保持一致，但“,one of+,复数名词”后面的定语从句的谓语动词用复数，而在“,the(only/,very)one,of+,复数名词”后面所接的定语从句中，谓语动词却用单数,He is one of the students who,have,taken part in the activity.,He is the only one of the students who,has,taken part in the activity.,特,别,提,醒,当主语后有介词,with,together/along with,including,like,but,except,other than,rather than,和,as well as,等时，谓语动词应和前面的主语在人称和数上保持一致,The teacher as well as the students,was,excited at the news.,Nobody except my parents,knows,anything about it.,由两部分构成的表示物体的名词，如,trousers,glasses,等作主语时，谓语动词常用复数，但是如果这类名词前用了,a pair of/,two(three)pairs,of.,来修饰，谓语动词在数上要与,pair,保持一致,These trousers,need,cleaning.,This pair of trousers,is,mine.,特,别,提,醒,a quantity of/quantities of,后既可接可数名词，也可接不可数名词,其谓语动词视情况而定,With more forests being destroyed,a large quantity of good earth,is,being washed away each year.(=With more forests being destroyed,quantities of good earth,are,being washed away each year.),由“,kind(form,type,sort,series)of,”,等修饰的主语，其谓语形式取决于这些词的单复数,This new type of buses,is,now on show.,All kinds of difficulties,have,to be overcome.,特,别,提,醒,若用,and,连接两个动名词、不定式短语或主语从句，表示两个不同的概念则谓语动词用复数形式。若表示同一概念，则谓语动词用单数形式,Riding on the elephants and rowing the boats,were,the childrens,favourite,games.,Getting up early and going to bed early,is,a good habit.,二、特殊句式,考点,1,倒装句的,2,种类型 考查指数,类,别,倒装条件,倒装方法,典句例示,全部倒,装,(,把,全部谓,语提到,主语之,前,),以,here,there,out,in,up,down,away,等副词开头，谓语动词多为,be,come,go,等，主语是名词,副词,+,谓语,+,主语,Here,are some picture books.,Out,rushed a cat from under the table.,类,别,倒装条件,倒装方法,典句例示,全部倒,装,(,把,全部谓,语提到,主语之,前,),以,then,now,thus,such,开头，谓语动词多为,come,follow,begin,end,be,，主语是名词,副词,+,谓语,+,主语,Then,came a new difficulty.,Such,was Albert Einstein,a simple but great scientist.,类,别,倒装条件,倒装方法,典句例示,全部倒,装,(,把,全部谓,语提到,主语之,前,),表地点的介词短语位于句首，且谓语动词为不及物动词。主语是名词,介词短语,+,谓语,+,主语,On the top of the hill,stands a temple where the old man once lived.,In a lecture hall of a university in England,sat a professor.,类 别,倒装条件,倒装方法,典句例示,全部倒,装,(,把,全部谓,语提到,主语之,前,),表语置于句首，为了保持句子平衡，以示强调，或利于上下文衔接,介词,短语,形容,词,分词,Outside the doctors clinic,were 20 patients.,Present at the meeting,were experts from Europe.,Seated in the first line,are some advanced workers.,+be,+,主,语,类,别,倒装条件,倒装方法,典句例示,部分倒装,(,助动词，系动词,be,，情态动词提到主语前,),only,所修饰的副词、介词短语或从句位于句首作状语时,Only+,副词,/,介词短语,/,状语从句,+,助动词,/,系动词,/,情态动词,+,主语,+,谓语其他部分,Only then,did I realize the importance of mathematics.,Only in this,way,can you solve this problem.,Only after he finished the work,did he leave.,类,别,倒装条件,倒装方法,典句例示,部分倒装,(,助动词，系动词,be,，情态动词提到主语前,),含有否定意义的副词或介词短语,(not,never,seldom,little,hardly,by no means,not until,on no condition,in no case,under no circumstances),位于句首时,否定副词或介词短语,+,助动词,/,系动词,/,情态动词,+,主语,+,谓语其他部分,Not,a single mistake did he make.,Never,before have I seen such a moving film.,类,别,倒装条件,倒装方法,典句例示,部分倒装,(,助动词，系动词,be,，情态动词提到主语前,),hardly.when,no sooner.than,not only.but(also),等引导两个分句时，如果,hardly,no sooner,not only,位于句首，前一个分句用部分倒装，后一个分句不变,Hardly/No sooner/Not only+,助动词,/,系动词,/,情态动词,+,主语,+,谓语其他部分,+when/than/but also+,分句,No sooner,had the bell rung,than,the teacher came in.,Not only,was he forced to stay home,but also,he had to do his homework.,类,别,倒装条件,倒装方法,典句例示,部分倒装,(,助动词，系动词,be,，情态动词提到主语前,),so.that,中的,so,位于句首时,So+,adj,./,adv,.+,系动词,/,助动词,/,情态动词,+,主语,+,谓语其他部分,+that,从句,So small,was the market,that,I could hardly see it.,So clearly,does he speak English,that,he can always make himself understood.,类 别,倒装条件,倒装方法,典句例示,部分倒装,(,助动词，系动词,be,，情态动词提到主语前,),so/neither/nor,置于句首，意为“也”或“也不”表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时,so/neither/nor+,系动词,/,助动词,/,情态动词,+,主语,I went there yesterday,so,did she.,Tom doesnt like bananas,neither/nor,do I.,类 别,倒装条件,倒装方法,典句例示,部分倒装,(,助动词，系动词,be,，情态动词提到主语前,),though/as,引导让步状语从句时，意为“尽管”，通常把句中状语、表语或动词提前；若表语是名词，其前不用冠词,状语,表语,动词,Child,as/though,he is,he knows a lot.,Object,as,you may,I will go.,+though,/as+,主谓,结构,类,别,倒装条件,倒装方法,典句例示,部分倒装,(,助动词，系动词,be,，情态动词提到主语前,),当,if,引导的虚拟条件从句中含有,had,were,或,should,等时，如将,if,省略，则要将,had,were,或,should,等移到主语之前,Had/Were/Should+,主语,+,谓语其他部分,+,主句,Had I attended,the meeting,I would have met Jim.,特,别,提,醒,1.there,here,now,then,up,down,in,away,off,out,等副词置于句首，但主语为人称代词时，不用倒装,Here,you,are.,Then,he,left.,Away,they,hurried.,2.only,修饰主语时，不能倒装,Only,he knows the secret.,3.,若两个主语一致时，则表示同意以上观点，不能倒装，此时,so,表示,“,的确如此,”,He looks young.,So,he does.,特,别,提,醒,4.,当前面两件或两件以上的事也适合于另一人或物时，通常用“,so it is with.”,或“,it is the same with.”,Tom likes singing,but he doesnt like dancing.,So it is with,Mary.,5.Neither.,nor.,“,不,，,也不,”,，连接两个并列分句时，这两个并列分句都用倒装结构,Neither do,I,know it,nor do,I,care about it.,考点,2,省略句的,5,种类型 考查指数,种类,要点归纳,典句例示,宾,语,从,句,由,which,when,where,或,how,引导的宾语从句中与主句重复的主语及谓语可全部或部分省略，只保留一个连接代词或连接副词,He will come back,but he doesnt know,when,(he,will come back).,种类,要点归纳,典句例示,宾,语,从,句,引导宾语从句的从属连词,that,可省略。但及物动词后跟两个或两个以上,that,引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个连词,that,可省略,He told,me(,that,)she was a beautiful girl and,that,she was clever.,种类,要点归纳,典句例示,宾,语,从,句,Im afraid,I think,I believe,I hope,I guess,等作答语，后面,so,与,not,分别等于肯定和否定，宾语从句可省略,Do you think it will rain?,I,hope,not,(that,it will not rain).,种类,要点归纳,典句例示,定语,从句,在限制性定语从句中，关系代词,that,which,whom,充当宾语，而且前面无介词时可省略。关系代词在从句中作表语时也可省略,He lost the watch(,that/,which,)he,bought yesterday.,关系副词,when,where,why,有时也可省略,Thats the very reason (,why,)I,want to go abroad.,the way,the time,后的定语从句，常省略关系词,I dont like the way,(that/in which,)he speaks to others.,I dont know the time(,when,)he arrived.,种类,要点归纳,典句例示,状语从句,当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致或从句的主语为,it,且从句谓语中有,be,动词时，可以省略状语从句中