英语专业四级作文写作指南.pptx

,書式設定,第 2,第 3,第 4,第 5,第6,第7,第8,第9,*,*,書式設定,書式設定,第 2,第 3,第 4,第 5,第6,第7,第8,第9,書式設定,*,*,書式設定,第 2,第 3,第 4,第 5,第6,第7,第8,第9,書式設定,*,*,書式設定,第 2,第 3,第 4,第 5,第6,第7,第8,第9,書式設定,*,*,書式設定,第 2,第 3,第 4,第 5,第6,第7,第8,第9,書式設定,*,*,書式設定,第 2,第 3,第 4,第 5,第6,第7,第8,第9,書式設定,*,*,書式設定,第 2,第 3,第 4,第 5,第6,第7,第8,第9,書式設定,*,*,書式設定,第 2,第 3,第 4,第 5,第6,第7,第8,第9,書式設定,*,*,書式設定,第 2,第 3,第 4,第 5,第6,第7,第8,第9,書式設定,*,*,英语专业四级作文写作,指南,1/59,三段式作文写作手法综述,作文常见开头形式大致有以下几个：,1),开门见山，点明主题,在“,Widening Gap Between the Rich and the Poor,”,(,日益拉大贫富差距,),范文开头一句是：,These days we often hear about the widening gap between the rich and the poor,2/59,2),正反表态法,比如，,1999,年专四作义考题“,A Major Advantage/Disadvantage of Advertising on Television,”,(,电视广告一个主要优点缺点,),能够采取正反表态方法开篇：,Nowadays more and more advertisements are seen on TV every day,Some people think that advertising on TV can bring us a lot of benefits,，,but others hold the different opinions,In my opinion,I am in favor of the former,3/59,在“,Where Would You Go after Graduation?,”,(,大学毕业后到何处发展,?),范文开头一段采取了正反表态法：,After graduation,，,some students choose to go to super cities for career development,Meanwhile,，,some students prefer to return to their hometowns,As for me,，,I would like to go back to my home city,4/59,1,）“一些人认为”,Some,无数,numerous/myriad(a number/myriad of),大量,A considerable/significant/noticeable amount/quantity/portion of,对半,almost/nearly/approximately half of,大多,the(vast/overwhelming)majority of,5/59,“一些人认为”,people,公众,the public,各行各业,people from all walks of life/community/education/background,支持,/,反对者,followers objectors,；,consenters dissenters,参加者,participants/candidates/interviewees,6/59,“一些人认为”,think,认为,assume/claim/declare/assert/state/insist/maintain that,支持,express/show/demonstrate ones support for,赞成,/,反对,cast ones ballotfor/against,；,stand on the side of,意见是,ones viewpoint is that/be with the view that,7/59,造成利弊,Advantage/disadvantage;merit/drawback;blessing/curse;benefit/harm;outweigh,lead to,contribute to,result in,bring about,give rise to,owing to,due to,thanks to,result from,in that,attribute to,8/59,句式,Many people consider it appropriate that more emphasis should be put on the development of students capacity for reasoning and logical thinking,while,others think that more benefits would be gained from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions.,Those who argue that while others who claim that,9/59,3),让步法,也称为先抑后扬法，先把反方观点引出来，做一个必定评价，然后笔锋一转，回到自己观点上来。比较适合用于“对比选择型”题目。,10/59,比如，,年专四作文考题“,Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?,”,(,电话是否会使书信消失,?),开头能够采取让步法：,Nowadays,，,young people choose to phone each other rather than write letters,Some are worried that letter writing will be useless in the future,Even so,I still maintain that letter writing will never be killed by phones,，,despite the fact that we have already stepped into the information age,11/59,再如，在“,Degree and University Study,”,(,学位与大学学习,),范文开头一段采取了先抑后扬手法，首先必定学位主要性，然后提出了“学位并不是大学学习一切”这么观点：,In our society,，,the most commonly recognized standard of a students academic achievement is the degree,Consequently some people regard the degree as the only thing valuable while studying in college,Admittedly,，,the degree is essential for students who want a prosperous future,，,but it is by no means the only purpose at university,12/59,4),背景法,即对一个现象进行分析时，先把这个现象事件原因、结果、发展等背景信息介绍一下，然后再给出自己看法。这种写法适合“给定观点型”和“自由发挥型”。,13/59,比如，,年专四作文考题“,The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood,”,(,保持良好心态主要性,),能够采取以下一段作为开头，先介绍背景，然后提出观点：,The modern society is characterized by rapid pace,，,and people in such a society have to cope with a lot of pressures from either outer world or inner will,The most difficult,，,but necessary thing for them is to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances,14/59,再如,1998,年专四作文考题“,One Way to Solve the Problem,”,(,处理问题一个方法,),首段能够先介绍机动车是城市污染主要起源，接下来亮出自己观点,发展公共交通：,Vehicles are a major source of air pollution in cities,In my opinion,，,the solution to this pollution problem is developing the modern public transportation,15/59,再如，在“,How to Deal with the Problem of Unemployment,”,(,怎样处理失业问题,),范文开头一段：,In recent years,，,China has experienced an alarming increase in unemployment rate,Unemployment is more than an economic problem,If it were not handled properly,，,it would result in serious social problems,Effective measures must be taken to solve the unemployment problem,16/59,5),提问式,要讨论什么就先把话题以问句形式提出，然后经过回答下列问题表示自己观点。或者，对自己观点做个理由概述先写出反方观点，对其进行反驳，顺势提出自己观点。比较适合用于“对比选择型”题目。,17/59,比如，在“,Factors Influencing Young Adults,”,(,影响青年人成长原因,),范文开头一段：,Of the various factors that can have influence on young adults,，,the family and friends stand out most,Which of the two is more important?My view is that it is friends who have more important influence on young adults,18/59,再如，在“,Choosing a Job Profitable or a Job I Love,”,(,选择盈利工作还是自己喜欢工作,),范文第一段：,How can one find a desirable job?This question puzzles nearly everyone,In practice,，,most people look for well-paid jobs while a few search for jobs they love,19/59,2,作文主体部分写作,(1),论证手法,当段落主题为一理论性论点时，就需要举例或例证来加以支持，以说服读者。举例和例证使抽象概念详细化，而所举事例也应该含有充分说服力，同时逻辑严密。,20/59,比如，,年专四作文考题“,Travel Broadens the Mind,”,(,旅游开阔视野,),主体段能够经过“自己到西安旅游”例子进行论证，以下：,Consider my own experience as an example,Two years ago,，,I visited Xi,an,，,an ancient city,Xi,an is a city of rich cultural inheritance,There are so many places of interests there,，,such as the old city walls,，,the tomb of the Emperor Qin and so on,It seems that everything there tell the stories and history of the ancient China,In this way,I have gained knowledge of history and culture,，,which is more vivid and impressive than what is learned in class,21/59,再如，在“,Opportunity and Success,”,(,机遇与成功,),范文论证过程中，以牛顿发觉万有引力定律为例，说明了取得机遇只是取得了成功可能性，只有加上不懈努力，可能性才会变成现实：,When an opportunity comes,，,it brings promise for success,，,but that promise never comes true by its own,The popular story of how Newton was hit by a falling apple and thus finding the Universal Law of Gravitation also proves this,I suppose many people before Newton saw apples fall,，,but none found anything about gravity,However,，,Newton took the opportunity to think about the phenomenon further,，,propose and demonstrate a theory to explain it,This indicates you must make efforts before,，,during and after you get an opportunity,Thus,，,when it is coming,，,you can recognize it,；,when it is there,，,you can grasp it,；,when it is in your hand,，,you can turn it into success,22/59,(2),因果法,(Cause and Effect),比如，,年专四作文考题“,Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?,”,(,电话是否会使书信消失,?),一个参考写法，作者持否定态度，他给出了三个理由，以下：,First,，,people can not only greet each other but also exchange their thoughts in letters,Because when a person writes,，,he must organize his mind and express his ideas and feelings more logically,，,while telephone often makes people lazy,Second,，,letters can be kept as a record of memory,，,while phone cannot,You can imagine,，,when you read some old letters,，,a lot of beautiful and indelible memories will be brought back to you,Last,，,sending a letter is much cheaper than having a telephone call,，,especially when whom you want to communicate with is in another city,23/59,再如，在“,How to Get Along with Your Roommates?,”,(,怎样与你室友相处,?),范文，采取了因果法方式论证了室友关系主要性：,Roommates constitute the most intimate partners in our college life,They enable us to have access to different regional subcultures of China,，,different personalities and uniqueness,，,and some of them will become our life friends,They also comprise our warm dormitory for four years,These advantages.,24/59,(3),比较与对比法,(Comparison and Contrast),比如，,1996,年专四作文考题“,The Main Difference Between My College Life and My Middle School Life,”,(,我大学生活和中学生活主要不一样,),范文，对比了大学牛活和中学生活在课外活动方面不一样，以下：,.the social life in college is colorful,Various clubs and communities welcome any students,，,whereas in middle school,，,chances for extracurricular activities were little,25/59,再如，在“,Internet or Library?,”,(,上网还是去图书馆,?),范文，采取了对比论证方式说明了选择图书馆学习原因：,For one thing,，,I am of opinion that library is more of a reliable source of information,As is known,，,publications will have to go through strict censorship before they come out,In school libraries,，,librarians will order books according to the requirement of teaching and learning,In this way,，,readers can have access to reliable information,Furthermore,，,library is a better place to study in,When you are in the library,with almost all the students absorbed in their studies,，,you will be able to concentrate on your books in such an atmosphere,26/59,For another,，,although using the Intemet is more convenient,，,I find studying before computer screen an unhealthy experience,There are warnings that radiation from computer may do damage to our body,Taking myself for instance,，,my sight has become weaker and weaker after semesters of unrestrictedly using the Intemet,In consequence,，,I have set a rule that limits my using the Internet to one hour each time,27/59,(4),引用论证,(Quotations of Proverbs or Facts),恰当地引用，能够是某人一句话、一句名言或一个谚语，以加深读者对文章感受。经过适当地引入事实数据，既为文章添彩，又增强了说服力。,比如，在“,Widening Gap Between the Rich and the Poor,”,(,日益拉大贫富差距,),范文论证过程中，引用了孔子一句名言“国不患寡而患不均”：,The Confucius once said,，“,A nation is not troubled by poverty,，,but by disparity,”,Unfairness in distribution of wealth puts the society at stake,28/59,(5),综正当,(Combination of Methods),在段落发展中同时应用以上介绍几个不一样伎俩即为综正当。实际上，在多数情况下，段落写作都是各种不一样方法综合应用，极少单纯采取一个方法来展开段落或文章，常见为两、三种方法混合使用，比如因果法与例证法适用，因果法与引用论证同时使用等。,29/59,3,作文结尾部分写作,1),总结式,对全文做简短归纳、概括，得出结论。,比如，在“,A Major Advantage of Advertising on Television,”,(,电视广告优点,1999,年真题,),范文最终一段总结了中间段落两个分论点，就电视广告所传达信息、而言，制造商和消费者都能受益：,From the above,，,we can easily see that TV advertising is beneficial both to manufacturers and consumers on account of the abundant information it provided,30/59,再如，在“,The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood,”,(,保持良好心情主要性,),范文最终一段，一样也总结了中间两段分论点，保持良好心情现有利于建立情谊，也有利于保持健康：,Taking into account of all these factors,，,we may draw the conclusion that keeping a good mood brings you not only friendship,，,but health as well,31/59,2),重申式,重申主题，即再次强调和必定文章引言段中阐述中心思想。,比如，在“,School and Major?,”范文中最终一段再次强调作者观点,(I prefer a prestigious university,),：,As for me,，,choosing a good university is wiser,，,as far as the future job-hunting is concerned,32/59,再如，在“,Factors Influencing Young Adults,”范文中第一段就已表述了作者观点：,My view is that it is friends who have more important influence on young adults,最终一段再次强调作者观点：,But,，,generally speaking,，,in most cases,，,friends are the more important influence on young adults,33/59,3),引申式,提出提议，提供处理方法。这种方法尤其适合用于讨论问题文章，比如对某事原因或结果分析，提出提议和处理方法，也可展望未来。住文章结尾处表示对未来展望或号召读者采取行动。,34/59,比如，在“,Widening Gap Between the Rich and the Poor,”,(,日益拉大贫富差距,),范文最终一段中提出 提议，为了处理贫富差距问题，必须加大教育投资，创造就业机会：,.The government should make more investment to ensure equal chances of education.We should create more job opportunities.,35/59,再如，在“,Having a Company before Graduation,”,(,毕业前开企业,),范文中，在说明了大学生在开企业前要慎重考虑后，在最终一句话提出，大学生应该记得自己身份，大学学习才是他们毕业后走向社会必要准备，主题有所深化：,From the above discussion,I hold the view that college students should be careful when they decide whether they should have a company or not,They should remember they are students,，,and their study in university is the essential preparation for their success in society after graduation,36/59,1,词改变,如要表示“使”，不要仅依靠,make:,a)This society still makes women unable to enjoy equal rights.,b)Women are still denied equal rights.,a)The incident made me recall one of my past experiences.,b)The incident reminded me of one of my past experiences.,37/59,如要表示“越来越”，不要只使用,more and more:,a)More and more students find learning English has become more and more difficult.,b)Students in growing numbers find learning has become increasingly difficult.,a)More and more teenagers smoke cigarettes in recent years.,b)Teenage smoking is on the rise in recent years.,a)More and more teachers are demanded with the development of economy.,b)There is an increasing demand for teachers with the development of economy.,38/59,例,4,如要表示“大多数”，不要一味用,most:,a)Most students take a part-time job after class.,b)The vast majority of students take a part-time job after class,a)Most people take part in sports of different kinds.,b)The considerable proportion of people take part in sport sof different kinds.,a)Most college students take a negative attitude towards smoking.,b)The large percentage of college population take a negative attitude towards smoking.,39/59,例,5,如要表示“不但，而且”不要只用,not only.but also:,a)The factors for a rise in teenage smoking is not only social but also psychological.,b)The factors for a rise in teenage smoking is psychological as well as social.,a)Taking a parttime job can not only earn a little money,but also have an opportunity to contact with society.,b)Taking a parttime job means more than a little money you can earn.It also means an opportunity to contact with society.,a)Old people go to park not only to do exercise but also to make friends.,b)Old people go to park as much for companionship as for exercise.,40/59,TV:A Blessing or a Curse,一篇作文主体段以下：,As is often pointed out,television,keeps one better informed,about,the current events,allows one to follow the latest developments,in politics and science,and offers endless series of programmes which are both instructive and stimulating.The most distant countries,the strangest customs and attractive scenes of nature are brought right into ones room.Yet here again,there is danger.The main problem with TV has been its,negative effect,on people in general.For example,rubbishy,commercials and,harmful,programs,contributing,to the rise in violence and crime in the streets.,41/59,以下,a),句显得不够简炼，而,b),句就是真正简炼，但又不流于简单：,a)The progress I have made makes me surprised.,b)The progress I have made surprises me.,a)This makes me conclude that money doesnt mean eveything.,b)This leads me to the conclusion that money doesnt mean everything.,42/59,2.,句型改变,不要连续使用几个简单句（如例,9,中,a),要学会使用复杂句（如例,9,中,b),。,例,9,a)Teenagers are pressured by school work.They are also encouraged by their peers.Under such circumstances,they resort to smoking.But sometimes they feel a little guilty.,b)Pressured by school work and encouraged by their peers,teenagers often resort to smoking,though they feel a little guilty sometimes.,43/59,a)College students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success.They are expected to cheat on exams more frequently.This is not like those who graduated 10 years ago.They are only concerned with their own personal future.They consider little problems of society.All these are reported by a recent study.,b)A recent study reports that college students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success,that they are expected to cheat on exams more frequently than those who graduated 10 years ago,and that they are more concerned with their own personal future than with problems of society.,44/59,不要总是以有生命名词和人称代词开头（受汉语表示习惯影响，不少考生总喜欢以,I,People,We,等开头），如例,10,中,a).,例,10,a)Many people think birth control is quite necessary in China.,b)It is widely(commonly)thought/believed/held/accepted)that birth control is quite necessary in China.,45/59,a)More and more