高考英语二轮复习 模块4 阅读理解方案课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,目录,专题一人物传记类,专题二 故事类,专题三 新闻报道类,专题四 广告应用类,专题五 文化教育类,专题六 历史地理类,专题七 社会生活类,专题八 科普知识类,模块,4,阅读理解,模块,4,阅读理解,考纲解读,模块,4,考纲解读,高考阅读理解要求考生在,25,分钟内完成,3,篇不同题材、体裁的短文理解。阅读理解作为考查考生语言能力的重点，要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料。考生应能：理解主旨要义；理解文中的具体信息；作出简单的判断和推理；理解文章的基本逻辑结构；理解作者的意图和态度。其具体要求为：,模块,4,考纲解读,1,能够读懂生词率不超过,3%,的短文。,2,把握短文的主要线索、时间和空间。,3,能够对短文内容作出简单以及抽象的判断。,4,理解短文的基本结构，了解重点段落、重点词句的含义，推测作者意图，把握文章脉络。,5,熟悉掌握实用性文章，如：书刊、影视、产品等方面的广告、说明、通知、社评、旅游等。,命题分析,模块,4,命题分析,近几年湖南高考的阅读理解题呈现出以下特点：,1,体裁多样，选材新颖，话题广泛,体裁的多样化是最显著的特点，涉及记叙文、说明文、应用文和议论文等。考查最多的是说明文，特别是国外新科技、新发明的说明文。从选材上看，涉及人物、故事、社会、文化、政治、经济、科普、新闻和广告等多种题材，特别关注当今大家都关注的热点话题，如教育、环境、道德情感、科学发现、生活经历等。,模块,4,命题分析,例如：,2009,年湖南卷,C,篇为科普说明文，介绍了澳大利亚科学家的最新研究发现，即：人节食是为了显得有魅力，而鱼节食是为了避免被驱出群体而被吃掉；,D,篇也为说明文，围绕轮胎的设计介绍了折叠式自行车的发展过程。,2010,年湖南卷,A,篇为药品广告，介绍了药品的作用、适用人群、副作用及服药的相关注意事项；,B,篇为人物传记，主要介绍玛丽,摩尔的职业生涯及其抗病之争；,C,篇为科普说明文，主要介绍了最新科学发现：东方人比西方人更难于读懂他人的面部表情。这都显示了选材的广泛性、时代性和人文性。,模块,4,命题分析,2,语言地道，题型合理,材料都是选取原汁原味的英语文章，所选的材料均来源于实际生活，涉及的内容也是实际生活内容，强调语篇选材的真实性。在题型设计上，包括细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词义猜测题等几大题型，其中细节理解题保持,50%,的比重，仍为考查重点，但是选项并非与文章完全对应，而是换种表述方法，或根据,“,弦外之音,”,猜测隐含细节的理解。推理判断题呈上升趋势，主旨大意题及词义猜测题的比重基本保持稳定。,应试点睛,模块,4,应试点睛,一、掌握策略，战无不胜,阅读理解无论从难度和分数所占比重都是首先应该受到学生重视的，但很多同学在做阅读理解时总是感觉时间不够用，其实只要灵活处理好以下几个方面的关系，这个问题便可迎刃而解。,模块,4,应试点睛,1,正确处理好,“,快,”,与,“,准,”,的关系,湖南高考阅读理解自,2010,年有,3,篇短文，设置,15,道单选题，考试时间,25,分钟。这就要求考生在处理阅读理解的时候既要,“,快,”,，又要,“,准,”,。也就是说，在准确把握文章整体、细节以及严密推理的基础上，尽量提高阅读速度，而不是单纯的追求阅读速度。这样对文章的理解就会非常清晰，哪些题目是自己有把握的，哪些是拿不准的心里也就有了底。然后对自己拿不准的题目再仔细推敲，力争有所突破。,模块,4,应试点睛,2,正确处理好复杂句式、生词和选项的关系,高考阅读的长句、难句的数量逐年增多。结构复杂、修饰语叠缀、信息容量大的句子在高考试卷中频频出现，有时一个句子占几行甚至一个自然段，这就造成了理解的困难，而且也增加了考生的心理压力。为此，建议大家对这些拦路虎加以正确区分对待：与题目无关，不影响理解文章大意的，就不必浪费时间和精力；,模块,4,应试点睛,相反，那些和题目相关的长难句，我们就要首先分析其类型,(,是带有较多成分的简单句，还是含有多个简单句的并列句，还是含有多个从句的复合句，还是含有多个插入成分的句子,),，然后理清句子成分，去除干扰成分，抓住句子主干，这样就能准确把握句子的意义。,对待生词也应该采取同样的方法，首先看看生词是否与题目、文章的大意有关，如果是题目要求所必需的，我们就要弄清楚生词所处的语境，以及和下文的联系，推测生词的含义，否则就忽略它。,模块,4,应试点睛,3,正确处理好所需信息与剩余信息的关系,湖南高考的阅读理解选材一般在,280,450,词，每篇设,5,个题，因此一定会有大量的剩余信息。我们在做题时，没有必要把每一句都弄得清清楚楚，只要重点理解与题目有关的信息就可以了。这就要求考生在答题时，最好先大体浏览一下文后的题目，确定主攻方向，然后带着问题阅读文章，特别要关注首尾段和首尾句，把握文章的主题和脉络，摘取有用的材料，舍弃无关的信息。然后针对测试题的要求，细心阅读与问题有关的词汇、句子或段落。,模块,4,应试点睛,4,所选有据，忠实原文，避免主观,做题时，我们必须以作者的思维模式为准绳，以原文提供的事实、细节和逻辑关系为自己思维活动的基准点，切忌把自己的观点和看法当作原文或作者的观点。同时，符合原文的选项是正确选项但不一定就是最佳选项，阅读题要求选的是最佳选项，有的选项从某个枝节来看是对的，但从全文来看则不是最佳的，因此，必须通盘考虑，取主要，舍枝节。,模块,4,应试点睛,二、明确步骤，战无不胜,1,阅读题干，明确问题。在阅读文章之前，可以通过题干对文章进行初步了解。这样，在下一步阅读时就可以针对问题直接找答案，减少盲目性。,2,快速掌握大意，不在细节上纠缠。在第一步的基础上迅速阅读并对文章有大致的了解，这是选出正确选项的前提。,模块,4,应试点睛,3,阅读问题题干及其选项，在文中寻找相关的材料并预选选项。可在文中相应处作出标记，以便进一步了解并最终确定答案。,4,带着问题略读原文，确定答案。答完所有题目后，再快速阅读一遍文章，检查各题所选答案是否正确。查看各题答案是否前后照应，与原文有无矛盾，文中是否有疏漏的重要线索。,模块,4,应试点睛,三、知己知彼，减少失误,有时候四个选项中总有一个极易误选，因此，了解阅读理解题中的干扰项的特点，可以大大减少我们不必要的失误。概括起来，干扰项可分为以下三种类型：,1,与原文矛盾。即选项与文章内容相矛盾。这种选项的干扰性较小，只要仔细阅读就可排除。,模块,4,应试点睛,2,无中生有。即选项与文章内容不矛盾，但在文中没有相关信息支持，没有根据。这类选项的干扰较大。在做此类题时，切忌把自己或他人观点作为选择依据。,3,答非所问。选题与题目关系不大，选项没有针对题目来阐述。这类题目干扰性也较大。同学们在做此类题时，不仅要判断选项内容的正确性，还应注意选项是否针对题目。,题型探究,模块,4,题型探究,探究点一细节理解型,【,命题形式,】,1,Which of the following statements is True(Not True)?,2,Which of the questions has not been mentioned(or,discussed)in,the passage?,3,What is the reason that,？,4,What do we know about,？,模块,4,题型探究,5,How did the people know the couple,s problem?,6,Why was the bike so important to the couple?,【,解题策略,】,1,掌握技巧，灵活运用,(1),细心审题，直接就题找答案。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取,“,带着问题找答案,”,的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语,(,题眼,),，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。,模块,4,题型探究,(2),变通理解，间接转述找答案。细节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述，命题者在出这类题时惯用,“,偷梁换柱、张冠李戴,”,的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处作改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把,A,的观点说成,B,的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。,(3),多点归纳，综合事实找答案。细节理解题有时考查的并不是单一的信息，而是多处信息的整合。解答此类,“,综合,”,信息细节题时，一定要全面捕捉相关信息，进行综合分析、归纳，切忌根据,“,一面之词,”,草率地作出结论。,模块,4,题型探究,2,了解特点，对症下药,(1),直接信息题,直接信息题能直接从原文中找到信息，而且选项和原文在语言表述上也没有大的变化或有时候仅仅在表达方式上稍作转化。,【,典例,】,2010,海南、宁夏,The Birthplace is within easy walking distance of all the car parks shown on the map;nearest is Windsor Street(3 minutes,walk).,模块,4,题型探究,The House may present difficulties but the Visitors,Centre,its exhibition,and the garden are accessible(,可进入的,)to wheelchair user.,The Shakespeare Coffee House(opposite the Birthplace).,(,)1.A wheelchair user may need help to enter _.,A,the House,B,the garden,C,the Visitor,s Centre D,the exhibition hall,模块,4,题型探究,【,解析,】A,题干关键词为：,wheelchair,。根据选文中的,“,The House may present difficulties but the Visitors,Centre,its exhibition,and the garden are accessible(,可进入的,)to wheelchair user.,”,可知：对于轮椅使用者来说，可能进入房子有些困难，但是游客中心，展览厅还有花园都可以进入。由此可以直接得出答案。,【,规律技巧提炼,】,在解这类题时，大家可以采取,“,题干定位法,”,，即,“,带着问题找答案,”,的方法。,模块,4,题型探究,(2),间接信息题,这类题目我们能够从文章中找到信息，但原文信息又不是解题所直接需要的，需要我们对原文信息进行合理地加工处理，根据信息作简单推理或鉴别。它是介于直接信息题和推理判断题之间的一种题型。,模块,4,题型探究,【,典例,】To you,，,the most important decision you,ll make is to choose the school that really fits you best,not the one that is the most competitive(,有竞争力的,)or the one has the best equipped rooms.,(,)1.The author thinks you should choose the college that is _.,A,well,equipped,B,competitive,C,suitable D,famous,模块,4,题型探究,【,解析,】C,从文中可以看出，作者认为选择学校的时候最重要的是学校要适合,(fit),你，即选项,C,，而不是,“,装备 好的,”,、,“,有竞争力的,”,和,“,著名的,”,。,(3),综合信息题,这类题目的信息不仅仅涉及文章的某一句话，还可能涉及文章的几句话，而且有时可能散落在文章的不同地方，因此要求考生把原文所提供的信息综合起来分析，而不能,“,断章取义,”,，也不能张冠李戴。,模块,4,题型探究,【,典例,】,2010,湖北,Third,needing to be right,it doesn,t matter what the topic is,politics.The laws of physics or the proper way to break an egg,the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong,for both wish to be considered an authority,someone who actually knows something,and therefore to command respect.Unfortunately,as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other,they,ll continue to fight these battles forever and never make any real progress.,模块,4,题型探究,(,)1.Parents and teens want to be right because they want to _.,A,give orders to the other,B,know more than the other,C,gain respect from the other,D,get the other to behave properly,模块,4,题型探究,【,解析,】C,题干的关键词是,want to be right because,，回原文定位到,“,Third,needing to be right,”,。原文接着往下看,“,it doesn,t matter what the topic is,politics,the laws of physics or the proper way to break an egg,the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong,for both wish to be considered an authority,someone who actually knows something,and therefore to command respect.,”,这句话虽然看起来很复杂，但可以跳过插入语不看。,模块,4,题型探究,(,破折号中间的内容均为插入语,),将其省略，句子就会变得简单得多。又由于题干是对原因的提问，这里我们只重点看,for,后面的内容,“,both wish to be considered an authority and therefore to command respect,”,，故答案为,C,。,模块,4,题型探究,(4),是非辨别型。这是一类综合事实细节题，出题形式常常是,“,三正一误,”,(,三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容,),或,“,三误一正,”,(,三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容,),。,【,典例,】,2010,山东,Christopher Thomas,27,，,was a writer by night and a teacher by day when he noticed he was always tired and was losing weight,fast.Diagnosed,with diabetes(,糖尿病,),，,Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(,胰岛素,)three times a day for the rest of his life or risk nerve damage,，,blindness and even death.,模块,4,题型探究,And if that weren,t bad enough,，,he had no health insurance.,After a month of feeling upset,，,Thomas decided he,d better find a way to fight,back.He,left Canton,，,Michigan for New York,，,got a job waiting tables,，,nicknamed himself the Diabetic,Rockstar,，,and created,，,a free online community for diabetics and their loved ones,a place where over 1,100 people share personal stories,，,information and resources.,模块,4,题型探究,Jason,Swencki,s,son,，,Kody,，,was diagnosed with diabetes at,six.Father,and son visit the online children,s forums(,论坛,)together most,evenings.,“,Kody,gets so excited,，,writing to kids from all over,，,”,says,Swencki,，,one of the site,s,volunteers.,“,They,know what he,s going through,，,so he doesn,t feel alone.,”,模块,4,题型探究,Kody,is anything but alone,：,Diabetes is now the seventh leading cause of death in the United States,，,with 24 million diagnosed,cases.And,more people are being diagnosed at younger ages.,These days,，,Thomas,s main focus is his charity(,慈善机构,),，,Fight It,，,which provides medicines and supplies to people,225 to date,who can,t afford a diabetic,s huge expenses.,Fight,it.org,has raised about$23,000,in products and in,cash.In,May,，,Thomas will hold the first annual Diabetic,Rockstar,Festival in the Caribbean.,模块,4,题型探究,Even with a staff of 22 volunteers,，,Thomas often devotes up to 50 hours a week to his cause,，,while still doing his full,time job waiting,tables.,“,Of,the diabetes charities out there,，,most are putting money into finding a cure,，,”,says Bentley,Gubar,，,one of,Rockstar,s,original,members.,“,But,Christopher is the only person I know saying people need help now.,”,模块,4,题型探究,(,)1.Which of the following is true of Christopher Thomas?,A,He needs to go to the doctor every day.,B,He studies the leading cause of diabetes.,C,He has a positive attitude to his disease.,D,He encourages diabetics by writing articles.,模块,4,题型探究,【,解析,】C,通读全文可知，,Christopher Thomas,对于自己的疾病采取了积极的态度，所以,C,项正确。,A,项与,“,Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(,胰岛素,)three times a day for the rest of his life,”,不符；,B,项与文中的,Thomas,开办网站，与病人及其家属分享有关的信息和资源不符；,D,项提到的写作是,Thomas,的专职工作，而他的志愿工作才是运作,Fight It,这个慈善机构。,模块,4,题型探究,(5),事实排序题：这是一类运用多项事实进行排序的事实细节题，要求根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序或者句子之间的逻辑关系，找出时间发生，发展的正确顺序。,【,典例,】,A Russian lawyer yesterday said the country,s border guards repeatedly fired on and sank the fleeing Chinese cargo vessel off Russia,s coast on Sunday.,模块,4,题型探究,Alexander,Selentsov,a law officer in Vladivostok city,told the,Interfax,News Agency the Russian border guards received orders from the Federal Security Service last weekend,“,to open,fire,”,on,New Star,the Chinese ship,to stop it from escaping Russia,s,Nakhodka,port.,“,The order was carried out after radio,warnings.,”,he,said.,Russian officials had preciously denied border guards had fired on the ship after local media reported the incident and said severe weather caused the sinking.,模块,4,题型探究,Vladivostok Daily News,the first newspaper to report that the ship was fired upon,said more than 500 rounds were shot at the ships bow and stern.,The Russian border guards watched the ship sink for nearly 24 hours,and made no response to the crewmen,s cries for help,the report said.,Sixteen sailors from New Star boarded two lifeboats,Russian crewmen saved one lifeboat.While the other,carrying seven Chinese and an Indonesian,was swallowed by waves.,模块,4,题型探究,(,)1.Which is the right order of the ship sinking?,a,New Star overturned and started sinking.,b,One lifeboat was swallowed by waves.,c,Russian warship fired upon New Star.,d,Sailors boarded two life boats.,A,a c b d,B,b a c d,C,c a d b D,d c a b,模块,4,题型探究,【,解析,】C,事实排序题。由文章的介绍可以看出：俄罗斯军舰开火发生在最前面，然后是,“,新星号,”,下沉，接下来是船员登上救生艇，最后是一艘救生艇被海水吞没。,【,规律技巧提炼,】,在具体的解答时可采用,“,首尾定位法,”,。即先找出首先发生的事和最后发生的事，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出答案。,模块,4,题型探究,(6),数据计算题：要弄清数据间的逻辑关系，选准正确的数据进行计算，同时弄清单位之间的换算关系。,【,典例,】,2010,海南、宁夏,Shakespeare,s Birthplace and Exhibition of Shakespeare,s World,模块,4,题型探究,(,)1.How much is the admission for a family of two grown,ups and two children?,A,9.80,B,12.00,C,14.20 D,16.40,【,解析,】B,题干关键词为,admission,。由此可知，应该在第二个表格中寻找相关的信息。根据第二个表格中,Family,12.0(2 adults,up to 3 children),，即是一家人,(2,个成年人和至多,3,个小孩,),需要,12.0,。,模块,4,题型探究,探究点二主旨大意型,主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中不可缺少的阅读题型之一，而且难度比较大。细分起来，主要考查学生对文章的中心思想、作者的态度以及写作意图等的理解能力。,【,命题形式,】,1,考查文章的中心思想,The main idea/key point of this passage is that,The passage is mainly about,From the passage we can learn/conclude that,模块,4,题型探究,Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?,2,考查文章标题的选择,The best title/headline for this passage is,Which of the following is the best title?,What would be the best title for the text?,The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is,模块,4,题型探究,【,解题策略,】,1,抓住主题句，锁定文章主旨,找准主题句是关键。寻找主题句多采用浏览法,(skimming),。主题句通常在文章开头，也可能在一段的中间或末尾。在很多情况下，主题句如果在段首，其后可能有,for example,，,first,，,second,等信息词。主题句如果在段末，其前可能有,above all,，,all in all,等信息词。利用这些信息词，可迅速找到主题句。一般来说，文章前三句所提供的信息能够让读者了解其大致内容，而读懂每段的第一句话则有助于掌握本段的主要内容。这样做的目的不仅在于可以迅速地把握全段的大意，更重要的是，在时间紧迫的情况下，可以对一段话进行缩读、略读和扫读。,模块,4,题型探究,2,抓住段落大意，概括中心思想,寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。,3,抓住主线和关键，归纳文章中心,先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。了解文章的结构，把握住全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。对这种能力的考查一般反映在文章的中心内容、文中某一段的大意或指代关系的题目中。,模块,4,题型探究,【,典例,1】,2010,四川,Candidates(,申请人,)will have experience of both management and research support/technical,services.Knowledge,of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary.Education to degree level is also desirable.,模块,4,题型探究,(,)1.What does the paragraph mainly talk about?,A,The technical skills of a,would,be,ROM.,B,The practical experience of a,would,be,ROM.,C,The personal information of a,would,be,ROM.,D,The necessary requirements for a,would,be,ROM.,【,解析,】D,主旨大意题。依据本段提供的信息，申请人要有管理和技术服务的经验、研究操作的知识及极好的交际技能等，可知本段主要谈对应聘职位者具体能力的要求。,模块,4,题型探究,【,典例,2】,2010,辽宁,Too much,TV,watching,can harm children,s ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree,new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.,One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California,third,graders,.Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedroom TVs.,模块,4,题型探究,A second study,，,looking at nearly 1,000 grown,ups in New Zealand,found lower education levels among 26,year,olds who had watched lots of TV during childhood.But the results don,t prove that TV is the cause and don,t rule out that already poorly motivated youngsters(,年轻人,)may watch lots of TV.,模块,4,题型探究,(,)1.What would be the best title for this text?,A,Computers or Television,B,Effects of Television on Children,C,Studies on TV and College Education,D,Television and Children,s Learning Habits,【,解析,】B,标题归纳题。该文属于主题句在篇首。通读全文可知，文章主要通过两项研究分析了儿童看电视所造成的影响。文章第一段第一句话是主题句，故选,B,。,模块,4,题型探究,【,规律技巧提炼,】,新闻报道的第一段一般首先概括全文的中心，然后再详细叙述事件的发生、发展和结局，因此第一段就是全文的主题句。另外有些说明性或议论性文章也会开门见山地提出文章说明的中心或阐述的观点，等把一切问题都说透了，所有论据都摆全了，作者最后用一句话来概括全文，点明文章的中心，此种情况下文章的主题句出现在文章的最后。,模块,4,题型探究,【,典例,3】,2010,重庆,One morning more than thirty years ago,I entered the Track Kitchen,a restaurant where everyone from the humblest(,卑微的,)to the most powerful came for breakfast.I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly,unshaven man,who looked somewhat,disheveled,.He was wearing a,worn,out,hat and was alone.I asked if I might join him.He agreed quietly and I sat down to have my breakfast.,模块,4,题型探究,We cautiously began a conversation and spoke about a wide rang of things.We never introduced ourselves.I was concerned that he might have no money and not be able to afford something to eat.So as I rose to go back to the counter and buy a second cup of coffee,I asked,“,May I get you something,？,”,“,A coffee would be nice.,”,模块,4,题型探究,Then I bought him a cup of coffee.We talked more,and he accepted another cup of coffee.Finally,I rose to leave,wished him well,and headed for the exit.At the door I met one of my friends.He asked,“,How did you get to know Mr.,Galbreath,？,”“,Who,？,”,模块,4,题型探究,“,The man you were sitting with.He is