英文科技论文写作语法和修辞市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖课件.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,from,:The ACS Style Guide:A Manual for Authors and Editors,1,st,edition(1986),2,nd,edition(1997),英语科技论文,语法和修辞（表示）概要,1/251,一点说明,不一样起源资料，说法不完全相同,气象科技,英文编辑曾晓梅：“信中谈到问题我也注意到了。不一样书、不一样出版单位有自己说法和做法，不一样国家英文，差异也很大。,2/251,我在,中国科技期刊研究,上文章依据是几本美国大学英语课惯用教学参考书（已列作该文参考文件），我习惯恪守这几本书要求。实际上，一些权威书和期刊上前后都不一致。现在，我在改稿时做法是，在二者都有依据（或范例）时，普通来说不改，除非文中内容是指个体还是整体非常显著。*”,*,指主谓一致。,3/251,第,1,部分,几个语法问题,科技英语写作语法错误举例,第,2,部分,修辞与表示,英语写作表示几个问题,4/251,5/251,平山健三,英语化学论文写作方法,市原,英语论文写作方法,孙娴柔,实用英语科技论文写作,周春晖,科技英语写作,冯志杰,汉英科技翻译指要,任胜利,英语科技论文撰写与投稿,英文现刊以及英文学术专著,6/251,第,1,部分,几个语法问题,7/251,科技英语写作语法错误举例,1Subject-Verb Agreements,Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses,Dangling Modifiers,（垂悬修饰语）,4,Awkward Omissions of Verbs and,Auxiliary Verbs,8/251,1 Subject-Verb Agreements,（,1,）在主语中含并列连词“,and”,时，应正确区分是单个主语还是并列主语。若属前者，谓语动词为单数形式，若属后者，谓语动词则为复数形式。,例,1 Application of this technique to studies on phytoplankton biomass and its environments,are,described.,说明,The subject is“application”,which is singular.,Application,of this technique to,is,described.,9/251,例,2,Description,of the experimental conditions and the results of the present investigation,is made,in detail in this paper.,此句中主语为,description,the experimental conditions and the results,是并列，与,of,组成介词短语作定语，故谓语动词用“,is made,”,。,10/251,例,3,The experimental condition and the result,of the present investigation,are described,in detail in this paper.,此句中主语为,the experimental condition and the result,为并列主语，故谓语用,are described.,11/251,Sometimes,two singular subjects joined by“,and,”cause this error.,例,4 Growth and isolation of M13 virus,was,described,Growth,and,isolation,of M13 virus,were,described.,12/251,Exception,:A subject that is plural in form but singular in effect takes a singular verb.,例,5,The name and address,of each,contributor,is,given on the title page.,例,6,Research and development,is,attracting,a growing number of young scientists.,R&D,department,13/251,(2)However,when two or more subjects are joined by “,or,”,the verb takes the number of the closest subject.,例,7 Application or,uses,were,noted.,Uses or,application,was,noted.,例,8 The appropriate metal ion concentration,or,the rate constants,were,used.,The rate constants or appropriate metal,ion concentration,was,used.,14/251,当两个以上主语以,or,neithernor,eitheror,not onlybut also,等组句时，谓语动词应与其最近名词在人称和数上保持一致。,例,9,Either ethylene chlorohydrin or,bromohydrin,is,treated with strong,alkali to give ethylene oxide,(,与,bromohydrin,一致,).,15/251,例,10 Coagulation of an AgCl precipitate occurs at the equivalence point,where neither chloride nor silver,ions,are,in excess.(,与,ions,一致,),例,11 Not only CS,2,but also,CuSO,4,and AgCl,were,purified before the use,(,与,CuSO,4,and AgCl,一致,),16/251,在“,there is”,，“,there are”,句型中，主语为复合主语时，谓语动词与靠近主语一致,例,12 There,was,a professor,and several students,in the library.,There,were,several students,and a professor,in the library.,17/251,（,3,）,Collective nouns take a singular verb when the group as a whole is meant;in that case they are often preceded by the word“the”.Collective nouns take a plural verb when individuals of the group are meant;in that case,they are often preceded by the word“a”.,contents majority range,couple number series,dozen pair variety,group,18/251,例,13,The series,is,arranged in order of,decreasing size.,说明,Refers to,the series,as a unit.,例,14,A series of,compounds,were,tested.,说明,Refers to each compound.,19/251,例,15,The number of,metal amides synthesized,was,the largest to date.(Refers to the number as,a unit.),A number of,metal amides,were,synthesized,.,(Refers to each amide.),例,16,The series of,compounds,was prepared,to,test the hypothesis.(Refers to the series as,a unit.),A series of,compounds,were tested,.(Refers to,each compound.),20/251,例,17 A series of low molecular weight phenolphthalein epoxy resins(,M,n,500,-,700),has,been prepared from phenolphthalein and epichlorohydrin using K,2,CO,3,(Na,2,CO,3,)/H,2,O as catalysts instead of NaOH/H,2,O.,A series of low molecular weight phenolphthalein epoxy resins(,M,n,500,-,700),heve,been prepared from phenolphthalein and epichlorohydrin using K,2,CO,3,(Na,2,CO,3,)/H,2,O as catalysts instead of NaOH/H,2,O.,21/251,an average of+,数词,（意思为平均数量有,之多,）作主语，谓语动词用,复数,形式,An average of 100 kinds,of reagents,were,in regular supply from the company each year.,22/251,the average of+,数词,意思为平均数（值）,作主语，谓语动词用,单数,形式。,The average of a series of values,is,obtained simply by adding all the individual values and dividing the sum by the number of values.,（,=The average of a series of values is obtained simply by adding all the individual values and dividing the sum by the measurement times.,）,23/251,（,4,）“,Data”can be a singular or plural noun,.,例,18,Experimental data,that we obtained,are,compared with previously reported results.,说明,Refers to the data as individual results.,例,19 After the data,are,distributed,we can meet,to discuss them.,After the data,is,distributed,we can meet,to discuss it.,说明,Refers to the whole collection of data,as one unit.,24/251,（,5,）,Units of measurement are treated as collective nouns and therefore take a singular verb.,例,20 The mixture was stirred,and 5 mL of diluent,were,added.,The mixture was stirred,and,5 mL,of,diluent,was,added.,25/251,例,21 Five grams of NaCL,were,added to,the solution.,Five grams,of NaCL,was,added to,the solution.,26/251,例,22 Three weeks,are,needed to complete,the experiment.,Three weeks,is,needed to complete,the experiment.,27/251,例,23 None of the samples,was,soluble.,None of the samples,were,soluble.,说明,Refers to individuals.,例,24 This group of workers,are,well aware,of their responsibilities.,This group,of workers,is,well aware,of its responsibilities.,说明,Refers to the group as a unit.,28/251,（,6,）一些特殊改变复数名词切不可误认为是单数名词，这么词（如,analyses,bacteria,criteria,formulae,phenomena,spectra,，,data,等）作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。,例,25 Extensive,data,on the thermodynamical properties of the elements,are,available.,例,26 The IR absorption,spectra,provide,significant information regarding functional groups.,29/251,（,7,）,Nouns ending in,ics,and denoting a scientific,discipline are usually singular.,dynamics mechanics,kinetics physics,mathematics thermodynamics,Mechanics involves,the application of Newtons three,laws of motion.,The,kinetics,of electron transfer to and from,photogenerated radicals,was examined,by laser flash,photolysis.,The,thermodynamics is,governed by the positions of the,valence and conduction bands.,30/251,（,8,）,Compound subjects containing the words“each”,“every”,and“everybody”may take singular verbs.,例,27,Each,flask and,each,holder,was,sterilized before use.,31/251,Both components of the compound subject must contain the words in question.Otherwise,the verb must be plural.,例,28,Each,student and,all of,the professors,were,invited.,32/251,（,9,）,Sometimes,one of these words is,implicit;such cases take a singular verb.,例,29,Each name,and,address,is,entered into,the database.,33/251,（,10,）,Indefinite pronouns themselves(or adjectives combined with the indefinite pronoun“one”)can be the subject of the sentence.,Those that take a singular verb are“,each,”,“,either,”,“,neither,”,“,no one,”,“,every one,”,“,anyone,”,“,someone,”,“,everyone,”,“,anybody,”,“,somebody,”,and“,everybody,”.,34/251,例,30,Each,was,evaluated for its effect on,metabolism.,例,31,Neither,disrupts,the cell membrane.,例,32 Regarding compounds,1,-,10,every one,reacts,with the control agent.,例,33,Someone,measures,the volume every day.,35/251,Those that take a plural verb are“several”,“few”,“both”,“and“many”.,例,34,Several,were evaluated,for their effects on,metabolism.,例,35,Few,disrupt,the cell membrane.,例,36,Regarding compounds,1,and,2,both,react,with the control agent.,例,37,Many,were chosen,to be part of the,study.,36/251,Those that take either a singular or plural verb,depending on context,are“some”,“any”,“none”,“all”,and“most”.The number of,the object of the preposition,determines the number of the indefinite pronoun related to,it,.,例,38,Some,of the money,was,stolen.,例,39,Some,of the books,were,lost.,例,40,Not,all the disks,are,here;,some,were,lost.,37/251,（,11,）,When a fraction is the subject of the sentence,the number of the,attendant object,of the preposition determines the number of the subject.,例,41,One,third,of the,precipitate,was,dissolved,.,例,42,One,fourth,of the,electrons,are,excited,.,例,43,The remainder,of the,compounds,are yet to be described,.,38/251,（,12,）,Most of,（,plenty of,a lot of,）,+,复数名词,作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；,Most of,（,plenty of,a lot of,）,+,不可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,Most of the better-known,organic solvents,are,all suitable for these tests.,There,is,plenty of distilled water,in the bottle.(,其中,water,是不可数名词。,),39/251,There,are,plenty of test tubes,on test table.,There,is,plenty of food,.,There,are,plenty of apples,.,Is,there,a lot of support,for the idea?,There,are,a lot of tourists,here.,40/251,（,13,）,When a subject and its predicative disagree in number,the verb takes the number of the subject.,例,44,The preparation and structure,determination,of these three compounds,are,the topic of paper.,例,45,The,topic,of this paper,is,the preparation and structure determination of these three compounds.,41/251,Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses,当复合句某一从句是限制性从句，则该从句对句子含义是必须，如无该从句句子便失去意义。最好以“,that”,（而非“,which”,）引出限制性从句。,When a clause in a compound sentence is restrictive,the clause is necessary to the sense of the sentence,the sentence would become pointless without the clause.Restrictive clauses are best introduced by“,that,”,not“which”.,42/251,例,46 It was necessary to fined a blocking group,which,would react with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl.,It was necessary to fined a blocking group,that,would react with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl.,43/251,A phrase or clause is nonrestrictive if it adds information but is not essential;that is,the sentence does not lose its meaning if the phrase or clause is deleted.,Nonrestrictive phrase and clause are set off by commas.,如短语或从句只是给句子增添信息，但并非根本性，则为非限制性短语或从句，即如删去这类短语或从句，句子并不失去其意义。非限制性短语或从句前后用逗号分隔。,44/251,例,47 The current-voltage curves,which,are shown in Figure 6,clearly demonstrate the reversibility of all four processes.,45/251,例,48,Melvin Calvin,who won the Nobel,Prize in 1961,elucidated the biochemical,pathways in photosynthesis.,例,49 Here,the Total signal,which is the analog of standard DSC,makes it very hard to find the polymer,T,g,.,46/251,3,Dangling Modifiers,（垂悬修饰语）,也称垂悬短语,(Dangling phrases),One form of a dangling modifier is a verbal phrase that not refer clearly and logically to another word or phrase in the sentence.,47/251,The understood subject is usually the same as in the main clause.,Walking across the field,we saw a plane fly past.,(=As we were walking,we saw),与句子主语没有联络短语修饰语，即动词短语逻辑主语（隐含主语）与主句主语不一致。,短语隐含主语和主句中主语应保持一致。,48/251,悬垂修饰语或称悬垂短语（,Dangling phrases,）是指对句子中另一词或短语关系不清楚并不合逻辑非谓语动词短语。人们所了解这类短语逻辑主语通常与主句主语是一致。,下面列举悬垂修饰语几个情形：,49/251,（,1,）,If a modifier precedes the subject of a sentence,it must modify that subject and be separated from it by a comma.Otherwise,it is a dangling modifier.,假如一个修饰语是在句子主语之前，它必须修饰那个主语，并以逗号分隔。不然就是悬垂修饰语,50/251,例,50,Splitting the atom,many new elements were discovered by Seaborg.,此句中,splitting the atom,为现在分词短语，其逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，故需改成,Splitting the atom,Seaborg discovered,many new elements.,51/251,或将,splitting the atom,考虑为动名词短语,在其前加,on,或,upon,变成,介词短语,：,Upon Splitting the atom,many new,elements were discovered by Seaborg.,Upon Splitting the atom,Seaborg,discovered many new elements.,52/251,例,51,When confronted with these limitations,the experiments were discontinued.,When confronted with these limitations,we discontinued the experiments.,In light of,these limitations,the experiments were discontinued.,53/251,例,52,Understanding the effect of substituents on the parent molecules,the ortho hydrogens could be assigned to the high-frequency peak.,Understanding the effect of substituents on the parent molecules,we could assign,the ortho hydrogens to the high-frequency peak.,54/251,例,53,Using the procedure described previously,the,partition function can be evaluated.,the partition function can be evaluated,by using,the procedure described previously.,Or,Using the procedure described previously,we can evaluate,the partition function.,55/251,这种悬垂结构（例,50,、,51,、,53,）可修改为介词短语,upon,in light of,by using,但因为主句主语并非介词短语中行为执行者，有时仍视为悬垂结构,56/251,(2),Phrases starting with“based on”must modify a noun or pronoun that usually immediately precedes or follows the phrase.Use phrases starting with“,on the basis of,”to,modify a verb,.,短语,based on,在句中,修饰一个名词或代名词，通常该短语紧跟被修饰名词或代名词之后。应以,“,On the basis of”,开头短语去修饰一个动词。即一个句子能够,On the basis of,开头,，而不是以,Based on,开头。,57/251,例,54,Based on,resonance enhancement and,frequency shifts,changes in the,interring separation were calculated.,On the basis of,resonance enhancement,and frequency shifts,changes in,the interring separation were,calculated.,58/251,例,55,Based on,extensive study,this genetic,deficiency,was attributed to the loss of one isozyme.(“Based on extensive study”modifies the noun“deficiency”,but this not the meaning.),59/251,On the basis of extensive study,this genetic deficiency,was attributed,to the loss of one isozyme.(“On the basis of extensive study”modifies the verb“was attributed”.),60/251,例,56 Style guidelines,based on authoritative sources,are included in this book.,例,57,Figure 8 shows the analysis of a drug delivery system,based on,amorphous,biodegradable polymer microspheres.,61/251,（,3,）“,Due to”means“attributable to”;use it only to modify a noun or pronoun directly preceding it in the sentence or following a form of the verb“to be”.,“Due to”,意思是,“,attributable to”,（归因于）,;,用它只是去修饰一个名词或代名词，在句中直接将其前置；或在动词,“,to be”,某种形式之后,。,62/251,例,58,Delays resulted due to equipment failure,.,Delays,due to,equipment failure,were,unavoidable.,The delays,were,due to,equipment,failure.,63/251,Dangling phrases,包含悬垂分词短语、,悬垂不定式短语和悬垂介词短语,3,种,a.,悬垂分词短语,(Dangling participle phrases),Having,reviewed the technical report,several mistakes were found in it.,Having reviewed the technical report,we,found several mistakes in it.,64/251,Based on,the biological and geographical characters,lakes in China can be divided into five major groups.,On the basis of,the biological and,geographical characters,lakes in China,can be divided into five major groups.,Lakes in China,can be divided,into five,major groups,according to,their,biological,and geographical characters.,65/251,b.,悬垂不定式短语,(Dangling infinitive phrases),In order to,realize sustainable development of society,it needs to consider the protected area construction as an important component of regional developmental planning and,In order to realize sustainable development of society,we should consider,the construction of protected area as an important component of regional developmental planning and,66/251,c.,悬垂介词短语,(Dangling preposition phrases),After,removing the outmost leaves,the material,was rubbed with 70%ethanol for surface,sterilization.,The materials were cleansed with 70%ethanol,for surface sterilization,after their outmos