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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,*,Unit 4 Diogenes and Alexander,1/80,Author:Gilbert Highet,Gilbert Highet(1906-1978),Scholarly and critical writers,Born in Scotland and became American citizen,Educated in Scotland and Oxford,2/80,Diogenes,Diogenes(412-324 BC),Ancient-Greece,Philosopher,Cynicism(doggishness),To live a simple and natural life,3/80,What is Cynicism?,Cynicism is an attitude or state of mind characterized by a general distrust of others motives.A cynic may have a general lack of faith or hope in the human species or people motivated by ambition,desire,greed,gratification,materialism,goals,and opinions that a cynic perceives as vain,unobtainable,or ultimately meaningless and therefore deserving of ridicule or admonishment.,4/80,犬儒主义,犬儒哲学（Cynicism）是个外来词，汉字里原来没有现成对应词汇，通常将它了解为,冷嘲热讽，愤世嫉俗，玩世不恭,。我们若想对犬儒一词有更完整把握，有必要略略追溯一下它起源和演变。犬儒哲学主义是古希腊一个哲学流派，其代表人物是西诺普,狄奥根尼,（Diogenes）,。,5/80,Alexander the Great,Alexander(356-323 BC),King of Macedonia,Pupil of Aristotle,Military leader,欧洲历史上最伟大四大军事统帅之首（亚历山大大帝，汉尼拔，恺撒大帝，拿破仑）,6/80,7/80,马其顿帝国版图,8/80,Classical Greece(500-323 BC),Historical facts,Greece Persian Wars,(490 BC)Athens defeat of,Persia,at the battle of Marathon.(origin of Olympics),The rise of Macedon(North Greece),Philosophy,Focused on the role of reason and inquiry,Representatives:Aristotle and Plato,9/80,Introduction,Both Diogenes and Alexander lived in ancient Greece more than years ago,and their stories,especially their dramatic encounter heve been told to this day.Great literate never dies.It has eternal charm.It is the same with many historical figures discussed in history.Many of them,though born and brought up hundreds or even thousands of years ago,still have direct bearing on todays realities.,They have eternal importance.In fact as time goes on their revelance and importance may even increase.They never get out of date.They become part of the human inheritage we all treasure.,10/80,For understandable reasons,Diogenes has never had a large following.However,Diogenes has never been forgotten either,especially in modern times.,11/80,Alexander,on the other hand,is no doubt the perfect model of a superman.He is everything Diogenes is not,except for that both are philosophers.But Alexander is young,handsome,beautifully dresses,physically strong,brave as a worrior,the msot powerful man in the world at the time,the perfect model of Platos Philosopher King.Therefore his encounter with Diogenes cannot but be one of the most dramatic scenes in history.,12/80,This essay is an excellent example of contrast,the ontrast of two legendary figures.,13/80,Structure of the Text,I.Diogenes(paras.1-10),A.His lifestyle(paras1-3),1.His morning routine(para.1),2.His home and clothing(paras.2-3),B.His doctrine and his ways of preaching it(paras.4-10),1.Living naturally and freely without conventions(paras.4-5),2.Domenstrating how to live such a life.(paras.6-7),3.Talking to and satirizing people living otherwise.(paras.8-9),4.Being happy and contented with his life and mission(paras.10),II.Diogenes meeting with Alexander(paras.11-17),A.Alexanders presence in Corinth.(para.11),B.His motivation for visiting Diogenes.(paras.14-17),C.His brief exchange with Diogenes(paras.14-17),14/80,Lying on the earth,shoeless,bearded,half-naked,he looked like a beggar or a,lunatic,.(para.1),b,earded,adj.having hair that grows on a mans chin and che,e,ks.,mustache,n.hair that grows on a mans upper lip.,山羊胡,beard,髯,l,unatic,n.an insane person;someone who is extremely foolish or reckless,;,loony,l,una,n.Latin word for moon.,月亮，月神,(Lunar Calendar vs Gregorian calendar),Insanity was once believed to be controlled by the moon and its phases.,15/80,He was one,but not the other.(para.1),He was a unique and special person.He is himself,not like anyone else.,16/80,He had opened his eyes with the sun at dawn,scratched,done his business like a dog,at the roadside.(para.1),s,cratch,v.to rub your skin with finger nails,esp.because it itches,抓，挠,Do his business like a dog.,the usage of euphemism,(委婉语),17/80,.and washed them down with,a few handfuls of,water,scooped,from the spring.(para.1),A few handfuls of,-ful,here is used as a noun suffix.,e.g.a few mouthfuls of/a spoonful of honey/a glassful of beer.,s,coop,v.to pick something up with a scoop,spoon or your curved hand,用铲子掘取,n.,a,long deep spoon for holding food,勺子，铲子,18/80,Having no work to go to and no family to,provide for,he was free.(para.1),p,rovide for a family=feed a family=raise a family,.he had,strolled,through it for an hour or two(para.1),stroll,v.,t,o walk somewhere in a slow and relaxed way,漫步,19/80,They would throw sharp questions at him and get sharper answers.Sometimes they throw bits of food,and got,scant,thanks;sometimes a,mischievous pebble,and got,a shower of,stones and,abuse,.(para.1),Parallel structure of the sentence,s,cant:not enough,m,ischievous pebble:a pebble from a mischievous person,a,buse:rude,angry and offensive words,辱骂人话,20/80,Conclusions for Para.1,Main ides:The morning routine.,Your first impression of the person?,Living like a dog or a beggar,Seemingly mad,21/80,It was not a house,not even a,squatter,s hut.(para.2),s,quatter,n.a person who lives in an empty building or on a piece of land without permission and without paying any rent.A squatters house naturally is in poor condition.,He thought everybody lives far too,elaborately,expensively,and anxiously.(para.2),e,laborately,adv.In a way that is intricate,complicated or painstaking.,He thought our life is too complicated,too costly,and gives us too much pressure.We should simplify our life.,22/80,No one needs privacy;natural acts are not shameful;we all do the same things,and need not hide them.No one needs beds and chairs and such furniture:the animals live healthy lives and sleep on the ground(para.2),1.What is Diogeness main ideas and argument in these sentences?,2.Can you possibly live a life like animals without beds and chairs?,23/80,All we require.is a piece of,garment,to keep us warm.(para.2),g,arment,n.the technical term for any article of clothing.Similar meaning with clothes.,Terms for special types of garments:,s,hirt,s,kirt,d,ress,j,acket,v,est,s,uit,All these prove Diogenes point when he says life is too complicated.,24/80,So he had one blanket to dress him,in the daytime,and cover him,at night,and he slept in a cask.(para.2),i,n the daytime,i,n the morning,i,n the afternoon,a,t night,a,t noon,a,t midnight,25/80,He was the founder of the creed called,Cynicism,(doggishness).(para.2),c,ynicism,n.the beliefs of an ancient school of Greek philosophers known as the Cynics.Their philosophy was that the purpose of life was to live a simple life free from all possessions,rejecting all conventional desires for wealth,power,health,fame,etc.,c,ynical,adj.not willing to believe that people have good,honest,or sincere reasons for doing something.,26/80,He spent much of his life in the rich,lazy,corrupt Greek city of Corinth,mocking and satirizing its people,and occasionally,converting,one of them(para.2),c,onvert,使皈依,v.to change someones religious or political beliefs to sth else.,e.g.He was finally converted into a Communist.,e.g.The missionary is trying to convert me into a Christian.,Why could Diogenes only convert one of them occasionally?,27/80,It was a storage jar of,earthenware,no doubt,discarded,because a break had made it useless.(para.3),Word formation:,i,ronware,cookware,silverware,glassware,software,hardware,d,iscard,v.to throw away something that you do not need or do not like.,e.g.He discarded his winter clothing.,e.g.Youve got to discard before you pick up another card.,Synonym:discharge,dismiss,28/80,He was not the first one to,inhabit,such a place.But he was the first who ever did so,by choice,out of principle,.(para.3),i,nhabit,v.to live in,e.g.Many types of seabirds inhabit the coral island./Woodpeckers inhabit hollow trees.,a,dj,.inhabitable,n.,inhabitability,b,y choice,:voluntarily,not being forced to,e.g.I did not learn English by choice.I did so because my parents believe it will lead to a promising career.,o,ut of principle,:base on or because of something.,e.g.I opened the box,out of curiosity.,e.g.I decided to visit him,out of respect.,e.g.She began to learn how to cook,out of interest,not,out of necessity.,29/80,Conclusion for para2&3,Main idea:Diogeness home and clothing.,Questions for discussion:,What is Diogeness idea for living?,Can you possibly live in the same way as Diogenes did?,30/80,He was not a lunatic.He was a philosopher who wrote plays and poems and essays,expounding,his doctrine.(para.4),e,xpound,v.to give a detailed explanation or statement of sth.,e.g.He has only one hour to expound his view.,e.g.The professor was expounding on a favorite topic.,e,xpound ones doctrine/views/opinions/ideas,e,xpound on sth,31/80,He talked to those who,cared to listen,;he had pupils who admired him.(para.4),Would you,care to,open the window for me?,It makes me feel good that you,care about,me.,She will,care for,the children while I am away.,I dont,care,whether she will attend the meeting or not.,32/80,But he taught chiefly by example(para.4),Diogenes also taught by talking to people,but he mainly taught by setting an example for others to learn from.,33/80,Live without,convention,s,which are artificial and false;,escape complexities and extravagances,:only so can you live a free life.(para.4),convention,n.behaviors and attitudes that most people in a society consider to be normal and right.,e.g.When in Rome,do as the Romans do.Remember to respect local conventions when you are visiting foreign countries.,34/80,h,abit/custom/tradition/convention,habit,:biting nose;smoking;getting up early,custom,:using chopsticks;wearing red in wedding and black in mourning,tradition,:respecting the old;cherishing the family;eating turkey on Thanksgiving,convention,:married women taking their husbands names;shaking hands when meeting with friends;wearing suit and tie on formal occasions,escape complexities and extravagances,:t,o avoid complex lives and things that are not necessary.,35/80,The rich man believes he possesses his big house with its many rooms and its,elaborate,furniture.(para.4),elaborate,adj.marked by complexity or details/intricate and rich in detail,elaborately,adv.,Elaborate furniture/meal/plan/hairstyle,36/80,They,possessed,him.He is their slave(para.4),possess,v.(here)to control,e.g.what possessed him to say a stupid thing like that?,e.g.she seemed possessed.Nobody could talk her out of it.,What is“they”referred to?,37/80,In order to,procure,a quantity of false,perishable,goods he has sold the only true,lasting good,his own independence.(para.4),procure,v.to obtain,p,erishable,adj.subject to decay or destruction.,false vs true,perishable vs lasting,38/80,He was a,missionary,(para.5),missionary,n.originally a person sent by a church to a foreign country to convert local people to Christianity.Here it means a person who feels that he has a mission or sacred duty to do something.,39/80,His lifes aim was clear to him:it was,“to restamp the currency”,:to take the clean metal of human life,to erase the old false conventional markings,and to imprint it with its true values.(para.5),40/80,Diogenes answered“Im trying to find a man”.(para.7),What is Diogeness standard of a man?,41/80,Diogenes took his old cask and began to roll it up and down.“when you are all busy”,he said,“I felt I ought to do something”(para.9),What is Diogeness attitude towards war?,42/80,Conclusions for para.4-10,His doctrine and his ways of preaching it,Living naturally and freely without conventions.(para.4-5),Demonstrating how to live such a life(para.6-7),Talking to and satirizing people living otherwise(para.8-9),Being happy and contented with his life and mission(para.10),43/80,He looked them over,as a,sober,man looks at a crowd of,totter,ing,drunk,s and shook his head.(para.11),sober,adj.not drunk,t,otter/walk/pace/stroll/shuffle/stagger,d,runk,n.a person who is often drunk,44/80,Only twenty,Alexander was far older and wiser than his age.(para.12),Paraphrase:Alexander looked far older than a man of his age normally odes,and was much wiser than a man of his age normally is.,45/80,Like all Macedonians he loved drinking,but he could usually,handle,it;and towards women,he was nobly,restrained,and,chivalrous,.(para.12),handle,v.to deal with the problem,r,estrained,adj.calm and having self-control,r,estrain,v.,e.g.He could not restrain his curiosity.,c,hivalrous,adj.polite,kind,generous,and honorable,esp.towards women.,c,hivalry,n.,Bravery,loyalty,faith,and glory.,46/80,The young prince slept with the Iliad under his pillow and,longed,to,emulate,Achilles,who brought the,mighty,power of Asia to ruin.(para.12),l,ong,v.to have a strong desire,esp.for something that is out or reach.,e,mulate,v.to try to equal or excel.,m,ighty,adj.,e.g.The United Kingdom was a mighty empire before World War I.,47/80,Alexander took with him,a large corps,of scientists,and shipped hundreds of,zoological specimens,back to Greece for study,.,(para.12),A large corps of,:a large group of(people working together to do a particular job).,Thanks to Aristotles instructions,Alexander was immensely interested in science.,48/80,Indeed,it was from Aristotle and Alexander learned to,seek out,everything strange which might be instructive.(para.12),Learned to discover everything strange that might provide some useful information.,49/80,He was the,man of the hour,of the century.(para.13),The man of the hour,:the most successful,important,powerful,or talked about person of the present time.,50/80,Only Diogenes,although he lived in Corinth,did not visit the new,monarch,.(para.13),m,onarch,n.the king or queen that rules a kingdom,m,onarchy,n.a government,state,or a country ruled by a monarch.,51/80,With the,generosity,that Aristotle had taught him,he determined to,call upon,Diogenes.(para.13),Generosity,n.willingness to give money,time,etc.to help or please other people,Call upon:,to visit or invite,52/80,With his handsome face,his,fiery,glance,his strong body,his purple and gold cloak,and his,air of destiny,he moved through the,parting crowd,toward the,Dogs Kennel,.(para.14),f,iery glance:,passionate or fierce look,a,ir of destiny:,the air of someone who has the power to determine the course of events in future.,Dogs Kennel:,the humorous reference to Diogeness cask.,53/80,When a king,approaches,all rise,in respect,.Diogenes merely sat up with an,elbow,.When a monarch enters a place,all greet him with a bow or an,acclamation,.Diogenes said nothing.(para.14),54/80,“Yes”,said the dog.“Standing to one side.,Youre blocking the sunlight,”.(para.16),Symbolic meaning,55/80,There was an,amazed silence,.Slowly Alexander turned away.A,titter,broke out from the elegant Greeks.(para.17),a,mazed silence:,people were amazed and there was a silence.,t,itter,n/v to laugh in a restrained and nervous way.,56/80,The Mace
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