河北工程大学工程管理专业英语.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,工程管理专业英语,1/105,什么是专业英语,专业英语,(English for Special Science and Technology),隶属于科技英语 是科技英语一部分，以表示科技概念、理论与事实为主要目标。恪守科技英语语法体系和翻译方法，尤其注意客观事实和真理，表示准确,(accuracy),、精炼,(,conciseness),和正式,(formal),。,是结合各自专业科技英语 有很强专业性、包括面愈加狭窄，与专业内容配合更为亲密。,专业英语与科技英语现有区分又有联络，专业英语学习需要有一个良好科技英语基础，同时也要注意其本身词汇特点，语法特点、修饰特点和翻译特点等等。,2/105,专业英语翻译,Let the readers have the same feelings as the natives.,翻译是将一个语言转换成另一个语言，使得两种语言受众者有一样感受。,Criterions:,信,fidelity,即忠实于原文内容，包含思想、感情、格调等（,第一位,）,达,intelligibility,即用词正确得体，行文流通畅顺（,必须,）；,雅,elegance,即追求译文古雅（,追求目标,）。,3/105,Exam:he left angrily.,直译：他愤恨离去。,/,他愤然离去。,他拂袖而去。（古译）,音译：,Brownie,布朗尼蛋糕 （巧克力蛋糕）,名称,Newport,纽波特 （新港口）,地名,laser,莱塞，镭射,（激光）,术名,音意译混译,:,acrowax,艾克罗石蜡,（艾克罗地域产石蜡）,形译：,I-bar,工型钢，,T-bean T,型梁,X-ray X,射线,4/105,科技文章特点概述,科技文章崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有改变，惯用,前置性陈说,，即在句中将主要信息尽可能前置，经过主语传递主要信息。,简而言之，科技文章特点：,清楚、准确、精练、严密,。,5/105,1,、大量使用名词化结构,英语与汉语一个显著不一样点：汉语中动词占优胜，动词使用范围很广；而英语中,名词占优势,，名词使用范围很广。科技文体更是如此。,原因：强调存在事实，而非某一行为。,Exam.Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid body.,译文：阿基米德最先发觉固体排水原理。,Exam.,地球绕轴自转，引发昼夜改变。,译文,1,：,The earth rotates on its own axis,which causes the change from day to night.,译文,2,：,The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.,6/105,另,:,科技文体所述是客观规律，,尽可能防止使用第一、第二人称。,Exam.,炉壁采取耐火砖可大大降低热耗。,译文,1,：,If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler,the heat loss can be considerably reduced.,译文,2,：,The heat loss can be considerably reduced by the use of firebricks round the walls of the boiler.,译文,3,：,the use of firebricks round the boiler can considerably reduce the heat loss.,7/105,2,、广泛使用被动句,科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。,使用被动句情况：无须说出主语、不愿说出主语或说不出主语。科技文体往往是前后两种。,Exam.Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.,You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine.,译文：要注意机器工作温度。,Exam.,中美之间已经建立了外交关系。,译文：,Diplomatic relations have been established between China and the United States of America.,Exam.,8/105,3,、常使用非限定动词,非限制性动词：分词短语、分词独立结构、不定式、介词加名词短语。,Exam.A direct current is a current which flows always in the same direction.,=A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.,译文：直流电是一个总是沿同一方向流动电流。,Exam.Vibrating objects produce sound waves and each vibration produces one sound wave.,=Vibrating objects produce sound waves,each vibration producing one sound wave.,译文：振动着物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声波,.,9/105,4,、大量使用后置定语,1,、介词短语,The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.,译文：因为摩擦而产生力叫摩擦力。,A call for paper is now being issued.,译文：征集论文通知现正陆续发出。,2,、形容词或短语,In radiation,thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy,similar in nature to light.,3,、副词,The air outside pressed the side in.,4,、单个分词,The results obtained must be checked.,5,、定语从句,10/105,5,、惯用句型,1.It,that,句型 如：,It is believed that,/,据信,;It is proved that,/,已经证实、有些人证实,;It is reported that,/,据报道,2.,被动句型,Computers may be classified as analog and digital.,3.as,结构句型,Microcomputers are very small in size,as is shown in Fig.5.,4.,分词短语句型,The resistance being very high,the current in the circuit was low.,5.,省略句结构句型,An object,once in motion,will keep on moving because of its inertia.,11/105,6,、长句较多，复合词及缩略词多,复合词：,feed-back,on-and-off-the-road,GIS-Based,（,geographical information system,）,biotechnology,biochemical,缩略词：,maths=mathematics,，,lab=laboratory,ASCE=American Society of Civil Engineering,MPM=master,s in project management,12/105,专业英语翻译基本技巧,常见英语从句译法,定语从句译法,(1),译成相互独立并列分句,对于普通非限定性定语从句，往往采取,分译法,。即将主句译成独立分句，然后重复关系代词所代替名词做为第二个分句主语。,The tendons are frequently passed through continuous channels formed by,metal or plastic ducts,which,are positioned securely in the forms before the concrete is cast.,译文：预应力钢筋束要穿入用金属管货塑胶管制成连续孔道中，而,金属管或塑胶管,在混凝土浇筑之前被稳稳固定在模板之中。,13/105,（,2,）转译成状语从句,很多情况下，英语定语从句兼有状语从句功效，在逻辑意义上往往与所限定词有表示,“,目标,”,、,“,结果,”,、,“,原因,”,、,“,假设,”,、,“,让步,”,等关系。,Iron,which,is not so strong as steel,finds wide application.,译文,:,即使,铁强度不如钢，不过它仍有广泛用途（表示让步）,This is particular important in fine-grained soils,where,the water can be sucked up near the surface by capillary attraction.,译文：这一点在细颗粒土壤中尤其主要，,因为,在这种土壤中，因为毛细引力，水能被吸引到靠近表面地方。（表示原因）,14/105,主语从句译法,在专业英语中，经常使用带形式主语,it,主语从句，即以引导词,it,作形式主语并放在句首，而把从句（真正主语）放在谓语之后。,(1),译成宾语从句,It,is generally accepted that fatigue strength is drastically lower if the concrete is cracked.,译文：人们普遍认为，混凝土若开裂，其疲劳强度就会大大降低。,15/105,（,2,）译成并列分句,It,remains to be confirmed that epoxy coating will retain their integrity over long periods of time in alkaline environments.,译文：,环氧涂层在碱性环境中能否保持其完整性，这,有待深入证实。,（,3,）谓语分译,It is a fact,that no structural material is perfectly elastic.,译文：,实际上，,没有一个结构材料是完全弹性体。,16/105,状语从句译法,有些状语从句在翻译时候需要进行从句转译，不然译不出原文所表示实际意义,（,1,）由连接词,when,引导时间状语从句，在语法形式上普通是时间状语，实际上有连接词,if,作用,。所以翻译这类时间状语从句时往往能够转译成条件状语从句。如：,On the site,when,further information becomes available,the engineer can make changes in his sections and layout,but the drawing office work will mot have been lost.,译文：在现场,若,能获取更多信息资料，工程师就能够对他所做断面图和设计图进行修改，不过绘图工作也是必不可少。,17/105,英语强调句型译法,英语强调句型,“,it is(was),that(which,who),”,几乎能够强调任何一个陈说句主语、宾语和状语，以突出其主要性。翻译时，需将其所强调部分加以突出，比如,“,正是,”,“,正因为,”,“,只有,才,”,等。,It is,this kind of steel,that,the construction worksite needs most urgently.,译文：建筑工地最急需,正,是这种钢材。,在强调句型中，有时候被强调不但是一个词或词组，而且还可能是一个状语从句。,It is only when piers,（桥墩）,for long span bridges are built across wide rivers that cellular cofferdams are often used.,译文：只有当在宽敞河面上修建大跨度桥墩时，才经常使用格型围堰这种方法。,18/105,英语被动语态译法,（,1,）译成汉语主动句,（,2,）译成汉语被动句,（,3,）译成独立结构,It is believed that,有些人主张,It is asserted that,有些人提议,It is stressed that,有些人强调说,It is well known that,众所周知,有时候一些类似固定句型在翻译时候往往不加主语，如：,It is supposed that,据推测,It is said that,听说,It must be pointed out that,必须指出,19/105,英语长句翻译,顺译法,当英语长句句法结构、时间次序、逻辑关系符合汉语习惯时，普通应尽可能采取顺译。,倒译法,当英语长句句法结构、时间次序、逻辑关系与汉语行文表示习惯相反时，可采取倒译。,综正当,很多英语长句进行翻译时候，往往综合使用顺译和倒译，不一样分句分别采取顺译和倒译，以使得各分句都符合汉语表示习惯。,20/105,Chapter 1 The Owners Perspective,1.2 Major Types of Construction,Residential Housing Construction,居民住宅,Institutional and Commercial Building Construction,办公商业楼,Specialized Industrial Construction,专业化工业项目建设,Infrastructure and Heavy Construction,重大基础项目建设,21/105,Chapter 1 The Owners Perspective,Since most owners are generally interested in acquiring only a specific type of constructed facility,they should be aware of the common industrial practices for the type of construction pertinent to them.,因为大多数业主通常只对取得特定类型建筑物感兴趣，因而他们应该对适合他们建设类型实务有着一定了解。,22/105,Likewise,the construction industry is a conglomeration（混合物）of quite diverse segments and products.Some owners may procure a constructed facility only once in a long while and tend to look for short term advantages.However,many owners require periodic acquisition of new facilities and/or rehabilitation（修复）of existing facilities.It is to their advantage to keep the construction industry healthy and productive.,23/105,Collectively,the owners have more power to influence the construction industry than they realize because,by their individual actions,they can provide incentives,（激励）,for innovation,efficiency and quality in construction.,这些业主有着他们自己也没有意识到影响建筑业能力，因为经过其个人行为，他们能够对建筑业创新、效率以及质量施加主动或消极影响。,It is to the interest of all parties that the owners take an active interest in the construction and exercise beneficial influence on the performance of the industry.,24/105,Residential housing construction includes single-family houses,multi-family dwellings,and high-rise apartments.,During the development and construction of such projects,the developers or sponsors who are familiar with the construction industry usually serve as surrogate（代理）owners and take charge,making necessary contractual agreements for design and construction,and arranging the financing and sale of the completed structures.,25/105,Often,a slight increase in total demand will cause a substantial investment in construction,since many housing projects can be started at different locations by different individuals and developers at the same time.,因为许多住宅项目能够在不一样地点由不一样开发商同时开工，所以往往市场总需求一点微小增加就可能引发这类建筑投资急剧增加。,26/105,Institutional and commercial building construction encomprasses a great variety of project types and sizes,such as schools and universities,medical clinics and hospitals,recreational facilities（娱乐设施）and sports stadiums,retail chain stores and large shopping centers,warehouse and light manufacturing plants,and skyscrapers for offices and hotels,as is shown in Figure1-3.,27/105,Because of the higher costs and greater sophistication of institutional and commercial buildings,in comparison with,residential housing,this market segment is shared by fewer competitors.,与住宅类房屋建设相比，这类房屋建设成本成本高且功效复杂，所以市场份额由较少竞争者来瓜分。,28/105,Specialized industrial construction usually involves very large scale projects,with a high degree of technological complexity,such as oil refineries,steel mills,chemical processing plants and coal-fired or nuclear power plants,as is shown in Figure1-4.,专业化工业项目建设包括范围很广，含有高等级技术复杂性这么一类项目建设，包含炼油厂、钢铁厂、化工厂和火力电站、核电站，如图,1-4,所表示。,29/105,Infrastructure and heavy construction includes projects such as highways,mass transit systems,tunnels,bridges,pipelines,drainage（排水）systems and sewage(污水)treatment plants,as is shown in Figure1-5.Most of these projects are publicly owned and therefore financed either through bonds or taxes.This category of construction is characterized by a high degree of mechanization,which has gradually replaced some labor intensive operations.,30/105,The engineers and builders engaged in infrastructure construction are usually highly specialized since each segment of the market requires different types of skills.,因为不一样项目需要不一样专门技术，参加基础设施项目建设设计方和建造方都含有相当程度专业化水平。,31/105,Traditionally,the owner engages an architectural and engineering(A/E)firm or consortium as technical consultant in developing a preliminary design.,After the engineering design and financing arrangements for the project are completed,the owner will enter into a construction contract with a general contractor either through competitive bidding or negotiation.,32/105,The A/E firms,which are engaged by the owner as the prime professionals for design and inspection,have become more isolated from the construction process.,In order to reduce the cost of construction,some owners introduce,value engineering,which seeks to reduce the cost of construction by soliciting,（征求）,a second design that might cost less than the original design produced by the A/E firm.,33/105,In particular,designs will be closely scrutinized（详细检验）for their constructibility.However,an owner engaging a design/construct firm must insure that the quality of the constructed facility is not sacrificed by the desire to reduce the time or the cost for completing the project.Also,it is difficult to make use of competitive bidding in this type of design/construct process.As a result,owners must be relatively sophisticated（老练）in negotiating realistic and cost-effective construction contracts.,34/105,In recent years,a new breed of construction managers(CM)offers professional services from the inception to the completion of a construction project.These construction managers mostly come from the ranks of A/E firms or general contractors who may or may not retain dual roles in the service of the owners.,35/105,Construction Contractors,The function of a general contractor is to coordinate all tasks in a construction project.,Unless the owner performs this function or engages a professional construction manager to do so,a good general contractor who has worked with a team of superintendents（监管者）,specialty contractors or subcontractors together for a number of projects in the past can be most effective in inspiring loyalty and cooperation.,36/105,Specialty contractors include mechanical,electrical,foundation,excavation（挖掘）,and demolition（拆）contractors among others.They usually serve as subcontractors to the general contractor of a project.In some cases,legal statutes may require an owner to deal with various specialty contractors directly.,37/105,Major material suppliers include specialty contractors in structural steel fabrication and erection,sheet metal（金属片）,ready mixed concrete delivery,reinforcing steel bar detailers,roofing,glazing etc.Major equipment suppliers for industrial construction include manufacturers of generators,boilers and piping and other equipment.,38/105,Chapter2 Organizing for Project Management,2.1 What is Project Management,The management of construction projects requires knowledge of modern management as well as an understanding of the design and construction process.,While the relevant technology,institutional arrangements or processes will differ,the management of,such projects has much,in common with,the,management of,similar types of projects in other specialty or technology domains such as aerospace,pharmaceutical and energy developments.,39/105,Generally,project management is distinguished from the general management of corporations by the mission-oriented nature of a project.,A project organization will generally be terminated when the mission is accomplished.According to the Project Management Institute,the discipline of project management can be defined as follows:,Project management is the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources throughout the life of a project by using modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives of scope,cost,time,quality and participation satisfaction.,项目管理是在项目标整个周期内，用当代管理技术指挥和协调人力和物质资源以实现范围、成本、工期、质量和分享成就等预定目标。,40/105,The basic ingredients for a project management framework may be represented schematically in Figure 2-1.,General management,Special knowledge domains,Supporting disciplines,41/105,Subsequently,the functions of project management for construction generally include the following:,Specification of project objectives and,plans including,delineation of scope,budgeting,scheduling,setting performance requirements,and selecting project participants.,Maximization of efficient resource utilization through procurement of labor,materials and equipment according to the prescribed schedule and plan.,Implementation of various operations through proper coordination and control of planning,design,estimating,contracting and construction in the entire process.,Development of effective communications and mechanisms for resolving conflicts among the various participants.,42/105,Professional construction management refers to,a project management team,consisting of,a professional construction manager and other participants,who,will carry out the tasks of project planning,design and construction in an integrated manner.,Contractual relationships among members of the team,are intended to,minimize adversarial,（敌正确）,relationships and contribute to greater response within the management group.,2.2,Professional,Construction Management,43/105,A professional construction manager is a firm specialized in the practice of professional construction management which includes:,Work with owner and the A/E firms from the beginning and make recommendations,（提议）,on design improvements,construction technology,schedules