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高中英語必修4 各單元知识點归纳
Unit1 Women of achievement
重要詞汇拓展
1 achievement n.成就,功绩→achieve v.到达,完毕,实現
2 welfare n 福利事业,福利
3. project n.方案, 计划,, 设计,工程, 企业, 事业,科研项目; 課外自修项目
vi. ①伸出, 突出 ②设想自已处身于(into)
4. specialist n.专家,专业工作者→special adj.特殊的,专门的→specialize vi.专攻,专门從事
5. connection n.连接,关系→connect v.连接
6. condition n. 状况(不可数),条件(可数),环境(复数)
on no condition 决不 in condition健康,可使用状况
7.organization n.组织,机构,团体 organize—vt.组织;筹办, 成立; 使加入工會,使有条理
8.behave v.举止,体現→behavior n.行為,举止
9. shade n.阴凉处 v.遮住光线
10.▲ worthwhile adj.值得的,值得做的 It is worthwhile doing sth./ to do sth.
worth adj.值……,值得…… be worth doing
worthy adj.值得做的,可尊敬的 be worthy of sth/ being done be worthy to be done
11. observe v.观测,观测,遵守→observation n.观测,观测
12. respect v./n.尊敬,尊重,敬意→respectable adj.值得尊敬的,正派的,体面地→respectful adj.有礼貌的,恭敬的
13. argue .v.争论,辩论→argument n.争论,辩论 argued-adj 引起争论的
14.entertainment-n 款待,娱乐 entertain-v 款待;招待,娱乐,抱有,怀著(想法、疑問)
15. crowd n.人群,观众 v.挤满,使拥挤→crowded adj.拥挤的
16. inspire v.鼓舞,激发→inspired adj.受到鼓舞的,有灵感的→inspiring adj.鼓舞人的→inspiration n.鼓舞,灵感
17 support v.支持,拥护→supporter n.支持者,拥护者
18.refer-vi 談到,查阅,参照
19.intend v.计划,打算→intention n.打算,目的,意图
20.considerate adj.考虑周到的→consider v.考虑,认為
→consideration n考虑,体谅→considering prep考虑到
21.kind adj 仁慈的,和蔼的,友愛的kindness –n 仁慈,好意,善良
22.deliver v.递送,生(小孩),接生,刊登(演讲等)→delivery n.投递,交货,分娩
23.modest adj 谦虚的,谦让的,适度的
重點短語梳理
1 devote…to (doing) sth.把…奉献給devote oneself to致力于,献身于 be devoted to专心致志于
2 human beings 人类
3 move off 离開,启程,出发
4 lead a…life 過著……的生活
5 crowd in 涌上心頭,涌入脑海
6 look down on/ upon 蔑视,瞧不起
7 refer to 查阅,参照,談到 (其中,to為介詞)
8 by chance 碰巧,凑巧
9. come across 偶遇,遇見
10. carry on 继续,坚持 carry out 实行,执行,完毕
11. be dressed in 穿著… dress as 打扮成…
12.fight for 為….而战 fight against 与…战斗
13.put to death判死刑
14. concern oneself with…关注… 注意…
15.intend to do sth./ doing sth. 打算做某事
16. in the shade of 在…的树荫下,在…的呵护下
17.gain doctor’s degree 获得博士學位
18. be considered as 被看做….
19.take turns to do sth 采用环节做某事
20.do research on… 做…方面的研究
21.mean to do 打算做某事 mean doing 意味著
22. by now 直到目前
重點句型再現
1 She spent years observing and recording their daily activities.
她花去数年的時间观测和记录它們的平常活動。
(spend+時间/金钱+doing sth 花時间或金钱去做某事)
2 Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project. 她的母亲頭几种月来幫過她的忙;這才使她得以開始自已的计划。
(only位于句首并修饰状語,句子要发生部分倒装,将助動詞或联络動詞置于主語之前)
3 Following Jane’s way of studing chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest.
我們一行人将按照Jane研究猩猩的措施去森林裏拜访他們。
(-ing作方式状語。注意非谓語動詞作状語時的区别:-ing积极/進行/延续,-ed被動/過去,to do积极/未来)
4.It seemed that she had been very busy in her chosen carrer travelling abroad to study as well as writing books and articles 看起来她忙于所选择的和写作同样的到国外研究。
(It seemed that+從句:似乎是,看起来仿佛是。 as well as 尚有)
5.What made her succeed later on was the kindness and consideration she showed to all her patients
後来使她成功的是她對所有病人献出的愛心和体贴。
(What made her succeed主語從句。理解what引导的名詞性從句的译法,明白它們在句中的成分:作主語、宾語、表語、同位語)
語法剖析(主谓一致)
主谓一致,指人称和数方面的一致关系。分為:語法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致。
(一) 語法一致原则: 即主語為單数,谓語用單数,主語為复数,谓語也用复数。如下為注意事项:
1. 單数主語虽然背面带有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短語, 谓語動詞仍用單数。如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质。No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两個仆人外, 没有一种人迟来用餐。
2. 用and连接的并列主語,假如主語是同一种人,同一事,同一概念, 谓語動詞用單数, 否则用复数。如:
The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一种人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物)
用and连接的成對名詞习惯上被當作是一种整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語時, 谓語動詞用單数。
3. 不定式(短語), 動名詞(短語), 或從句作主語時, 谓語動詞用單数. 如:
Serving the people is my great happiness.
為人民服务是我最大的幸福.
When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.
我們什么時候出去郊游已决定了。
4. 用连接的并列主語被each, every 或no修饰時, 谓語動詞用單数.
Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每個男孩和每個女孩都喜欢去游泳.
No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老師也没有學生開會缺席.
Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫忙。
5. each of + 复数代詞, 谓語動詞用單数. 复数代詞+each, 谓語動詞用單数.如:
Each of us has something to say. 我們每個人均有话要說。
6. 若主語中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管從意义上看是复数, 但它的谓語動詞仍用單数。 但more+复数名詞+than one做主語時, 谓語動詞仍用复数. 如:
Many a boy likes playing basketball. 許多男生都喜欢打篮球.
More than one student was late. 不只一种學生迟到
More persons than one come to help us. 不止一种人来协助我們。
7. none 做主語時,谓語動詞可用單数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的東西時總是看作單数,因而谓語動詞要用單数. 如:
None of us are (is) perfect. 人無完人。
None of this worries me. 這事一點不使我著急。
8. 名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語時, 谓語動詞必须用复数. 如:
His clothes are good. 但這些名詞前若出現 a pair of , 谓語一般用單数.如:
A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。
9. 形复意單名詞如:news ; 以ics 結尾的學科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报紙名如: the New Times; 書名如: Arabian Night <天方夜談>; 以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主語時, 谓語動詞用單数。
10. “a +名詞+and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語時, 谓語動詞要用單数. 如:
Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
注意: one or two + 复数名詞作主語, 谓語動詞用复数形式, 如:
One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两個地點。
(二) 内容一致原则:
1.主語中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名詞”做主語時,谓語動詞單复数取决于连用的名詞.如:
The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩余的自行車, 今天发售。
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 這個苹果的60%都被這個小男孩吃了。
Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 這個苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2. 不定数量的詞组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語時, 谓語動詞的單复数取决于量詞背面名詞的数.如:
A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科書已运到。
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 這個苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。
3. 加減乘除用單数.如:
Fifteen minus five is ten . 15減去5等于10。
4. 表达時间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名詞做主語時, 尽管是复数形式, 它們做為一种單一的概念時, 其谓語動詞用單数.如:
Ten miles is a good distance. 拾英裏是一种相称的距离。
5. (1) 一般作复数的集体名詞. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集体名詞一般用作复数.如:
The British police have only very limited powers.
(2) 一般作不可数名詞的集体名詞. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.
(3) 可作單数也可作复数的集体名詞. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:
The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委员會决定解雇他。
6. the +形容詞/過去分詞形式”表达一类人或事物, 作主語時, 谓語動詞用复数.如:
The injured were saved after the fire.
(三) 就近原则
1. 由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中, (有時主語不止一种時)谓語動詞与靠近它的主語在数上一致.如:
Here comes the bus 公共汽車来了.
Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 給你一支钢笔和几张紙。
Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?
你不在這儿的時候, 你愛人和孩子在哪儿呆呢?
2. 用连詞or, either.... or, neither….nor, not only….but also 等连接的并列主語, 谓語動詞与靠近它的主語在数上一致。 如:
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學生和老師都不懂得這事.
He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的钢笔。
注意: one of +复数名詞+who/that/which 引导的定語從句中, 定語從句的動詞為复数。如:
Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 玛丽是喂养宠物者之一。
The only one of +复数名詞+ who/that./which 引导的定語從句中,定語從句的動詞应為單数。
Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 玛丽是唯一一种喂养宠物的人。
Units 2 Working the land
重要詞汇拓展
1 sunburn v.曰晒,晒黑→sunburnt adj.晒黑的
2 struggle v./n.挣扎,奋斗,努力 struggle against struggle for struggle with
3 decade n.拾年,拾年期
4 super n.冗员, 额外人员; [口]特级品, 特大号商品; 超级市場adj特级的, 极好的, 不凡的
5. hunger n.饥饿,渴望/v.使饥饿→hungry adj.饥饿的;渴望的
6.output n. 产量,输出,input 输入,消费
7.disturbing adj 引起烦恼的,令人不安的,disturb v. 打扰,麻烦
8.expand vt.扩大, 扩展,张開, 使发, 详談; 引伸
9. circulate v.循环,流通→circulation n.循环,流传
10. battle n.战役,战斗 v.搏斗,奋斗
11. therefore adv.因此,因此
12. rid vt 挣脱,除去
13.freedom n 自由,自主→ free adj 自由的,免费的
14.equip v.配置,装备→equipment n.设备
15. export v.输出,出口 n.输出(品)→import v.输入,進口 n.進口(品)
16.nationality n 国籍,national adj 国家的,民族的 nation n. 国家
17.occupation n 工作,职业,占领 occupy v.占用,使從事,把注意力集中于...占领, 占据
18.confuse v.使困惑,使為难→confused adj.感到困惑的 confusing adj.令人困惑的
19 regret v./n.懊悔,遗憾→regretful adj.懊悔的,遗憾的
20.production n.生产,制造,productive 可生产的,可制造的,produce –v 生产,制造
21.discovery n. 发現,发現,discover-v 发現,
22.focus v. 集中,聚焦,n 焦點,中心點
23. reduce v.減少,缩減→reduction n.減少,缩減
24 comment n./v.评论,议论
重點短語梳理
1 if not 假如不…. If so 假如這样,
2.consider oneself sth 自认為是… consider sb sth 认為某人是…
3.since then 從那時起
4.search for a way to do sth 寻找做某事的途径。
5.thanks to 幸亏,由于,由于 (to為介詞)
6.rid…of… 挣脱,除去 get rid of 除去…
7. be satisfied with 對……感到满意
8 would rather do than do宁愿,宁可…也不…=would do rather than do
9with the hope of 满怀但愿..
10.in some way 在某种程度上
11.cause damage to 對… 导致危害。
12.build up 增强,强大
13. lead to 导致,导致(to為介詞)
14. focus on 集中(注意力、精力等)于
15. keep…from/of 使……免受(影响、伤害等)
重點句型再現
1. Dr Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice.
袁隆平博士种植的是被称為“超级杂交水稻”的稻种。
(what引导的名詞性從句在句中作宾語)
2. The special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same field. 這种特殊的稻种使得同样的田地多收获三分之一的产量。
(makes it possible 中it為形式宾語,to do不定式短語為真正宾語)
3. It’s a great pity that 很遗憾的是….
4.Using his hybrid rice,farmers are producing harvest twice as large as before.
由于使用了他的杂质水稻,农民的丰收是此前的两倍。
(-ing動詞短語作原因状語)
語法剖析(非谓語動詞---動詞的-ing形式作主語和宾語)
一、動詞-ing形式作主語
● 動詞-ing形式作主語常用来表达常常性和习惯性的動作。動詞-ing形式作主語一般放在句首,谓語用單数形式。例如:Listening to music is my sister’s hobby.
● 動詞-ing形式作主語時,為了保持句子平衡,可以用it作形式主語。常用的构造:
1. It is + no use / no good / useless etc.+ v-ing
2. It is + nice / good / interesting / a waste of … etc. + v-ing 例如:
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
二、動詞-ing形式作宾語
● 動詞-ing形式既可作動詞的宾語,又可作介詞的宾語。
1. 如下動詞或短語只接動詞-ing形式作宾語:
admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, keep, mind, miss, suggest等動詞; can’t stand, give up, feel like, keep on, think of, set about, dream of 等短語。
2. 在下列短語中,to是介詞,背面应用動詞-ing形式作宾語:
be / get used to, look forward to, devote…to, pay attention to, object to等。
3. 下列動詞或短語既可以跟動詞-ing形式作宾語,也可以跟不定式作宾語,但意义上有区别:
● like, love, prefer如表达常常性的行為後接動詞-ing形式;如表达详细的行為常用動詞不定式,但要注意:假如like, love, prefer前有would,背面则接動詞不定式。如:Would you like to go shopping with me?
● 下列几组詞接動詞-ing形式作宾語和不定式作宾語含义不一样:
forget doing 忘掉已做過某事; forget to do 忘掉要做某事
remember doing 记得做過某事; remember to do 记住要做某事
mean doing 意思是,意味著; mean to do 打算做
regret doing 懊悔做過某事; regret to do 遗憾要做某事
can’t help doing 禁不住做; can’t help (to) do 不能幫忙做。
● 在allow, permit, advise等動詞後直接跟動詞-ing形式作宾語,假如這些詞背面有名詞或代詞作宾語,其後要用動詞不定式作宾語补足語。如:
We don’t allow smoking in the classroom.
We don’t allow students to smoke.
● 動詞need, require, want作“需要”解時,其後用動詞-ing的积极形式或不定式的被動形式作宾語,這時動詞-ing的积极形式表被動意义。如:
Your coat wants washing. = Your coat wants to be washed.
三、動詞-ing的复合构造
動詞-ing的复合构造即:物主代詞或名詞所有格(作宾語時也可以用代詞宾格或名詞一般格) + 動詞-ing。如:
Lucy’s turning up surprised everyone present.
Would you mind my / me using your mobile phone?
四、動詞-ing的時态、語态以及否认形式動詞-ing有一般式(doing) 和完毕式 (having done) 两种時态,一般式的被動語态是being done,完毕式的被動語态是having been done。動詞-ing的完毕式所示的動作发生在谓語動詞的動作之前。
動詞-ing的否认形式是在doing之前加not。例如:
I’m sorry for not having told you the news earlier.
Unit 3 A taste of English humour
重要詞汇拓展
1 humour n.風趣→humorous adj.風趣的
2 content adj.满足的,满意的 n.满足;内容 v.使满足
3 performer n.演出者,演出者→perform v.演出;做,履行,执行→performance n.演出,履行
4 astonish v.使惊讶→astonishing adj.令人惊讶的 astonished adj.感到惊讶的
5 fortunate adj.幸运的→fortune v.幸运,运气→fortunately adv.幸运地→unfortunately adv.不幸地
6 depressed adj.忧伤的,抑郁的,消沉的,萧条的depress-v使消沉, 使沮丧, 愁苦,使贬值,
7.ordinary adj.平常的,一般的
8.bored adj.厌烦的→bore v.使厌烦→boring adj.令人厌烦的
9.entertain v.使欢乐,款待→entertainment n.款待;娱乐,消遣
10. throughout prep.遍及,贯穿adv.到处,一直,所有
11.homeless adj 無家可归的,
12.worn adj 用旧的,用壞的,破烂的
13. overcome v.战胜,克服
14. convince v.使信服→convincing adj.令人信服的→convinced adj.相信的,信服的
15. direct v.导演,指示,指挥 adj.直的,直接的→director n.导演,指挥→directly adv.直地,直接地→direction n.指导,方向
16.enjoyment n享乐,欢乐,乐趣
17.outstanding adj.突出的,杰出的,明显的
18.particular adj.特殊的,尤其的→particularly adv.特殊地,尤其地
19 occasion n.時刻,場所→occasional adj.偶尔的,临時的→occasionally adv.偶尔地,有時地
20. slide v./n.滑動,滑行
21.amuse v.使发笑,使快乐→amused adj.快乐的→amusing adj.逗人发笑的,令人快乐的→amusement n.快乐,快乐
22. whisper v./n.耳語,低声說
23、react v.做出反应,回应→reaction n.反应,回应
重點短語梳理
1.break into 闯入,進入
2.up to now 直到目前
3.brighten the lives of 照亮某人的生活道路
4.feel/be content with 對……满足
5.badly off 穷的,缺乏的
6.in search of 寻找….
7.pick out 挑选出,识别出
8.on the edge of 在…边缘
9.cut off 切断,断绝
10.in silence沉默,不作声
11. make use of 使用
12.be angry about 對…很生气
13.star in 担任主角,主演
重點句型再現
1. He made people laugh at a time when they felt depressed, so they could feel more content with their lives.
在人們感到沮丧的時候,卓别林使他們開怀大笑,于是人們對自已的生活感到比较满足。
2 No one was ever bored watching him—his subtle acting made everything entertaining.
看他的演出没有人會感到無聊——他巧妙的演出使得一切都那么滑稽可笑。
3 Instead they are hiding in a small hut on the edge of a mountian during a snowstorm with nothing to eat.相反,他們被暴風雪困在山边的一种小木屋中,没有任何東西可吃。
(with的复合构造作伴随状語)
語法剖析(動詞的-ing形式作定語、表語和补語)
一、動詞-ing形式作表語
1. 表达主語的内容 ,可以转换到句首作主語
Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. (= keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her job)
她的工作是尽量使汇报厅保持洁净。
2. 表达主語具有的特性、性质和状态(動詞ing 相称一种形容詞)
The problem is quite puzzling.
這個問題很令困惑。
3.常用来作表語的目前分詞有astonishing, amusing, confusing, disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, tiring, interesting, surprising等。
全析提醒:動詞-ing形式作表語時,其逻辑主語往往是句子中的主語,但用作表語的-ing形式也可带有自已的逻辑主語。
What worries me most is her staying too late every night. (staying too late every night的逻辑主語是her)
二、 動詞-ing形式作定語
1 單個的動詞-ing形式可以作前置定語,一般具有两种含义。
① 阐明被修饰名詞的用途和性能。
a reading room = a room which is used for reading 阅览室
running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋
a working method =a method for working 工作措施
② 表达所修饰的人或物的動作或状态,在意思上靠近一种定語從句,可以表达正在進行的動作,也可表达常常性動作或當時的状态。
developing countries = countries that are developing发展中国家
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很一般的房子
a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困扰人的問題
2 作定語的動詞-ing形式如是一种短語,则应放在被修饰詞的背面,做後置定語,相称于一种定語從句。
They lived in a house facing south.(=which is facing south) 他們住在一所朝南的房子裏。
Do you know the boy playing basket?(=Who is playing basket)你认识在打篮球的那個男孩吗?
The man visiting Japan (=the man who is visiting Japan ) is my uncle
正在访問曰本的那個男人是我的叔叔。
三、動詞-ing形式作宾补
1、動詞-ing形式作宾語补足語常放在宾語背面,表达一种正在進行的积极性的動作,强调一种過程或一种状态。
When we returned, we found a stranger standing in front of the house.
2、當主句转换為被動构造時, 本来作宾語补足語的動詞-ing形式便转换為主語补足語。
They found the film very exciting. = The film is found very exciting.
3、能用-ing形式作宾語补足語的几类動詞:
1) 表达感覺和心理状态的感官動詞,(常見的有see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to等)+ sb + doing sth(作宾补)
I felt somebody standing behind me.
2) 表达指使意义的動詞使役動詞,(常見的有have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等)+sb/ sth + doing sth (作宾补)
We kept the fire burning all night long.我們让火整夜燃烧著。
I won‘t have you running about in the room. 我不容許你在房间裏跑来跑去。
4、see, hear, feel, watch等動詞之後用-ing形式和動詞不定式作宾語补足語的区别:
We heard the telephone ring. We heard the telephone ringing.
前者表达動作正在進行,後者表达(或强调)動作的全過程。
Unit4 Body language
重要詞汇拓展
1. statement; n. 陈說;阐明 state-vt. 陈說;论述;申明
2.greet-v問候,迎接,打招呼greeting –n敬礼,致意 greetings 問候語,致詞
3.represent-v.代表,象征representative -n. 代表
4.. association; n. 社团;联络;联想associate;vt. 使发生联络,
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