句子的种类.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,句子的种类,句子分为两大类,、,按句子用途可分,4,种：,1,、陈述句,2,、疑问句,3,、祈使句,4,、感叹句,、,按句子结构可分,3,种：,1,、简单句,2,、并列句,3,、复合句,1,）陈述句（,Declarative Sentences,）,陈述句是说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。,例,:1,、,Light travels faster than sound.,光比声速度快。,（说明事实）,2,、,The film is rather boring.,这部电影很乏味。,（说明看法）,2,）疑问句（,Interrogative Sentences,）,疑问句：提出问题。,有以下四种,：,a.,一般疑问句,（,General Questions,）,：,Can you finish the work in time?,你能按时完成工作吗？,b.,特殊疑问句,（,W Questions;H Questions,）,：,Where do you live?,你住那儿？,How do you know that?,你怎么知道那件事？,c.,选择疑问句,（,Alternative Questions,）,：,Do you want tea or coffee?,你是要茶还是要咖啡？,d.,反意疑问句,（,Tag-Questions,）,：,He doesnt know her,does he?,他不认识她，对不对？,3,）祈使句（,Imperative Sentences,）,祈使句：提出请求，建议或发出命令,祈使句的组成：,：动词原形,+,其他,Stand up.,起立。,：,Please+,动词原形,+,其他,Please dont be noisy.,请不要大声喧哗,。,：,dont+,动词原形,Dont be silly.,别傻了。,特殊用法：,祈使句有时候相当于一个由,if,引导的条件状语从句。,如：,Study harder,and,you will catch up with the others in your class.,努力学习些，你会赶上班里其他同学的。,If you study harder,you,will catch up with the others in your class.,如果你学习再努力些，你会赶上班上其他同学的。,简单句,只含有一个主谓结构并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成的独立句子或分句叫做,简单句,五大基本句型,1.,主语,+,谓语,谓语一定是动词，这种句型简称为主谓结构，其谓语一般都是不及物动词。,例：,Things change.,事物是变化的。,-Did you go by sea,？你们走的是海路吗？,-NO,，,we flew.,不，我们是飞去。,2.,主语,+,连系动词,+,表语,也叫做主系表，这种句型称为主系表结构，其实连系动词在形式上也是一种谓语动词，但实质上表语成了谓语，,例：,The milk went sour.,牛奶变酸了。,She became a lawyer.,她当了律师。,注：我们平常所说的,be,动词有两种含义：,1,、助动词的,be,；,2,、作为连系动词的,be,；,3.,主语,+,谓语,+,宾语,宾语有两种：间接宾语和直接宾语,这种句型可称为主谓宾结构，它的谓语一般多是及物动词，例：,We never beat children.,我们从来不打孩子。,My sister will fix everything.,我姐姐会料理一切。,4,主语,+,谓语,+,宾语,+,宾语,这种句型可称为主谓宾宾结构，其谓语应是可有双宾语的及物动词，两个宾语一个是间接宾语，一个是直接宾语，例：,He gave the book to his sister.,他把这本书给了他的妹妹。,Ill write you a long letter.,我将写给你一封长信。,5.,主语,+,谓语,+,宾语,+,宾补,所谓宾语补足语就是补充说明前面的宾语,这种句型可简称为主谓宾补结构，其补语是宾语补语，与宾语一起即构成复合宾语，例：,I found the book easy.,我发现这本书不难。,（形容词,easy,作补语）,Ill let him go.,我将让他去。,（不定式,go,用作补语）,注意：,有时两个或更多的并列主语拥有一个共同的谓语，甚至并列有两个主语和两个谓语，这样的句子仍然是简单句，,例：,China and other countries in the east Asia are developing rapidly.,中国和东亚其它国家正在迅速地发展。,（,China and other countries,并列主语）,Mr.Wang and I often work together and help each other.,王先生和我常在一起工作互相帮助。,并列句,两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词,and,but,so,for,or,等连在一起构成的句子，叫做,并列句,根据并列分句之间的不同关系，并列句可分为,4,种,:,第一种：表并列关系,（此类并列连词有,and,bothand,neithernor,as well as,not only.but(also),等）,如：,He likes sports,and,he often plays basketball.,Neither,Jack,nor,his wife can play the piano.,第二种,:,表转折关系,（此类并列连词有,but,however,while,still,yet,等）,如,:,The old woman lives alone,but,she never feels lonely.,The film is not perfect,still,its good.,第三种,:,表选择关系,（此类并列连词有,or,eitheror,not.but.,or else,（否则）,等）,如：,Take the chance,or else,you will regret,（后悔）,it.,第四种,:,表因果关系,（此类并列连词有,so,for,so that,therefore,（因此,),because,等,),如：,Id better take an umbrella,for,it is going to rain.,复合句,复合句,是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。,主句,是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；,从句,则是一个句子成分，不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（,connective,）引导。,复合句可分为：,1).,定语从句,2).,状语从句,3).,名词性从句,用作定语的从句叫,定语从句,。,定语从句所修饰的名（代）词叫作先行词。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面。,1.,The students,(,who dont study hard,),will not pass the exam.,先行词,定语从句,主句,:The students will not pass the exam.,2.,The woman,(,whom you saw in the park,),is our English teacher.,先行词 定语从句,主句,:The woman is our English teacher.,从句的主语：,you,从句的宾语：,whom,3.A shoe shop is,a shop,(,which,sells shoes,),.,主句：,A shoe shop is a shop.,从句的主语,:a shop,从句的宾语,:which,4.,The book(,that,you want,),is on the desk.,主句,:The book is on the desk.,从句的主语,:you,从句的宾语：,that,注,:,引导定语从句的,关系代词,常见的有,that,which,who,whom,等。,关系代词,放在,先行词和定语从句之间,，起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成份。,The man,(,that/who,told us a funny story)is in the next room.,I lost,the book,(,(,that/which),you gave me).,宾语,主语,归纳,:,1,、以下情况只能用,that,：,a,、,先行词既有指人又有指物,b,、当先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级时，有,the only,the very,等修饰时,c,、先行词是,all,much,anything,something,nothing,等不定代词,d,、句是以,who/which,开头的特殊疑问句时,e,、当先行词在定语从句中作表语时,2,、,which,指物，作主语或宾语。,3,、,who,whom,指人,who,作主语,whom,作宾语。,4,、,that,which,whom,在定语从句中作宾语时,可省去。,5,、关系副词,when,指时间,关系副词,where,指地点,在定语从句中作,状语,。即使先行词是时间地点,若作从句中的宾语，只能用关系代词,that,which.,6,、,“,介词关系代词”即“介词,whom/which”,引导定语从句应注意介词的选用至少要考虑以下的两个因素,A.,与先行词的搭配关系：,例：,I will never forget the day,on which,I joined the army.,B.,与谓语动词的搭配习惯,例：,Have you found the book for which I paid 29 US dollars?,状语从句,是副词性从句，它在句子中担任状语，修饰主句的动词、形容词或副词。根据修饰的方面，状语从句可以分为以下九种：,时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句和比较状语从句。,一、时间状语从句,常用引导词：,when,as,while,as soon as,before,after,since,till,until,特殊引导词：,the minute,the moment,the second,every time,the day,，,the instant,immediately,directly,no sooner than,hardly when,scarcely when,例：,1.I didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.,2.While John was watching TV,his wife was cooking.,3.The children ran away from the orchard(,果园,),the moment they saw the guard.,4.No sooner had I arrived home,then it began to rain.,5.Every time I listen to your advice,I get into trouble.,二、地点状语从句,常用引导词：,where,特殊引导词：,wherever,anywhere,everywhere,例：,Generally,air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.,Wherever you go,you should work hard.,地点状语从句一般由,连接副词,where,wherever,等引导，已经形成了固定的句型。,三 原因状语从句,常用引导词：,because,since,as,for,特殊引导词：,seeing that,now that,in that,considering that,given that.,例：,Now that everybody has come,lets begin our conference.,既然每个人都到了，让我们开始我们的会议吧。,四 目的状语从句,常用引导词：,so that,in order that,特殊引导词：,lest,in case,for fear that,，,in the hope that,for the purpose that,to the end that,例：,The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.,为了让后面的学生听得更清楚，老师有意地提高了他的声音。,五 结果状语从句,常用引导词：,so that,such that,特殊引导词：,such that,to the degree that,to the extent that,to such a degree that,例：,He got up so early that he caught the first bus.,六 条件状语从句,常用引导词：,if,unless,特殊引导词：,as/so long as,only if,providing/provided that,supposing that,in case that,on condition that,例：,You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.,七 让步状语从句,常用引导词：,though,although,even if,even though,特殊引导词：,as(,用在让步状语从句中必须要,倒装,),，,while(,一般用在句首,),，,no matter,，,in spite of the fact that,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever,例：,Much as I respect him,I cant agree to his proposal.,尽管我很尊敬他，我却不同意他的建议。,八 比较状语从句,常用引导词：,as(,同级比较,),than(,不同程度的比较,),特殊引导词：,the more the more ;just as,，,so;A is to B what/as X is to Y;no more than;not A so much as B,例：,The more you exercise,the healthier you will be.,九 方式状语从句,常用引导词：,as,as if,how,特殊引导词：,the way,例：,Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.,在句子中起名词作用的句子叫,名词性从句,名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为,主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句,。,一 主语从句：主语从句在整个句子中作主语。,(1),不同于其它的连词，它不充当句子的成分，只是单纯的连接词，通常不可以省略。分句置于句首时，,that,绝对不可以省略。,That the driver could not control his war was obvious.It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.,(2)if,不能用在主语从句中，而是用,whether,Whether he left(or not)is unknown,(3),当主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用第三人称单数，下面这个句型例外。,What we need is more time and money.What we need are many more books.,二,.,表语从句：表语从句出现在系动词后，充当表语。,The trouble is that we are short of money.,Go and get your coat.Its where you left it.,引导表语从句除了上述三类词外还有,because,as if/as though,等等,The reason(why/for which.)is that,It/This/That is because,（,2),连系动词“,appear,look,seem”,的两个常用句型,It seems/appears that.,It looks/seems as if/as though(,与事实相符用陈述语气，与事实相反用虚拟语气,),(3)as,也可以引导表语从句,Things are not always as they seem to be,三,.,宾语从句：及物动词，形容词和介词后加宾语从句作其宾语。,宾语从句时态与主句相呼应，但宾语从句表示的是客观真理或普遍现象除外,The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun,(2),连词,whether,和,if,可以互换，但注意下列情况 连词后紧跟,or not,时用,whether,I want to know whether or not they will come.,作,介词宾语是用,whether,引导宾语从句,He was interested in whether he saw her there.,连接词后直接加不定式，,不能用,if,只能用,whether,He doesnt know whether to stay or not.,如果,宾语从句是否定时,，一般用,if,引导,I care if he will not attend the meeting.,(3),当宾语从句后带宾补时，要用“主语,+,谓语,+it+,宾补,+that-clause,that,不可省略,I think it certain that she will do well in her exam.,(4),当主语是,I,we,，主句用,think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine,五个动词时，用否定转移,I dont think he will win the game,will he?,(5)that,在宾语从句常可以省略，但由,and,或,but,连接两个或多个宾语从句时，仅可以省略第一个连词,that,He said(that)he had eaten nothing but that he wasnt hungry.,(6),注意区别,if,引导的宾语从句和条件状语从句,I dont know if he will come.,四,.,同位语从句，在句中作某些名词的同位语，对前面的名词进一步说明。,(1),用在下列名词,fact,news,idea,hope,believe,hope,thought,doubt.truth,order,suggestion,word,等,.,There is no doubt that he will come.,There is doubt whether he will come.,Word came that Napoleon would come to inspect them.,There is no possibility that.,(2)that,引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：在,同位语从句,中，,that,不可以省略,，不作成分,;,定语从句的关系代词,that,在定语从句作成分，,作宾语时可以省略,We are interested in the news that some foreigners would visit our school.,We are interested in the news that he told us.,when,where,引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：在定语从句中，,when,where,前有分别表示时间、地点的先行词；而在同位语从句中无此对应关系,They have no idea at all where he has gone,.(,同位语从句,),Go and get your coat.Its in the place where you left it.,(,定语从句,),That s over,Thank you!,