污染场地健康风险评价.ppt

<p>单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,健康风险评价基础理论,前言,实例,主要内容,全国有,400,多个城市开采利用地下水，在全国城市用水总量中，占,30%,北方城市的地下水利用比例高达,66%72%,全国总人口的,70%,饮用地下水,前言,我国,近30年来的经济迅猛发展和城市基础设施建设与管理的相对滞后同样带来了日益严重的环境问题。,尽管没有具体的数字，但由工厂、加油站和垃圾场等场地引起的环境污染已相当广泛。,工厂“三废”排放、加油站和地下储存罐的泄漏、矿山尾矿处理和垃圾废物处置等对环境的危害极为严重。,供水安全保障程度降低,人类健康暴露或食物链,生态环境恶化与环境安全性降低,“水质型”缺水日益突出,.,污染场地,？,污染场地风险评价是对已经或可能造成污染的工厂、加油站、地下储油罐、垃圾填埋场、废物堆放场等场地由于污染物质排放或泄漏对人体健康和生态安全的危害程度进行概率估计，并提出降低风险的方案和对策。,它包括：基于人群健康的风险评价和基于生态安全的风险评价。,污染场地风险评价,三个发展阶段：,第一阶段（20世纪30至60年代）：风险评价的萌芽阶段；,第二阶段（20世纪70至80年代）：风险评价研究高峰期，基本形成较完整的评价体系；,第三阶段（20世纪90年代后）：生态风险评价成为研究热点。,国内外研究进展,美国,法规：,1980年环境响应、补偿与义务综合法案（超级基金）；,1986年超级基金修正和授权法案；,1985、1988年国家石油与有毒有害物质污染应急计划。,技术文件和指南：,1988年健康风险评价手册；,1989年场地治理调查和可行性分析导则；,1992年超级基金暴露评价手册；,1996年土壤筛选导则；,1998年生态风险评价指南；,2005年铅污染场地风险评价指南等。,美国超级基金健康风险评价框架,欧盟,1994年成立欧盟污染场地公共论坛；,1996年完成污染场地风险评价协商行动指南，指 南拟解决7大问题。,荷兰,1987年颁布土壤保护法；,80年代设立了“国家公众健康与环境保护研究院”和“土壤保护技术委员会”。,欧美国家在不断建立和完善污染场地风险评价体系的基础上，多数开展了全国性的污染场地调查，并根据不同场地条件和污染类型建立污染场地国家数据库：,美国：370,000个；,荷兰：300,000个。,同时选择其中1000个典型的污染场地逐步开展场地污染治理。,土壤油污染治理,20世纪90年代，,我国开始了以介绍和应用国外研究成果为主的环境风险评价研究，但大部分集中在事前风险评价。,同时，我国环境保护法和环境影响评价法也只对规划和建设项目开展环境影响评价作出了规定，尚未涉及污染场地健康风险评价方面的内容。,健康风险评价基础理论,健康风险评价的内容主要包括估算污染物进入人体的数量、评估剂量与负面健康效应之间的关系。,人体污染物摄取方式和机制,剂量,-,反应关系,毒性评估,风险表征,人体摄取污染物质的途径主要包括三条：,口、呼吸和皮肤接触。,通常采用不同类型剂量来表示污染物质进入人体各个阶段的数量,人体污染物摄取方式和机制,无论通过何种途径，污染物质只有最终进入到人体血液中才会对人体健康产生影响。,因此，原则上估计人体污染物摄取量应以内部剂量或吸收剂量为依据,污染源,大气,土壤,水,食物链,呼吸途径,皮肤接触,食入途径,人体器官,污染物暴露途径,污染场地健康风险评价方法,数据收集和分析,数据收集是风险评价的基础，,通常需收集已有资料，,开展实地调查和采样分析，,并建立数据质量管理和质量控制目标体系。,1 资料收集,1）场地背景,气候与气象：温度、降雨、风速、风向；,地质背景：地层、特征；,植被：森林、草地、裸露；,土壤类型：砂质、有机质、酸碱性等；,地表水：位置和特征描述；如类型、流速、盐度。,2）暴露人群,人群的分布现状：如相对于场地的距离和方位；,人群结构：敏感人群。,3）确定土地利用现状及规划,居民区；,商业/工业区；,娱乐区。,拟解决的主要问题,（1）污染源的确定；,（2）包气带和饱水带污染物迁移转化模型的选择和模型参数的获取；,（3）不确定性分析。,暴露点的污染物浓度值主要根据日常监测数据确定或采用污染物迁移转化模型进行预测。,呼吸途径和饮食途径一般采用潜在剂量进行估算，,呼吸挥发性气体,呼吸可吸入颗粒物,式中：Intake单位时间单位体重污染物摄取量（mg/kg-day）；,Ca空气中挥发性气体的浓度（mg/m3）；,IR摄取速率（水：L/d；食物：kg/meal）；,ET日暴露时间（h/d）,EF暴露频率（d/y）；,ED暴露期（y）；,BW人群平均体重（kg）；,AT平均暴露时间（d）；,Cp空气中可吸入颗粒物含量（kg/m3）；,FP可吸入颗粒物中污染物含量浓度（mg/kg），对于致癌物质,为人群平均寿命，对非致癌物质，为暴露期。,毒性评估是指利用场地目标污染物对暴露人群产生负面效应的可能证据，估计人群对污染物的暴露程度和产生负面效应的可能性之间的关系。,毒性评估,危害识别,分析暴露于某种物质是否会引起负面健康效应发生率的升高。,剂量-反应评估,定量评估污染物毒性，描述污染物暴露剂量和暴露人群负面健康效应发生率之间的关系。,包括：,风险估算,不确定性分析,风险概述,风险表征,在暴露评估和毒性评估的基础上表征人群健康风险,以致癌风险和非致癌危害指数表示。目前国外通常采用单污染物风险和多污染物总风险以及多暴露途径综合健康风险三种方式表示。,1）风险估算,单污染物风险：各暴露途径中单个污染物的健康风险。,当Risk0.01时,致癌风险：当Risk0.01时,非致癌危害指数,Risk为致癌风险，表示人群癌症发生的概率，通常以一定数量人口出现癌症患者的个体数表示；,CDI为人体终生暴露于致癌物质单位时间单位体重的平均日摄取量（mg/kg/d）；SF为斜率因子（(mg/kg/d)-1）；RfD非致癌参考剂量,。,致癌总风险：,非致癌总危害指数,HQ和HI分别为单污染物和多污染物的非致癌危害指数，其数值的大小，表示风险的大小。,当小于1时，认为风险较小或可以忽略，大于1时，认为存在风险。,综合健康风险：各暴露途径总风险之和。,多污染物总风险：为某一暴露途径各污染物风险之和。,不确定性来源于风险评价的各个阶段，野外取样、实验分析、模型参数获取、模型的适用性和假设、毒理学数据等均存在客观和主观的不确定因素。,2）不确定性分析,USEPA CMTP模型模拟污染物在包气带和饱水带中的迁移转化过程时充分考虑到各种模型参数的可变性，引入蒙特卡罗模型，计算出暴露点污染物浓度的概率分布，不失为降低模型不确定性的有效方法。,客观地表述场地风险，充分分析风险评价的不确定性程度，承认风险的相对性，科学地指导场地污染防治决策。,3）风险概述,图3-1 重点区范围图,重点区范围图,实例,北方某工厂健康风险评价,场地概况,土壤污染状况,VG模型：,其中：,m,土壤基质势（压力单位）；S,e,有效饱和度；土壤含水量（%）；,r,土壤残余含水量（%）；,s,土壤饱和含水量（%）；、n和m为经验参数。,包气带土层的特征参数,水分特征曲线拟合参数列表,样号,n,m,r,s,2-6,0.0317,1.146,0.127,0.001,0.46,2-8,0.0046,2.015,0.504,0.0378,0.51,土壤剖面取样分析成果表,钻孔编号,取样编号,取样,深度,（cm）,分析项目（mg/kg）,二氯,甲烷,三氯,甲烷,四氯,化碳,二氯,乙烯,三氯,乙烯,四氯,乙烯,二氯,乙烷,二氯,丙烷,K1,K1-1,2,0.000,5.620,44.790,0.000,ND,ND,0.000,0.007,K1-2,10,0.000,ND,184.520,0.000,0.390,4.210,0.000,0.000,K1-3,20,0.000,ND,215.200,0.000,0.880,4.010,0.000,0.000,K1-4,40,0.000,0.850,191.654,0.000,0.778,3.604,0.000,0.009,K1-5,60,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,K1-6,80,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,K1-7,120,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.009,K2,K2-1,2,0.000,ND,87.440,0.000,ND,ND,0.000,0.000,K2-2,10,0.000,10.180,21.660,0.000,ND,ND,0.000,0.000,K2-3,20,0.000,4.980,77.050,0.000,0.055,1.550,0.000,0.000,K2-4,40,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,K2-5,60,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.009,K2-6,80,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.007,K2-7,120,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,注：ND表示未检出,续表,钻孔,编号,样品,编号,取样,深度,（cm）,分析项目（mg/kg）,萘,亚二氢苊,二氢苊,芴,菲,蒽,荧,芘,K1,K1-1,2,0.226,0.570,0.110,0.063,0.409,1.372,0.172,1.443,K1-2,10,0.169,ND,ND,ND,2.013,0.207,0.015,ND,K1-3,20,0.218,0.941,0.075,0.162,0.286,0.124,0.278,0.017,K1-4,40,0.530,ND,0.026,0.236,0.235,0.039,0.024,0.050,K1-5,60,0.654,0.307,0.084,0.271,0.485,0.038,0.076,0.074,K1-6,80,0.494,0.416,0.103,0.346,0.592,0.040,0.091,0.029,K1-7,120,0.084,0.047,0.021,0.101,0.171,0.039,0.030,0.018,K2,K2-1,2,0.480,0.630,0.541,3.559,2.994,ND,0.342,0.138,K2-2,10,0.287,0.607,0.312,0.000,0.026,3.390,0.028,0.000,K2-3,20,0.518,0.224,ND,0.259,ND,0.049,0.227,ND,K2-4,40,4.782,3.485,10.824,0.708,ND,ND,ND,ND,K2-5,60,ND,0.444,0.080,0.512,0.187,ND,0.074,0.020,K2-6,80,ND,0.066,0.032,0.079,0.177,0.035,0.007,ND,K2-7,120,ND,0.066,0.042,0.259,0.214,0.023,0.077,0.005,续表,钻孔编号,样品编号,取样,深度（cm）,分析项目（mg/kg）,苯并,(a),蒽,屈,苯并,(b),荧蒽,苯并,(k),荧蒽,苯并,(a),芘,茚并,(1,2,3),芘,二苯并蒽,苯并,(g,h,i),苝,K1,K1-1,2,0.529,0.000,0.049,0.080,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,K1-2,10,ND,0.426,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,K1-3,20,0.878,0.071,0.541,0.013,ND,ND,ND,ND,K1-4,40,0.013,ND,0.022,0.066,ND,ND,ND,0.391,K1-5,60,ND,0.011,0.027,0.004,0.085,ND,ND,0.321,K1-6,80,0.021,0.016,0.015,0.005,0.063,ND,0.037,0.486,K1-7,120,0.014,0.005,0.010,ND,0.102,0.003,0.005,0.520,K2,K2-1,2,2.405,0.263,0.112,0.019,ND,ND,ND,ND,K2-2,10,0.110,0.179,0.119,0.082,8.334,0.028,16.532,0.281,K2-3,20,0.775,ND,ND,1.500,ND,ND,1.996,ND,K2-4,40,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,K2-5,60,0.024,0.007,0.014,0.013,0.032,ND,ND,ND,K2-6,80,0.020,0.007,0.008,ND,0.030,ND,0.011,ND,K2-7,120,0.008,ND,0.013,0.001,0.027,ND,ND,0.385,地下水污染状况,2002年工厂及其周边地下水调查分析成果,取样,编号,分析项目（,g/L,）,苯,甲苯,乙苯,间,对,二甲苯,邻二,甲苯,异丙苯,三氯,甲烷,四氯,化碳,三氯乙烯,四氯,乙烯,B120,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,0.210,B125,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,9.249,0.084,27.092,0.420,B134,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,5.670,ND,ND,0.140,B135,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,1.250,0.063,23.620,0.157,B136,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,2.191,ND,12.700,0.077,B138,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,B160,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,B164,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,9.725,ND,B405,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,12.010,ND,B406,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,1.149,ND,ND,ND,B407,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,3.235,ND,11.300,ND,三氯甲烷,四氯化碳,三氯乙烯,四氯乙烯,地下水污染状况,2005年工厂及其下游水井调查分析成果,取样,编号,分析项目（,g/L,）,二氯甲烷,三氯甲烷,四氯化碳,1，2-二氯乙烷,1，1，1-三氯乙烷,1，2-二,氯丙烷,1，1-二氯乙烯,B125,3.045,4.080,0.080,0.000,0.040,0.000,0.160,B407,5.880,5.230,0.040,0.000,0.140,0.000,0.000,取样,编号,分析项目（,g/L,）,三氯,乙烯,四氯乙烯,三溴甲烷,萘,亚二氢苊,二氢苊,芴,B125,758.615,4.065,0.880,0.049,0.108,0.061,0.084,B407,279.460,1.600,1.000,0.062,0.119,0.036,ND,取样,编号,分析项目（,g/L,）,菲,蒽,荧,芘,苯并(a)蒽,屈,苯并(b)荧蒽,B125,0.132,0.067,0.019,0.054,0.000,0.000,0.000,B407,0.102,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,取样,编号,分析项目（,g/L,）,苯并(k)荧蒽,苯并(a)芘,茚并(1,2,3)芘,二苯并蒽,苯并(g,h,i)苝,B125,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.204,B407,ND,ND,ND,ND,0.622,空气污染状况,工厂车间空气污染调查分析成果,分析项目（ng/L）,取样编号,KQ1,KQ2,KQ3,KQ4,KQ5,KQ6,萘,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,亚二氢苊,1.332,1.513,1.611,0.528,ND,ND,二氢苊,1.187,ND,ND,0.700,0.755,1.408,芴,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,菲,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,蒽,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,荧,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,芘,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,苯并,(a),蒽,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,屈,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,苯并,(b),荧蒽,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,苯并,(k),荧蒽,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,苯并,(a),芘,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,茚并,(1,2,3),芘,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,二苯并蒽,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,苯并,(g,h,i),苝,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,ND,暴露评估,暴露途径概念模型,暴露人群：2类 工厂人员、下游居民,暴露途径：4条,皮肤接触污染空气、,皮肤接触污染土壤、,呼吸污染空气,饮水：,暴露频率：途经1、2和3的暴露频率均为100d/a，途径4的,暴露频率为365d/a。,暴露期：35年和70年,目标污染物：三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙,烯、萘、芴、蒽、芘、屈、苯并（a）芘、,苯并（a）蒽、苯并（b）荧蒽、二苯并蒽。,污染物摄取量计算,皮肤接触污染空气：,皮肤接触污染土壤：,呼吸污染空气：,饮水：,毒性评估,目标污染物毒性,目标污染物,作用器官或组织/效应,致癌分类,三氯甲烷,肝、肾,B2,四氯化碳,肝,B2,三氯乙烯,肝、肾、肺,B2,四氯乙烯,肝、肾、神经系统,-,萘,肌肉、骨骼、心血管系统、子宫,C,芴,肝、肾、脾脏,D,蒽,不明确,D,芘,肾,D,苯并,a,芘,胃、食道、喉,B2,屈,淋巴、皮肤、生殖系统,B2,二苯并蒽,肺、乳腺、血管,B2,苯并a蒽,肝、肺,B2,苯并b荧蒽,肝、肺、皮肤,B2,非致癌风险计算结果,暴露人群,车间作业工人,民用井水为,饮用水的居民,暴露方式,呼吸途径,皮肤接触污染空气,皮肤接触污染土壤,同种物质累积,非致癌危害指数,饮水方式,污染物非致癌危害指数,三氯甲烷,2.57E-03,1.06E-03,1.34E-06,2.58E-01,4.57E-05,四氯化碳,1.20E-02,1.96E-03,1.81E-04,1.40E+00,1.71E-01,三氯乙烯,5.16E-04,1.36E-03,7.00E-06,6.52E-02,2.40E-03,四氯乙烯,2.69E-04,1.46E-03,2.16E-07,2.83E-02,5.49E-05,萘,2.87E-05,7.41E-07,6.83E-07,2.88E-03,3.29E-09,芴,3.21E-08,3.63E-08,7.65E-07,4.02E-06,1.15E-11,蒽,1.43E-09,1.40E-09,6.98E-08,2.14E-07,1.30E-14,芘,2.88E-10,9.95E-10,5.45E-07,5.75E-07,1.24E-15,屈,-,-,-,-,-,苯并（a）芘,-,-,-,-,-,苯并（a）蒽,-,-,-,-,-,苯并（b）荧蒽,-,-,-,-,-,二苯并蒽,-,-,-,-,-,暴露途径累积非致癌危害指数,1.54E-02,5.84E-03,1.92E-04,1.74E-01,综合非致癌危害指数,2.14E-02,1.74E-01,风险计算,致癌风险计算结果,暴露人群,车间作业工人,以民用井水为,饮用水的居民,暴露途径,呼吸,皮肤接触,污染空气,皮肤接触,污染土壤,同种物质累,积致癌风险,饮水,污,染,物,致,癌,风,险,三氯甲烷,2.92E-06,6.48E-08,8.18E-11,2.92E-04,2.79E-09,四氯化碳,3.19E-06,1.78E-06,1.65E-08,3.19E-02,1.01E-06,三氯乙烯,2.35E-06,1.63E-07,8.42E-10,2.37E-04,2.88E-07,四氯乙烯,9.19E-07,7.89E-07,1.17E-09,9.98E-05,2.96E-07,屈,9.56E-16,4.97E-14,3.40E-11,3.41E-11,2.21E-21,苯并（a）芘,2.32E-13,1.44E-11,3.01E-07,3.01E-07,2.71E-16,苯并（a）蒽,1.14E-12,5.47E-11,1.70E-08,1.72E-08,6.95E-18,苯并（b）荧蒽,3.24E-15,1.14E-13,3.05E-09,3.05E-09,2.77E-21,二苯并蒽,4.07E-14,3.45E-12,6.70E-07,6.70E-07,5.63E-21,暴露途径,累积致癌风险,9.38E-06,2.80E-06,1.01E-06,1.62E-06,综合致癌风险,1.32E-05,1.62E-06,2002年致癌风险分布图,2005年致癌风险分布图,车间工人致癌风险构成,工厂下游居民致癌风险构成,非致癌风险小，其综合非致癌危害指数分别为0.0214和0.174；,致癌风险较大，其综合致癌风险值分别为1.3210,-5,和1.6210,-6，,分别为致癌风险警戒值的13.2 和1.62倍。,工厂污染防治建议,（1）车间工人，工作中须配戴口罩，穿工作服，戴手套，避免穿短袖衣和短裤上班。尽量避免呆在土壤污染区，每天暴露于土壤污染区的时间至多不超过1小时。,（2）对土壤污染区经济又实用的处置办法是翻耕，翻耕面积9.6m,2,，深度1.5m左右，促使污染物质挥发，有效较低土壤中污染物浓度，降低对地下水的影响。,（3）如果采取治理措施，土壤污染治理标准为三氯甲烷：0.25 mg/kg；四氯化碳：0.97 mg/kg；三氯乙烯：0.03 mg/kg；四氯乙烯：0.21mg/kg。,（4）对厂区下游居民，民用井井水已不宜饮用，对地下水的污染控制除了截断上游污染源外，应该加强污染监测和预报，随时掌握地下水污染的变化情况。,谢谢！,</p>