新编英语教程5Unit12Text2-Customs习俗.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Customs,Clyde Kluckhohn,1/21,Outline,Structure,Para 15,Para 69,2/21,Structure,.Para(12)Introduction of“culture”:culture constitutes a blueprint of lifes activities.,.Para(3)Knowing a peoples design for living is helpful in predicting human behavior.,.Para(48)A few examples of culture influence on human behavior,.Para(9)At bottom all human beings are much alike.,3/21,Para 15,4/21,Why do the Chinese dislike milk and milk products?Why would the Japanese die willingly in a,Banzai,charge that seemed senseless to Americans?Why do some nations trace descent through the father,others through the mother,still others through both parents?Not because different peoples have different instincts,not because they were destined by God or Fate to different habits,not because the weather is different in China and Japan and the United States.Sometimes,shrewd,common sense has an answer that is close to that of the anthropologist:“because they were brought up that way.”,By“culture”anthropology means the total life way of a people,the social legacy the individual acquires from his group.Or culture can be regarded as that part of the environment that is the creation of man.,万岁！,having or showing good judgment and common sense;astute,5/21,This technical term has a wider meaning than the“culture”of history and literature.A humble cooking pot is as much a cultural product as is a Beethoven,sonata,.In ordinary speech a man of culture is a man who can speak languages other than his own,who is familiar with history,literature,philosophy,or the fine arts.In some cliques that definition is still narrower.The cultured person is one who can talk about James Joyce,Scarlatti,and Picasso.To the anthropologist,however,to be human is to be cultured.There is culture in general,and then there are the specific cultures such as Russian,American,British,Hottentot,Inca.The general abstract notion services to remind us that we cannot explain acts solely in terms of the biological properties of the people concerned,their individual past experience,and the immediate situation.The past experience of other men in the form of culture enters into almost every event.,Each specific culture constitutes a kind of blueprint for all of lifes activities,.,sonata,sn:t n.奏鸣曲,6/21,One of the interesting things about human beings is that they try to understand themselves and their own behavior.While this has been particularly true of Europeans in recent times,there is no group which has not developed a scheme or schemes to explain mans actions.To the insistent human query“why?”the most exciting,illumination,anthropology has to offer is that of the concept of culture.Its explanatory importance is comparable to categories such as evolution in biology,gravity in physics,disease in medicine.,A good deal of human behavior can be understood,and indeed predicted,if we know a peoples design for living.,Many acts are neither accidental nor due to personal peculiarities nor caused by supernatural forces nor simply mysterious.Even those of us who,pride,ourselves,on,our individualism follow most of the time a pattern not of our own making.We brush our teeth on arising.We put on pantsnot a,loincloth,or a grass skirt.We eat three meals a daynot four or five or two.We sleep in a bednot in a,hammock,or on a,sheep pelt,.I do not have to know the individual and his life history to be able to predict these and countless other regularities,including many in the thinking process,of all Americans who are not,incarcerated,in jails or hospitals for the insane.,a clear explanation or understanding of a particular subject,以为豪,缠腰布,Hammock:吊床；,sheep pelt:羊皮,be kept in prison,7/21,To the American woman a system of,plural wives,seems“instinctively”,abhorrent,.She cannot understand how any woman can fail to be jealous and uncomfortable if she must share her husband with other women.She feels it“unnatural”to accept such a situation.On the other hand,a Koryak woman of Siberia,for example,would find it hard to understand how a woman could be so selfish and so,undesirous of,feminine companionship in the home as to wish to restrict her husband to one mate.,unacceptable and morally wrong,对不存念想,8/21,盘点世界上一夫多妻制（polygamy）国家,一夫四妻制信仰伊斯兰教国家,沙特阿拉伯(,Saudi Arabia,),阿联酋（,UAE:United Arab Emirates,）,卡塔尔（,Qatar,）,利比亚（,Libya,）,伊拉克（,Iraq,）,埃及（,Egypt/Arab Republic of Egypt,）,苏丹（Sudan）,9/21,真主在古兰经中说：“你们能够择娶你们爱悦女子，各娶两妻、三妻、四妻；假如你们恐怕不能公平待遇她们，那么，你们只能够各娶一妻，或以你们女奴为满足。这是更近与公平。”,阿拉伯国家信仰伊斯兰教，实施一夫多妻制，但最多只能是四个。,10/21,娶妻无节制国家,喀麦隆（,Cameroon,）,喀麦隆实施一夫多妻制，一个男人有四五个老婆很正常，几十个老婆还有，每个老婆住一座圆形土屋，男人单独住，男人给老婆排一个值日表，天天晚上老婆按照值日表上安排去男人屋子里“值日”，长得漂亮一点机会就多一点。,坦桑尼亚（,Tanzania,）,坦桑尼亚有一个马赛部落，马赛人以牛数量和妻子多少来衡量这个男人穷富，老婆是用牛换，牛多了换来老婆越多，这个男人就越有面子。老婆多了也就不珍惜了，闲着也是闲着，老婆和别男人睡觉并不生气，只要孩子归自己就行。,11/21,尼日利亚（,Nigeria,）,尼日利亚犹罗巴族人也是一夫多妻，妻子越多男人地位越高，越受人尊敬，听说有一位名字叫阿布莱卡酋长有400个妻子（够他忙活，一晚上一个一年都轮不到头），妻子能够买卖，最低价在700美元，假如一个女人嫁给了只有一个老婆男人，她就会认自己很不幸。,南非,（South Africa）,南非祖鲁人实施一夫多妻制，南非总统祖马就是祖鲁人，他已经有五个老婆了，最近又娶了一个年轻貌美。农村部落娶妻子还是用牛换，娶一个妻子要十几头牛。,12/21,孟加拉,（Bengal）,孟加拉国实施娶老婆缴税制度，只要你有钱能缴税你就能够多娶老婆，第一个老婆免税，第二个老婆交1万塔卡，第三个老婆3万塔卡，第四个老婆4万塔卡.以这类推。,斯威士兰（,The Kingdom of Swaziland）,斯威士兰实施二元制君主立宪制，国王地位是世袭，国王能够拥有没有限个妻子，国王每年都要选妃子。,13/21,Some years ago I met in New York City a young man who did not speak a word of English and was obviously bewildered by American ways.By“blood”he was as American as you or I,for his parents had gone from Indiana to China as missionaries.,Orphaned in infancy,he was,rear,ed by a Chinese family in a remote village.All who met him found him more Chinese than American.The facts of his blue eyes and light hair were less impressive than a Chinese style of gait,Chinese arm and hand movements,Chinese facial expression,and Chinese,modes of thought,.The,biological heritage,was American,but the cultural training had been Chinese.He returned to China.,Orphan:v,.使沦为孤儿,Rear：to bring up and educate,思维方式,14/21,Para 69,15/21,Another example of another kind:I once knew a traders wife in Arizona who took a somewhat devilish interest in producing a,cultural reaction,.Guests who came her way were often served delicious sandwiches filled with a meat that seemed to be neither chicken nor tuna fish yet was reminiscent of both.To queries she gave no reply until each had eaten his fill.She then explained that what they had eaten was not chicken,not tuna fish,but the rich,white flesh of freshly killed rattlesnakes.The response was instantaneous-vomiting,often violent vomiting.,A biological process is caught in a cultural web,.,Devilish:,魔鬼似,tuna fish：,金枪鱼,Be reminiscent of:was like,vomit：,呕吐,16/21,A highly intelligent teacher with long and successful experience in the public schools of Chicago was finishing her first year in an Indian school.When asked how her Navaho pupils compared in intelligence with Chicago youngsters,she replied,“Well,I just dont know.Sometimes the Indians seem just as bright.At other times they just act like dumb animals.The other night we had a dance in the high school.I saw a boy who is one of the best students in my English class standing off by himself.So I took him over to a pretty girl and told them to dance.But they just stood there with their heads down.They wouldnt even say anything.”I inquired if she knew whether or not they,were members of the same clan,.“What difference would that make?”,Navaho:American Indian people of New Mexico and Arizona,Clan:,宗族，宗派,17/21,“How would you feel about getting into bed with your brother?”The teacher walked off in a huff,but,actually,the two cases were quite comparable in principle.To the Indian the type of bodily contact involved in our social dancing has,a directly sexual connotation,.The insect taboos between members of the same clan are as severe as between true brothers and sisters.The shame of the Indians at the suggestion that a clan brother and sister should dance and the indignation of the white teacher at the idea that she should share a bed with an adult brother,represent equally nonrational response,culturally standardized unreason.（符合文化习俗不理智）,in a huff:in a bad mood,The insect taboo,:乱伦禁忌,Indignation：,愤恨，愤慨,18/21,All this does not mean that there is no such thing as raw human nature.The very fast that,certain of the same institutions,are found in all known societies indicates that,at bottom,all human beings are very much alike.The files of the Cross-Culture Survey at Yale University are organized according to categories such as“marriage ceremonies,”“life crisis rites,”“insect taboos.”At least seventy-five of these categories,are represented,in every single one of the hundreds of cultures analyzed.This is hardly surprising.The members of all human groups have about,the same biological equipment.,Raw：,原始，基本,life crisis rites：,重大时刻礼仪,19/21,All men undergo the same poignant life experiences such as,birth,helplessness,illness,old age,and death.,The,biological potentialities,of the species are the blocks with which cultures are built.Some patterns of every culture crystallize around focuses provided by,the inevitables of biology,:the difference between the sexes,the presence of persons of different ages,the varying physical strength and skill of individuals.The facts of,nature,also limit culture forms.No culture provides patterns for jumping over trees or for eating iron ore.,Poignant:painful，痛苦,Crystallize:成形，详细化,Inevitable：不可防止，必定发生事,20/21,The End,21/21,