14-微量元素地球化学.pptx

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Level,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,上次课回顾,稀土元素（,REE,）、分类及分布特征,REE,组成数据的表示,REE,分配系数的以下规律,REE,模式的解释,作业：表中数据为辉长岩、花岗岩,7,件样品,REE,组成,(ppm),1,、作样品的,REE,组成分配模式图，说明其表达的地球化学特征；,2,、计算各样品的,Eu/Eu*,，并对其地球化学意义进行说明；,REE,、,LREE/HREE,、,(La/Lu),N,、,(La/Sm),N,和,(Gd/Lu),N,、,Eu,五、微量元素地球化学,-4,1,、多元素标准化图解,A,属,REE,标准化图解的扩展和普及化，最早用于玄武岩，现在可以用于所有岩石（岩浆岩和沉积岩）类型。,B,标准化数值,原始地幔、球粒陨石，,MORB,等。,C,作图意图,比较样品与标准化数据之间的偏离程度,我们可以称之为：,原始地幔,(,球粒陨石,),标准化多元素图解,，,微量元素含量蜘蛛图,5.,微量元素的处理方法,(1),多元素标准化数据,原始地幔,(primitive/primordial mantle),Sun,McDonough&Sun,，,1995,球粒陨石,Sun,McDonough&Sun,，,1995,MORB,，,OIB,Pearce,1983,；,Sun&McDonough,1989,沉积岩,NASC(,平均页岩,),，,Gromet et al,1984,，,平均砂岩，,Hamilton,，,2000,地壳平均组成,Taylor&McLennan(1981,1985),，,Rudnick&Gao,2004,5.,微量元素的处理,Sun&MacDonough,1989,标准化顺序和数值,球粒陨石,原始地幔,其中有些不用，例如,Tl,，,Sc,，,W,，,Sn,，,F,等,(1),多元素标准化数据,5.,微量元素的处理,Chung,等，,2004,，,Earth Sci.Rev.,目前常用顺序,5.,微量元素的处理,注明所引用文献。数据标准化后已不是原来的含量值，难以直观判断数据是否被正确表达，故研究者必须注明所引用的标准化值文献来源；,在标准化图件上，横坐标是按研究样品在地质作用过程中,元素的不相容性程度下降的顺序进行排序,。建议使用,Sun and McDonough(1989),提出的顺序排列；,在作图解时，可根据自己所拥有的元素数据进行作图，即使减少了部分元素，各元素的相对顺序应保持不变；,在对变质岩作多元素蛛网图，研究者可根据判断，去除部分强活动性的元素。,(3),应用时须注意的事项,5.,微量元素的处理,部分元素涉及到主量元素，研究者应注意标准化值的元素含量形式，因为部分文献值采用的是氧化物形式，而另外的文献可能采用的是单元素形式，故须确认自己的数据与文献数据元素含量量纲是否统一，,将主量元素的氧化物含量换算成单元素的,ppm,形式,K=K,2,O100000.83013/250,Ti=TiO,2,100000.5995/1300,P=P,2,O,5,100000.43646/95,这里,K,2,O,、,TiO,2,、,P,2,O,5,单位均为重量百分数,(3),应用时须注意的事项,5.,微量元素的处理,(4),典型岩石的微量元素图解,5.,微量元素的处理,Chondrite normalized spider diagram of fresh and altered MORB and sediment,Data from Hess,Sample/Chondrite,5.,微量元素的处理,Mantle-normalized diagram for incompatible elements in loess.Shown are the average values of loess samples from Banks Peninsula,New Zealand,Kansas and lowa,USA,and Kaiserstuhl,Germany.,5.,微量元素的处理,Post-Archean Australian shales normalize.The average values of four middle Proterozoic shales from the Mt.Isa Group,seven Silurian State Circle shales,three Paleozoic to Mesozoic shales from the Perth Basin,two Paleozoic shales from Canning Basin,and six Upper Proterozoic to Cambrian shales from the Amadeus Basin.,5.,微量元素的处理,5.,微量元素实例分析,(5),应用：岛弧火山岩与,Nb/Ta,亏损,5.,微量元素实例分析,5.,微量元素的示踪意义,正常岛弧火山岩由源自俯冲板片脱水产生的流体交代地幔楔发生部分熔融而形成，这种富水的流体亏损高场强元素（,HFSE,如,Nb(Ta),、,Ti,、,P,等,),，这些元素的流体,/,岩石分配系数很小（,1),，在流体交代地幔楔形成的正常岛弧火山岩中出现显著的,Nb,（,Ta,）、,Ti,负异常。,高场强元素,Nb,、,Ta,、,Ti,等主要富集在副矿物中。在大洋板块发生俯冲消减时，板片中的沉积物质和表层蚀变的玄武岩将随板片一同俯冲。大洋沉积物和蚀变玄武岩富含流体，当板片俯冲至一定深度时，将发生脱水作用，赋存于沉积物和蚀变玄武岩中的强活动性元素将随流体一起流出，而存在于副矿物中的,Nb,、,Ta,则保持相对稳定而不发生迁移。释放出来的流体将向上运移而进入上伏的地幔楔。上移的流体不仅与地幔岩石发生交代作用，且因含水而降低了地幔岩石的,固相线,，导致地幔岩石发生部分熔融作用而形成熔体，熔体中富集如,LILE,等强活动性元素（,K,Rb,Sr,U,Th,REE,），而高场强,Nb,、,Ta,则显示出相对亏损。,岛弧火山岩,Nb,、,Ta,的负异常与成因,板块俯冲导致地幔岩石部分熔融形成初生地壳是大陆地壳生长的重要方式之一，而事实上地壳的平均化学组成也存在明显的,Nb,、,Ta,异常。因此，,Nb,、,Ta,异常在一定程度上代表了地壳岩石的地球化学标志,。,岩浆中存在明显的,Nb,、,Ta,异常时，可能的成因：,岛弧岩浆作用的直接产物；,岩