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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,十一、定语从句,1/26,语法精讲,考点一关系代词who,whom,whose引导定语从句,1.who指人,在定语从句中作主语。如:,The little boy who is singing there can recite quite a number,of poems.正在那儿唱歌那个小男孩能背诵很多首诗。,2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,可省略。如:,The author(whom)you criticized has written a letter in reply.,你批评那位作者写了一封回信。,3.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中作定语。如:,Many children,whose parents are away working in big cities,are,taken good care of in the village.很多父母去大城市工作孩子,在村里得到了很好照料。,A person whose email account is full wont be able to send or,receive any emails.,电子邮箱满了人将不能收发任何电子邮件。,2/26,考点二关系代词that和which区分,类别,说明,只用that,不用which,情况,先行词是everything,anything,nothing,few,little,all,none等不定代词或被all,little,few,much,any,every,no等修饰时,先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身就是序数词、形容词最高级时,先行词被the very,the only等修饰时,当主句中先行词是疑问词who或which时,先行词现有些人也有物时,只用which,不用that,情况,非限制性定语从句中,关系代词前有介词时,先行词是that或those时,3/26,如:,There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.,世界上对他来说好像没有不可能事。,Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?,你知道他们正在谈论人和事吗?,My house,which I bought last year,has got a lovely garden.,我去年买那幢房子带着个漂亮花园。,The reason for which he refused the invitation is not clear.他拒绝邀请原因不清楚。,Whats that which was put in the car?,被放入车内是什么?,4/26,考点三as/which引导定语从句区分,1.在限制性定语从句中,which指代先行词是物名词或代词,而as指代先行,词是物或人词,且先行词前普通有as,so,such,the same等限定语。,This is the pan which I boiled the milk in.,这就是我煮牛奶锅。,There are as many dictionaries as are needed.,所需要字典都有了。,She is so nice a girl as we all like.,她是个我们大家都喜欢好女孩。,David is such a good boy as all the teachers like.,大卫是全部老师都喜欢一个好男孩。,5/26,2.当引导非限制性定语从句修饰说明是整个主句内容时:,(1)as引导定语从句能够放在主句之前、之中或之后;which引导从,句普通只置于主句之后。,As we know,air is a mixture of gases.=Air,as we know,is a,mixture of gases.,=Air is a mixture of gases,as we know.,众所周知,空气是混合气体。,He keeps changing his mind,which made us all angry.,他不停地改变主意,这使我们大家都很生气。,6/26,(2)which引导从句在意义上与主句近乎并列关系,可用and this/that来,代替;as主要连接上下文,表示说话人看法、观点,指出主句内容出,处或依据等,译为“正如”,惯用有as the saying goes,as is,said above,as is reported in the newspaper等。,He won the first prize,which(and that)made him famous in his school.,他取得了一等奖,这使他在学校出了名。,As is announced in todays newspaper,we must improve our style of work.,正如今天报纸上所说,我们必须改进我们工作作风。,7/26,考点四“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句,1.简单介词+关系代词,在这种结构中,关系代词指人时只能用whom,指物时只能用which;介词选择主要是依据与从句中相关动词、形容词、名词固定搭配而定;或者依据先行词与从句中动词关系而定;或者以先行词在定语从句中作用而定。,Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles?,那是你经常为其写文章报社吗?(for与the newspaper搭配),Can you explain to me how to use these idioms about which I am not sure?,你能给我介绍一下怎样使用这些我不确定习语吗?(about与sure搭配),1949 was the year in which our country was founded.,我们国家是在1949年成立。(in与the year搭配),Do you know the man to whom I spoke just now?(to与spoke搭配),你认识我刚才和他讲话那个人吗?,8/26,2.简单介词+关系代词+名词,Last month,part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods,from whose effects the people are still suffering.上个月东南亚局部受洪水攻击。如今,人们仍在遭受洪水影响。,3.the+名词+of+关系代词,该结构表示所相关系,口语中惯用“whose+名词”代替,非正式文体中能够用“of which the+名词”。如:,The man pulled out a gold watch,the hands of which were made of small diamonds.,那个人拿出一块金表,表指针是用小钻石做成。,The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months,of which the sailing time was 226 days.,这位老水手这次环球旅行历时9个月,其中有226天是航行时间。,9/26,4.表示整体或部分词语+of+关系代词,表示整体或部分词语常见有:不定代词all,both,none,neither,either,some,any;数词(含基数词、序数词、分数和百分数);数词+名词;the+最高级/比较级,以及表示数目或数量词语many,most,few,several,enough,half,a quarter等,The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors,most of which are beyond our control.,一个植物生长速度受很多原因影响,其中大多数原因是我们控制不了。,Last week,only two people came to look at the house,neither of whom wanted to buy it.,上周,只有两个人看房子,而且他俩都不想买。,10/26,考点五关系副词when,where,why引导定语从句,1.关系副词when引导定语从句,先行词是表示时间名词,从句中不缺乏主语、宾语或表语,引导词惯用关系副词when,when在从句中充当初间状语,也可用“介词+which”结构代替。,I still remember the day when I first came to this school.,我还记得我第一次来这所学校那天。,The book was written in 1946,since when the education system has witnessed great changes.这本书写于1946年。自那时以来,教育制度已经历了巨大改变。,Jane is back in May,by when the new house should be finished.简五月回来,到那时,新房子应该完工了。,11/26,2.关系副词where引导定语从句,(1)先行词是表示地点名词时,从句中不缺乏主语、宾语或表语,引导,词惯用关系副词where,where在从句中充当地点状语。,Jane paused in front of a counter where some attractive,ties were on display.简停留在一个柜台前,一些吸引人领带摆,在那儿。,(2)有时先行词是表示抽象意义地点名词,像activity,business,career,case,job,point,position,race,stage,situation等,当从,句中缺乏状语时,用关系副词where。,They have reached the point where they have to separate,with each other.,他们已经到了必须分手地步。,Its helpful to put children in a situation where they,can see themselves differently.,把孩子放在一个能使他们从不一样角度认识自己处境中对他们是有,帮助。,12/26,3.关系副词why引导定语从句,关系副词why引导定语从句时,修饰表示原因名词。只能在定语从句中作原因状语,可用for which代替,有时也能够省略。如:,The reason why he didnt pass the driving test was that he lacked practice.,因为缺乏实践,他没有经过驾驶考试。,13/26,尤其提醒,定语从句中注意事项,定语从句中谓语动词单复数形式应与先行词保持一致。如:,I,who am your teacher,will try my best to help you.,我是你老师,我将尽力帮助你。,The Forbidden City is one of the world-famous buildings,that draw a lot of visitors.,故宫是世界著名吸引大批游客建筑之一。,He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of,scholarships for three years.,他是唯一一位三年取得奖学金学生。,关系代词that/which/whom在从句中作宾语时,可省略。如:,There is no one else she can turn to,is there?,她没有能够寻求帮助人,对吧?,14/26,真题链接,1.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV,show in the mid-1980s,I was the first Western TV,reporter,.(全国),2.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.,influenced the development,of chopsticks,.(全国),答案及剖析:,1.when考查定语从句。先行词是the mid-1980s,且从句不缺主语和表,语,缺乏时间状语,故应用when 引导定语从句。,2.who考查定语从句。句意:一些人认为生活在大约公元前551年到479,年之间中国伟大学者孔子影响了筷子发展进程。所填词引导非,限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语,指人,所以填who。,15/26,3.I live next door to a couple,children often make a,lot of noise,.(北京,单项填空),4.We will put off the picnic in the park until next week,.,the weather may be better,.(天津,单项填空),答案及剖析:,3.whose考查定语从句。句意:我住在一对夫妻隔壁,他们孩子总,是很喧华。分析句子结构可知,空处于此引导定语从句修饰a couple,且关系词在从句中作定语,故用关系代词whose。,4.when考查定语从句。句意:我们将把去公园野餐推迟到下周,那时,天气可能会更加好。先行词为next week,将先行词代入定语从句后为:,The weather may be better next week.由此可见,先行词在定语从,句中作时间状语,故答案为when。,16/26,5.Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings,cry tears,none of,has been proved.,(浙江,单项填空),答案及剖析:,5.which考查定语从句。句意:就人类为何能哭出眼泪科学家们提出,了许多理论,但没有一个得到证实。先行词为many theories,关系词,指物,且在定语从句中作介词of 宾语,且介词of 已被提前,故答案,为which。,17/26,跟踪训练,.单句语法填空,1.There,lying in the muddy river bed was a little dog about two,months old,front legs were tightly tied with ropes.,(江西红色七校联考),2.Sierra Leone is a country,basic health facilities are,lacking and many people are struggling with poverty.,(广东汕头模拟考试),答案及剖析:,1.whose考查定语从句。先行词为a little dog,且引导词在从句中作,定语,故用whose 引导。,2.where考查定语从句。句意:塞拉利昂是一个基础医疗设备短缺、很,多人都在与贫困进行斗争国家。先行词为a country,表示地点,且,从句中不缺乏主语和表语,故用where引导从句,在从句中作地点状语。,18/26,3.We live in an age,more information is available,with greater ease than ever before.,4.A friend of mine works at the corporate headquarters of,“Pepsi”,is a major sponsor of the movie.,答案及剖析:,3.when考查定语从句。先行词为an age,关系词在定语从句中作时间,状语,故用when。,4.which考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句,说明名词,“Pepsi”情况,在从句中作主语,故用which。,19/26,5.The heart-warming story began in September last year,a woman asked the primary school in her neighborhood to accept,her six-year-old son.,6.,we all know,baked or fried foods may be tasty,but eating too much of them will probably result in some,illnesses.,答案及剖析:,5.when考查定语从句。句意:那个温馨故事发生在去年九月,当初,一位女士请求她所在小区小学接收她6岁儿子。先行词为last year,表示时间,且从句中不缺乏主语和宾语,故用when 引导从句,在从句中,作时间状语。,6.As考查非限制性定语从句。空处指代主句内容,在从句中作宾语,意,为“正如”,故填as。,20/26,7.Some of the teachers at the college asked Dr.Naismith to,invent a game,can be played indoors.,8.Get yourself familiar with local laws and customs of the,countries to,you are travelling.,答案及剖析:,7.that/which考查定语从句。句意:那所大学一些教师请奈史密斯,博士创造一个能够在室内玩游戏。先行词为a game,引导词在限制,性定语从句中作主语,且指物,故用that 或which 引导。,8.which考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句,且在从句中作介词to宾,语,先行词为countries,故用which。,21/26,9.Im buying some Christmas gifts for those,work with,me,but its really a headache.,10.If the earth is poisoned,the water,the food and the animals,will be poisoned,means that we who poison the earth,will be poisoned too,.(安徽皖北协作区联考),答案及剖析:,9.who考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句,且在从句中作主语,先行词,为指人those,故用who。,10.which考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导是非限制性,定语从句,且引导词在从句中作主语,故填which。,22/26,.单句语法改错,(含非本专题及一句二错试题),1.Last night we went to Anns party,that we enjoyed very much.,2.The man you just talked to him was a friend of mine.,3.Then a man came in with his son,whom wanted to buy an ice,cream,too,.(江西八所重点中学盟校联考),答案及剖析:,1.thatwhichthat 不能引导非限制性定语从句,which 能够引导非,限制性定语从句,且在从句中作宾语。,2.去掉him本句中定语从句you just talked to 前面省略了关系代词,that/whom,所以后面him 是多出,应该去掉。,3.whomwho“whom wanted to buy an ice cream,too”为非限制性,定语从句,先行词在定语从句中作主语,故用who 而非whom引导。,23/26,4.Last Friday,our school organized us to a fire station,what we,had expected for several days,.(全国名校联盟百校大联考),5.What time flies!We will have to say goodbye in a week,but I,will never forget the beautiful days when we spent together.,6.I have an American friend,Marianne,she lives alone but has a,pet dog,Sparky.,答案及剖析:,4.whatwhich引导词在定语从句中作宾语,且此处为非限制性定语,从句,故将what改为which。,5.WhatHow感叹句对flies感叹,须用副词how,How time flies,“时光如梭”。,whenthat 或which 或去掉when先行词为the beautiful days,定语从句中缺乏spend 宾语,故when 错误,须用关系代词that/,which,也可省略。,6.shewho逗号不能连接两个句子,由此可见“she lives alone,but has a pet dog,Sparky”应为定语从句,先行词为Marianne,关系词在非限制性定语从句中作主语,且指人,故将she改为who。,24/26,7.The dishes what I cooked were Moms favorite.,8.What we all know,a good learning environment is of greatly,importance if we want to study English well.,答案及剖析:,7.whatthat/which或去掉what定语从句缺乏cooked宾语,而先行词,为dishes,故关系词应用that,which 或省略关系代词。,8.WhatAs此处表示“众所周知”,因而应使用as 引导非限制性定语从,句,what 不能引导非限制性定语从句。,greatlygreat此处应使用形容词修饰其后名词importance。,25/26,9.And it is wise to have as many good friends that we can.,10.It turned out to be her own cup,that shed left on the shelf,by mistake.,答案及剖析:,9.thatas句意:尽可能多地交好朋友是很明智。本句是as.as,.引导定语从句,先行词是good friends,因为前面有as many 修,饰,所以关系代词使用as,指代先行词,并在句中作省略have 宾语。,10.thatwhich分析句子结构可知,此处为非限制性定语从句,故用,which 来引导,which 指代上文中her own cup。,26/26,
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