国际营销英文版第16版第2章PPT.ppt

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,McGraw-Hill/Irwin,Copyright 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,The Dynamic Environment of International Trade,Chapter 2,2-*,Learning Objectives,LO1,The,basis for the reestablishment of world,trade following,World War II,LO2,The,importance of balance-of-payment,figures to,a,countrys economy,LO3,The,effects of protectionism on world trade,LO4,The,several types of trade,barriers,LO5,The,provisions of the Omnibus Trade,and Competitiveness Act,LO6,The,importance of GATT and the World,Trade Organization,L,O7,The,emergence of the International Monetary Fund,and,the World Bank Group,2-*,Trade Barriers,Barriers to trade are one of the major issues confronting international marketers,They can be tariff or non-tariff barriers,Countries continue to use non-tariff barriers for a variety of reasons,Tariff barriers have reduced considerably in recent years,2-*,Exhibit 2.1,Top Ten 2011 U.S.Trading Partners($billions,merchandise trade),Source:,www.census.gov/,f,oreign-trade/top,2012.,4,2-*,World Trade and U.S.Multinationals,Dominance of U.S.multinationals in the 1950s and 1960s,Large investments by U.S.companies in Europe and Latin America,Concern in Latin America resulting in expropriation of direct U.S.investments,In Europe,there was strong public demand to limit foreign investment,2-*,Exhibit 2.2,Sources of Distortion in Prominent Trade Statistics,Sources:Andrew Batson,“Not Really Made in China,”,The Wall Street Journal,December 16,2010,pp.B12;“iPadded,”,The Economist,January 12,2012,p.84.,6,Exhibit 2.3,The Nationality of the Worlds 100 Largest Industrial Corporations,(size measured by annual revenues),2-,7,2-*,Balance of Trade,T,he,balance of merchandise,trade also reflected,the changing role of the United States in world,trade,Between,1888 and 1971,the United,States,had,a favorable balance of,trade,By 1971,the,United States had a,trade deficit,of$2 billion that grew,to at,$160 billion in,1987,Trade deficit peaked in 2007,with the,continued weakness in the U.S.,dollar,The,positive consequence of the,global financial,crisis,in,2008 in the United States was the halving of the U.S.,trade deficit,during 2009 from its high in,2007,2-*,Balance of Payments,When countries trade there are financial transactions among businesses or consumers of different nations,Money constantly flows into and out of a country,The system of accounts that records a nations international financial transactions is called its balance of payments(BP),It records all financial transactions between a countrys firms,and residents,and the rest of the world usually over a year,The BP is maintained on a double-entry bookkeeping system,9,Balance of Payments,The BP is the difference between receipts and payments,2-,10,10,2-*,Balance of Payments,A balance-of-payments statement includes three,accounts,the,current account,a record of all merchandise exports,imports,and services plus unilateral,transfers of funds,the,capital,account,a record of direct investment,portfolio investment,and short-term,capital movements to and from countries;and,t,he,official,reserves,account,a record,of exports and imports of gold,increases or decreases in foreign exchange,and,increases or decreases in liabilities to foreign central banks.,Of the three,the current,account is,of primary interest to international business,.,2-,12,12,2-*,Protectionism,The reality of trade is this is,a world of tariffs,quotas,and,nontariff barriers,and,nontariff barriers designed to protect a countrys markets from,foreign investment,Although,the World Trade Organization has been effective,to some extent in,reducing tariffs,countries still resort to measures of,protectionism,C,ountries use legal,barriers,exchange barriers,and psychological barriers to,restrict the,entry of unwanted,goods,13,2-*,Arguments for Protectionism,maintain employment and reduce,unemployment,i,ncrease of business size,and,r,etaliation and bargaining,protection,of the home,market,n,eed to keep money at,home,e,ncouragement of capital,accumulation,maintenance of the standard of living and real wages,conservation of natural resources,protection of an infant industry,industrialization of a low-wage nation,national,defense,14,2-*,The Impact of Tariff(Tax)Barriers,Tariff Barriers tend to,increase,:,Inflationary pressures,Special interests privileges,Government control and political considerations in economic matters,The number of tariffs they beget via reciprocity,2-*,The Impact of Tariff(Tax)Barriers,Tariff Barriers tend to,weaken,:,Balance-of-payments positions,Supply-and-demand patterns,International relations(they can start trade wars),Tariff Barriers tend to,restrict,:,Manufacturer supply sources,Choices available to consumers,Competition,2-*,Six Types of Non-Tariff Barriers,(1),Specific Limitations on Trade:,Quotas,Import Licensing requirements,Proportion restrictions of foreign to domestic goods(local content requirements),Minimum import price limits,Embargoes,(2),Customs and Administrative Entry Procedures:,Valuation systems,Antidumping practices,Tariff classifications,Documentation,requirements,Fees,2-*,Six Types of Non-Tariff Barriers,(3),Standards:,Standard disparities,Intergovernmental acceptances of testing methods and standards,Packaging,labeling,and marking,(4),Government Participation in Trade:,Government procurement policies,Export subsidies,Countervailing duties,Domestic assistance programs,2-*,Six Types of Non-Tariff Barriers,(5),Charges on imports:,Prior import deposit subsidies,Administrative fees,Special supplementary duties,Import credit discriminations,Variable levies,Border taxes,(6),Others:,Voluntary export restraints,Orderly marketing agreements,2-*,Three Types of Monetary,Barriers,Blocked currency,:Blockage is accomplished by refusing to allow importers to exchange its national currency for the sellers currency.,Differential exchange rates,:It encourages the importation of goods the government deems desirable and discourages importation of goods the government does not want by adjusting the exchange rate.The exchange rate for importation of a desirable product is favorable and vice-versa,Government approval,:In countries where there is a severe shortage of foreign exchange,an exchange permit to import foreign goods is required from the,government,2-*,The Omnibus Trade and,Competitiveness Act(OTCA)1988,Many countries are allowed to trade freely with the United States but do not grant equal access to U.S.products in their countries.,To ease trade restrictions,the OTCA focused on correcting perceived injustice in trade practices.,It dealt with trade deficits,protectionism,and the overall fairness of our trading partners.,2-*,The Omnibus Trade and,Competitiveness Act(OTCA)1988,Covers,three areas for improving U.S.trade:,market access,export expansion,and,import relief,2-*,General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT),Covers,three basic areas:,trade shall be conducted on a nondiscriminatory basis;,protection shall be afforded domestic industries through customs tariffs,not through such commercial measures as import quotas;and,consultation shall be the primary method used to solve global trade problems.,2-*,World Trade Organization(WTO),It sets many rules governing trade between its 132 members,WTO provides a panel of experts to hear and rule on trade disputes between members,and,unlike GATT,issues binding,decisions,Unlike GATT,WTO is an institution,not an agreement,2-*,WTO,The Internet exposed protected industries to global competition,WTO was established January 1,1995 through the Uruguay round of GATT(1986-1993),Statutory powers to adjudicate trade,disputes,Permanent international organization,New legal and institutional foundation,Platform for trade relations:collective debate,negotiation and adjudication,Dispute settlement faster,Evolution of GATS,TRIMS,TRIPS,2-*,The IMF and the World Bank,The,International Monetary,Fund(IMF),and,the,World Bank Group,are,two global institutions,created to,assist nations in becoming and remaining economically viable,.,These organizations play important roles,in,international trade:,by,helping maintain stability in,the financial,markets,and,by,assisting countries that are seeking economic development,and restructuring,