语言学习与语言教学的原则.pptx

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Issues in First Language Acquisition Revisited,Competence and Performance,Comprehension and Production,Nature or Nurture,Universal,Systematicity and Variability,Language and Thought,Imitation,Practice,Input,Discourse,1/19,Competence and Performance,What are the language competence and performance?,Chomsky(1965)regarded competence as an idealized speaker-hearer who does not display performance variables.,Tarone proposed heterogeneous competence.,How does one infer this unobservable,underlying level?(language competence),direct methods,indirect methods(p32),Implications,2/19,ADULT:Now Adam,listen to what i say.Tell me which is better to say.some water,or a water.,ADAM:Pop go weasel.,3/19,Comprehension and Production,competence,performance,comprehension,listening,reading,production,speaking,writing,C1:,comprehension production,;,productioncomprehension,(examples),Implications:lag,both,4/19,W.R.Miller:Whats your name?,A three-year-old child:Litha.,M:Litha?,C:No,Litha.,M:Oh,Lisa.,C:Yes,Litha.,Rice(1980):What color is this?,5/19,skinner,Chomsky:LAD,the innate Theory,Nature or Nurture,Implication:both adults and children have the capacity to acquire a second language at any time.,Stimulus and response,reinforcement Theory,Learning Theory,6/19,Universal,Werner Leopold:phonological and grammatical universals,Maratsos:universal linguistic categories,word order,tone,agreement(eg.of subject and verb),nouns and noun classes,verbs and verb classes,7/19,Is there a universal deep structures,common to all languages?,Implications,:,(a)simply to look for commonalities between first and second language.,(b)to consider a few possible universally applicable cognitive processes of acqusition.,8/19,From pivot grammar to three-and four-word utterances,and to full sentences of almost indeterminate length.,Systematicity and Variability,The process of acqusition,C1,A2,(examples),d,ifficult,Implications:lateralization of the brain;psychomotor,cognitive,affective and linguistic considerations.,9/19,Past tense:,separate items:walked,broke,drank,-ed morpheme:walked,breaked,drinked,regular and irregular:two classes,saussure(1916:9):speech is many-sided and heterogeneous:straddling several areas simultaneously-physical,physiological,and psychological.,10/19,Language and Thought,Language,Thought,Jerome Bruner,Benjamin Whorf,Piaget,1 Unity Theory,2 Linguistic Determination,3 Thought Determination,4 Language and Thought are independent and interrelated with each other,Implication,11/19,Imitation,C1:early,phonological acquisition,surface structure(forms),Two types,d,eep structure,(meaning),Implications,:,both,12/19,CHILD:Nobody dont like me.,MOTHER:No,say nobody likes me.,CHILD:Nobody dont like me.,(eight repetitions of this dialogue),MOTHER:No,now listen carefully;say nobody likes me.,CHILD:Oh!Nobody dont likes me.,朱曼殊等（,1986,）曾对一名一岁八个月幼儿进行追踪研究。他们天天问小孩,“xx,是谁给你买？,”,之类问题，一连几天，小孩回答总是,“xx,是妈妈（或阿姨、老师等）买给你。,”,即使每次给予纠正，但她还是不能把,“,买给你,”,更正为,“,买给我,”,。,13/19,Practice,What color.What color blanket.What color mop.What color glass.Mommys home sik.Mommys home sick.Wheres Mommy home sick.Wheres Mikey sick.Mikey sick.(,Ruth Weir.1962),Brown and Hanlon,McNeill and nativists,Implication:contextualized,appropriate,meaningful practice,speaking,Comprehension,frequency,14/19,deep structure,C1:parental and older siblings,Input,Semigrammatical:McNeill,Grammatical:Labov,Brown and Drach,reaction,15/19,Different language input,C1:,parental,authentic,sufficient,natural.,A2:,teacher,inauthentic,limited,Implication:meaningful,communicative,16/19,Discourse,exposure,interaction,conversation,initiations,responses,Implication for second language learning:communicative competence,17/19,Strategetic competence,Discourse competence,Pragmatic competence,Linguistic competence,Five components of communicative competence(Hedge,),Teaching must enable learners to grasp the five components of communicative competence,but not just the linguistic competence.,Fluency,18/19,Bibliography,Adamson,H.D.1988.Variation Theory and Second Language Aquisition.Washington DC:Georgetown University Press.,H.D.Brown.Principles of Language Learning and Teaching.Third Edition.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.,Rod Ellis.1985.Understanding Second Language Acquisition.Oxford University Press.,高永奇,.,第二语言习得,.,苏州：苏州大学出版社，,.9,贾冠杰,.,英语教学基础理论,.,上海外语教育出版社，,19/19,