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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,第五部分书面表示,1/73,-,2,-,书面表示题是高考试题主要组成部分,要求依据所提供文字提要和图画图表等资料在详细时间内写出要求好书面材料(全国,、,、,要求词数为100词左右,北京卷不少于5060词,天津卷不少于100词,浙江卷80词左右,江苏卷150词左右),意在测试学生英语语言表示能力和利用所学英语知识和掌握写作技巧能力。依据英语新课标要求,高中阶段对学生写作能力主要从内容关键点、语言使用效果、结构和连贯性、格式和语域以及与目标读者交流等几个方面进行评价。,书面表示大致能够分为应用文和实用文:,2/73,-,3,-,考点一,考点二,应用文,1,.,书信,书信是人们在日常生活和工作中进行交际工具,普通分为商业信函(business letters)和私人书信(personal letters)两种。,【设题角度】,高中书面表示普通都是要求写私人书信,包含五部分:信头、称呼、正文、结束语和署名。书信考查考生语言交际能力,含有申请、咨询、邀请、感激、道歉等功效,其句式、模板和语言格调等都会有所不一样。因为民族语言和习惯上差异,英语书信在书写格式及表示方式上与汉语不大一样,有些地方迥然不一样。,3/73,-,4,-,考点一,考点二,【题目特征】,(1),信头:寄信人地址和写信日期,写在信右上角(信头近年高考试卷中通常省略)。,(2),称呼:自成一行,顶格写,惯用:Dear+对方称呼,后要用逗号(称呼语近年高考试卷中给出)。,(3),正文:信件主体部分即为信正文,写在称呼语下一行,分为:开头、主体和结尾。正文开头语(首句)通常给出,引出话题:Thank you for your last letter asking about./I,m glad to.,等;主体部分按照信息关键点进行全方面表述,可适当增加细节,正确使用衔接语;结尾语是正文一部分,经常另起一行,且通常给出。惯用结尾语有:I,m looking forward to your reply!/All the best wishes!/Wish you a pleasant journey!,等。,4/73,-,5,-,考点一,考点二,(4),结束语:结束语与正文结尾语不一样,它要写在结尾语下一行,位于书信右下角。惯用结束语有:Yours sincerely/faithfully/truly;Sincerely/Truly yours;Yours等,注意后面也使用逗号。,(5),署名:署名(写信人名字)写在结束语下一行,与结束语对齐(结束语和署名近年高考试卷中通常给出)。,5/73,-,6,-,考点一,考点二,【典例示范】,(,全国,),假定你是李华,暑假想去一家外贸企业兼职,已写好申请书和个人简历(resume)。给外教Ms.Jenkins写信,请她帮你修改所附材料文字和格式(format)。,注意:,1.,词数100左右;,2.,能够适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。,6/73,-,7,-,考点一,考点二,参考范文,Dear Ms Jenkins,(,称呼),I am Li Hua.I am writing to tell you something about my plan for the coming summer vacation and I also want you to do me a favor.(,开头:点明写信目标),In order to get some practical experience,I am planning to take a part-time job in a foreign capital company.I have already finished my job application and personal resume.But this is the first time that I have written an application and the personal resume,so I don,t even know if there is something to pay attention to.So,I,m writing you the letter,hoping you can give me some help.I will be very grateful if you can help me.(,主体:交代求援详细内容和原因,表示感激),7/73,-,8,-,考点一,考点二,Looking forward to your reply.And I,d be really thankful.(,结尾语:期待,再次感激),Yours,(,结束语),Li Hua(,署名),8/73,-,9,-,考点一,考点二,9/73,-,10,-,考点一,考点二,2,.,电子邮件,电子邮件是一个利用电子伎俩提供信息交换通信方式,是互联网应用最广泛服务。电子邮件能够是文字、图像、声音等各种形式。,【设题角度】,电子邮件结构和书信类似,分为开头、称呼、正文、结束语和署名。高考考查同书信一样话题,表示邀请、提议、感激、申请、道歉、投诉、推荐、抚慰、介绍、求援、回复等。,【题目特征】,(1),开头:包含收件人、发件人、抄送(密送)、主题及附件等,通常位于邮件左上角(电子邮件开头近年高考试卷中通常省略)。,(2),称呼:同书信称呼语。,10/73,-,11,-,考点一,考点二,(3),正文:电子邮件正文开头同书信一样通常以问候语开头:Long time no see.How have you been?/I hope you are doing well recently!/I hope things are going well with you!/How was your trip/vacation to Beijing?/First let me start wishing you and your family a happy new year!等,接下来进入正题,表明写邮件意图。假如电子邮件要发送附件,会有以下表示:Please see/find the attached./Attached is(are)./I,ve attached.,等。结尾句和书信一样,通常还有以下几个表示方式:If you have any.,please feel free to/don,t hesitate to do./Please let me know if I can./Please contact/call/email me.,等。当然,为了表示诚意,还能够在结束语前面加上礼貌语,如:Thank you for your patience./Thank you for your consideration/concern.等。,(4),结束语和署名:同书信一样。,11/73,-,12,-,考点一,考点二,【典例示范】,(,全国,),假定你是李华,正在教你英国朋友Leslie学习汉语。请你写封邮件通知下次上课计划。内容包含:,1.,时间和地点;,2.,内容:学习唐诗;,3.,课前准备:简明了解唐朝历史。,注意:,1.,词数100左右;,2.,能够适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。,12/73,-,13,-,考点一,考点二,参考范文,Dear Leslie,(,称呼),How time flies!(,问候语)Next week,we are going to enjoy our next Chinese class.Are you ready?Now,I am writing to tell you some relevant details about it.(开头:点明写邮件目标),To begin with,we can have the class on Monday evening in the school library,when there will be less people.Besides,we are going to learn some basic rules about Tang poetry,which will be not only meaningful but also interesting.What,s more,you,d better learn some history about the Tang dynasty,which can cultivate your interests and broaden your horizons.(,主体:交代课程计划及好处),13/73,-,14,-,考点一,考点二,I have the confidence that we will have a great time.Looking forward to meeting you again.(,结尾语:期待),Yours,(,结束语),Li Hua(,署名),14/73,-,15,-,考点一,考点二,15/73,-,16,-,考点一,考点二,16/73,-,17,-,考点一,考点二,3,.,通知,【设题角度】,通知能够分为书面通知和口头通知两种。,【题目特征】,(1),标志:书面通知是书面正式公告或布告,多用notice作为标志。为了醒目,能够写成NOTICE或Notice,位于正文上方正中位置。口头通知用Announcement作为标志,但通常省略。,(2),正文:写明事情详细时间、地点、概括性内容、出席对象及相关事宜。要求措辞严谨、语言简明扼要,准确清楚,条理分明。书面通知句子结构相对口头通知会更复杂,尤其会使用一些非谓语动词短语(用不定式表目标等)和从句(if从句、when从句、so that从句等),比如:Be present on time.(口头通知)/Everyone is required to attend it on time.(书面通知)。时态用未来时。,17/73,-,18,-,考点一,考点二,(3),通知对象:被通知单位或个人普通用第三人称;但假如带有称呼语,则用第二人称表示被通知对象,口头通知就惯用第二人称表示被通知对象。,(4),用语:书面通知用词贴切,语句简练,比较书面化;口头通知用词重视口语化,开头往往有称呼语(被通知对象):Boys and girls,/Ladies and gentlemen,等,或用提醒听众注意语句:Attention,please!/Your attention,please!/May I have your attention,please?等。最终通常会有结束语:That,s all.Thank you(for listening).,以示礼貌,书面通知中也会用到。,(5),发通知单位和时间:单位普通写在标志上方或正文后面右下角;发通知时间要写在正文左下角,也能够按照书信格式写在正文右上角,不过这两项有时省略。口头通知没有这两项。,18/73,-,19,-,考点一,考点二,【典例示范】,(,全国,),你受学生会委托为校宣传栏“英语天地”写一则通知,请大家观看一部英文短片,Growing,Together,内容包含:,1.,短片内容:学校发展;,2.,放映时间、地点;,3.,欢迎对短片提出意见。,注意:,1.,词数100左右;,2.,能够适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。,19/73,-,20,-,考点一,考点二,参考范文,Notice(,标志),Attention,please!An English short film named,Growing,Toghter,which introduces the development of our school,will be showed in the school hall on the second floor of the Science Building at 2:00 this Friday afternoon.(,地点、时间)Welcome to watch it on time.After watching it,hopefully,you can give your advice or come up with your opinions on the content of the film.(事件),20/73,-,21,-,考点一,考点二,We will improve the short film according to your advice or opinions to have a better introduction to our school.(,目标)You can send your advice or opinions to us by the school QQ or WeChat.You can also call us diretly at 98757677.(联络方式)We,re looking forward to your replies.(,结尾语:期待),Student Union(,公布单位),21/73,-,22,-,考点一,考点二,22/73,-,23,-,考点一,考点二,4,.,日志,【设题角度】,日志是用来记述自己一天生活中所发生有意义事情或抒发自己对当日一些事情感受以及自己未来打算等,能够分为记事、议论、描写、抒情等。,23/73,-,24,-,考点一,考点二,【题目特征】,(1),格式:日期(年、月、日、星期)位于正文左上角,天气则位于正文右上角。如强调发生地点,可将地点写在日期后面。,(2),标题:命题日志将日志标题写在第二行正中。,(3),正文:第三行开始正文,直接进入正题。人称多用第一人称I或we,时态则用普通过去时、现在完成时或普通现在时。语言表示要清楚、准确和连贯,能够口语化,因为日志是写给自己看,其内容多是记述自己亲身经历和亲眼看到事或抒发自己感情等,所以文体无须过分考究,只需把改写东西写清楚即可。,24/73,-,25,-,考点一,考点二,5,.,便条,【设题角度】,便条又称留言条,它是一个简单形式书信,包含日期、称呼、正文和署名。按照用途能够分成祝贺便条、慰问便条、致谢便条、道歉便条、邀请便条、约会便条、请求便条等。便条不需要邮寄,不用信封,通常请人代为转交,有时也可写在留言板上。,25/73,-,26,-,考点一,考点二,【题目特征】,(1),日期:普通写在右上角,能够写上年、月、日,也能够写上星期几或几日、几点钟。,(2),称呼:称呼(被通知对象)写在第二行,要左起顶格写,后面用逗号。,(3),正文:便条上普通只需要一两句话,所以便条要求做到格式简单,内容简短。英语便条普通都有本身一些语言特征,整体来说都是比较随意,无须太严厉和拘谨。,(4),署名:写在正文右下角,通常写上名字即可,这一点与写信、写假条以及借条不一样,这些文体往往在名字前面写:Yours,Your friend等表示客气和恭维。便条多用于熟人之间,所以便条上写条人地址、结束语等都能够省略。,26/73,-,27,-,考点一,考点二,实用文,1,.,提要类写作,【设题角度】,提要类写作是经过文字提醒或描述形式把材料分割成信息块,列成独立文字信息,实际上限制了考生表述思绪和写作范围,要求关键点一个也不能回避或遗漏。试题普通会提供标题、提要、起始句。标题限定短文基本发展方向,提要要求短文基本框架,起始句则提供短文开头和结尾。考生要紧紧围绕题目主题,并依据提要提醒思绪和关键点展开段落。近年来高考书面表示中提要类写作一直占据着主要地位,其主要特点是:关键点明确,范围详细,贴近生活,易于动笔。另外,命题人通常会把提要类作文与其它惯用文体形式(如书信、报道、通知、日志等)有机结合在一起进行考查,使该类书面表示综合性越来越强。,27/73,-,28,-,考点一,考点二,需要注意是,因为这类写作试题包含较多文字说明,轻易改变书面表示性质,使写作变成了翻译,造成了语法结构和词汇上单调,所以试题中往往会有一句提醒:不要逐条翻译。这类试题主要考查考生实际语言组织能力,所以应该灵活利用英语知识,采取不一样表示方式,力争准确、简练、连贯、规范。,28/73,-,29,-,考点一,考点二,【题目特征】,要写好提要类书面表示,应做好以下几个方面:,(1),仔细审题,确定体裁。认真研读文字提醒部分,确定写作体裁。记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等都是高考常考书面表示体裁,尤其是要注意应用文如书信、日志、通知、演讲稿、E-mail等写作格式和要求。另外,还要确定要使用人称和时态等。,(2),围绕主题,整合材料。提要类写作给出关键点较多,动笔写作前应将这些关键点加以整合,即将各个关键点加以归类,分配到不一样写作部分,作为不一样写作段落层次。段落展开应该围绕提要中心内容,不能偏离,也不能任意增减。,29/73,-,30,-,考点一,考点二,首先,用英语翻译出关键点词汇。,然后,扩词成句。词语搭配、习惯使用方法要准确,使用最熟悉、最有把握词组和短语,语法结构要正确,灵活利用五种基本句型(主语+谓语;主语+系动词+表语;主语+谓语+宾语;主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语;主语+谓语+复合宾语),表示符合英语习惯,切忌汉式英语,防止屡次重复使用同一人称或词汇(使用同义词和反义词),选取各种表示形式和变换句型结构(如长短句结合,主被动结合等)及一些特殊结构以增加文章“亮点”。,词汇升级:,aboutconcerning/related to,besideswhat,s more/furthermore/in addition/additionally,be+,adj,.=be+of+,n,.be useful=be of great use/be valuable=be of value,30/73,-,31,-,考点一,考点二,be busy withbe absorbed in/be occupied in/be engaged in,be fit forbe qualified for,be popularbe well received,causelead to/contribute to/result in,do one,s bestspare no effort,explainaccount for,make use oftake advantage of,masterhave a good command/knowledge of,rememberkeep/bear.in mind,stay withaccompany/keep pany,representbe behalf of,take every chanceseize every opportunity,understandhave a better understanding of,31/73,-,32,-,考点一,考点二,句子升级:,He hoped to win the prize.He had the hope that he could win the prize./His hope was that he could win the prize.,It,s necessary for people to have a rest and enjoy themselves.People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves.,Although he is a child,he has to practise playing piano from morning till night.Child as/though he is,he has to practise playing piano from morning till night.,I didn,t realize my mistake until you pointed out.Not until you pointed it out did I realize my mistakes.,We are glad to see such great changes in our school life.How glad we are to see such great changes in our school life!,32/73,-,33,-,考点一,考点二,合并句子:,Playing football makes us grow up tall and strong.Playing football gives us a sense of fair play and team spirit.Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also gives us a sense of fair play and team spirit.,The young man is our English teacher.He is called Mr.Zhu.Mr.Zhu has taught English for 10 years.The young man is Mr.Zhu,our English teacher,who has taught English for 10 years.,33/73,-,34,-,考点一,考点二,最终,连句成篇。使用过渡词确保行文连贯和结构严谨:,并列用语:as well as,not only.but(also).,including,对比用语:on the one hand.on the other hand,on the contrary to,though,for one thing.for another.,nevertheless,递进用语:even,besides,what,s more,as for,so.that.,worse still,moreover,further,but for,in addition,to make matter worse,例证用语:that is to say,for example,for instance,as a matter of fact,in fact,namely,时序用语:first/firstly,meanwhile,before long,ever since,while,at the same time,in the meantime,shortly after,nowadays,强调用语:especially,indeed,at least,at the most,on earth,not at all,因果用语:thanks to,because,as a result,because of/as a result of,without,with the help of,owe.to.,therefore,34/73,-,35,-,考点一,考点二,表示自己观点:in my opinion,personally,as far as I know,I believe,I think,as you know/as is known to all/It is known to us all that.,总结用语:in short,briefly/in brief,generally speaking,in a word,last but not least,(3),润色发挥,丰富语言。既要处理好提要所给各个关键点,又可适当增加细节,不能只是简单地翻译所给信息。适当发挥时应注意为主题服务,不可离题万里。,(4),查漏补缺,修正错误。短文写完后要查漏补缺,检验关键点是否齐全,从宏观上以他人眼光来审阅自己文章,看看表示内容是否清楚,用词是否妥当,找犯错误进行修正。,(5),及时誊写,美化卷面。最终要誊写清楚,以确保卷面整齐美观,从而吸引阅卷教师眼球。,35/73,-,36,-,考点一,考点二,2,.,图画图表类写作,(1),图画类写作,【设题角度】,图画写作能够分为图片、漫画与照片等各种形式,有一幅或一组画面,同时给出少许文字说明。所给题材主要包括考生日常学习和生活,不但熟悉,而且大多数都是亲身经历过。体裁以记叙文和夹叙夹议文为主。这类图画写作目标是考查考生依据对图画内容细心观察,充分发挥自己想象力和了解力,能够是观察到内容,也能够依据合理想象适当进行发挥来补充一些内容,做到有条理、有重点、生动准确地把图画内容加工成书面语言。尽管高考这种命题形式较以往热度已经大大降低,不过这种形式毕竟与开放式写作亲密相关,应该是高考改革发展大趋势。,36/73,-,37,-,考点一,考点二,【题目特征】,图画类写作基本写作思绪为:,描述图片。短文首句即开始描述图片内容。假如出现两幅图则可能是凸显对比情况。图画中假如出现文字是非常主要提醒,要翻译出来。同时,一定要依据自己掌握词汇与熟悉句型结构来构思短文内容,直接用英语表示,防止想好一句汉语,然后逐词译成英文,因为那样往往会造成超出自己英语水平,作文中就会出现“生造”英语句子,难免犯错。对于与图片无关内容要少写或不写,还要注意人称、时态呼应,整篇文章要通篇考虑。另外,对图画描写不宜过长过多,应以简练、准确为标准。,37/73,-,38,-,考点一,考点二,推导意图。由图画引出一个社会现象或社会问题,能够是好,也能够是不好。在推导意图时多是要展开此现象或问题表现,以证实其引人注目。还有一个可能性是说此现象或问题产生原因,这时能够把简单意图推导直接放到第一段描述图片之后,然后在第二段开始分析产生原因。,做出评论,发表感想或认识,升华主题内容。,图画类写作要求考生不但要含有一定观察分析能力,还要有较强语言表示能力、想象力和逻辑思维能力。不过考生在写图画类作文时有时却极难取得比较理想成绩,其原因主要有:,a.,观察图画不细致,不能准确地对图画内容加以分析概括。,b.,分不清内容主次,不能层次分明地表示作文主题思想。,c.,无法将图片所要表示意思恰到好处地用文字写出来。,38/73,-,39,-,考点一,考点二,【典例示范】,(,福建,),请阅读下面图画,按要求用英语写一篇词数为120左右短文。,内容要求:,1.,描述画面;,2.,概述其含义;,3.,谈谈个人感想。,注意:,1.,短文开头已给出,不计入总词数;,2.,可适当发挥,使文章内容充实、行文连贯;,3.,文中不能出现考生详细信息。,参考词汇:凿,钻:bore,39/73,-,40,-,考点一,考点二,参考范文,In the picture,we can see a boy in worn clothes,sitting at a shabby wooden table with a pile of books on it.A weak ray of light came in through a small hole in the wall and he was absorbed in his reading.(,描述图片),This is a well-known story from ancient Chinese idiom.The boy,being poor,couldn,t afford even a candle,so he bored a hole in the wall to“steal”light from his neighbor,s house to read at night.(,引出图片故事)The moral of the story is to spare no effort to acquire knowledge and never get discouraged easily no matter how difficult the situation may be.(故事意义),40/73,-,41,-,考点一,考点二,Of course,things are totally different today.It is not the story itself but what is reflected in the story that counts.Hard work pays off.We should take pains to improve ourselves through learning and get prepared for the future.(,评论,现实意义),41/73,-,42,-,考点一,考点二,42/73,-,43,-,考点一,考点二,43/73,-,44,-,考点一,考点二,(2),图表类写作,【设题角度】,图表类写作是将统计数据或被说明内容直接用图形表示出来,要求考生对数据、文字内容进行分析,系统准确地表示其要表示意思,并得出令人信服结论。图表类写作除了以表格形式出现外,还常以曲线图形式、流程图形式、柱形图形式、数据表格形式以及平面图解形式出现。这类写作形式需要考生经过观察和分析图表提炼关键点,然后围绕图表所要求阐述中心话题组织语言。,44/73,-,45,-,考点一,考点二,【题目特征】,同图画类写作一样,图表类写作所包括题材通常是与考生、家庭及社会等相关热点话题。体裁则以说明文和议论文为主。考生需要看懂图表,并将图表信息转换为文字,要求考生具备一定数据分析和材料归纳能力。基本写作思绪为:,审读图表。开始写之前,对于表格类写作,考生能读懂表格,明确关键点和其包含细节;对于图表而言则应分析其所提供数据和其汉字字内容,搞清各个数据之间关系,明确写作中心和主题。,45/73,-,46,-,考点一,考点二,谋篇布局。图表类写作常能够使用三段式写作模式。,第一段:叙述所给图表详细内容;,第二段:分析图表内容产生原因;,第三段:得出结论,给出处理方法或说明存在问题,也能够写未来发展方向。,46/73,-,47,-,考点一,考点二,【典例示范】,(,江苏兴化模拟,),请认真阅读下面相关快递外卖相关柱状图及文字,并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右文章。,47/73,-,48,-,考点一,考点二,Customer,:Hello,where are you?You are late again.We,re starving!,Deliveryman,:Sorry.Caught in a traffic jam,I can,t move on.I am hurrying to your office.,Customer-service,manager,:You are fined 200 yuan for 5 complaints from customers.,Deliveryman,:Sorry,I.,48/73,-,49,-,考点一,考点二,写作内容:,1.,用约30个单词概述柱状图信息主要内容;,2.,用约120个单词对文中所述话题进行讨论,内容包含:,(1),外卖快递人员造成交通事故原因;,(2),对处理这一问题你有什么看法。,写作要求:,1.,作文中能够利用了解到经历,也能够参考阅读材料内容,但不得直接引用原文中句子;,2.,文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称;,3.,无须写标题。,评分标准:内容完整,语言规范,语篇连贯,词数适当。,49/73,-,50,-,考点一,考点二,参考范文,As we can see from the materials,China,s food-delivery business is booming,with the value of meals rising sharply.However,traffic accidents also arise,threatening the safety of road users including deliverymen themselves.(,柱状图信息),What makes deliverymen take risks?(,提出问题)Several reasons account for the phenomenon.For one thing,fearing being fined for being late or getting bad reviews,deliverymen choose to jump traffic lights instead of obeying traffic rules.For another,with great pressure of raising their family,deliverymen have to work themselves to the bone for more money,even when exhausted,putting their lives at risk.(分析问题,找出原因),50/73,-,51,-,考点一,考点二,To solve the problems,I firmly believe that proper measures should be taken.On the one hand,the government should make regulations to prevent them from violating traffic rules.On the other hand,food delivery service companies should educate them and make sure their workers are not overloaded.If so,all can enjoy the benefits of food delivery services.(,提出观点,处理问题),51/73,-,52,-,考点一,考点二,52/73,-,53,-,考点一,考点二,53/73,-,54,-,考点一,考点二,图画图表类写作惯用句式和结构:,描述图片、表格、图形,The picture/drawing/graph/chart/table shows.,From the picture/graph/chart/table above,it can be seen that.,As is shown in the picture/graph/chart/table.,As can be seen from the picture/graph/chart/table.,The graph/chart/table above shows the differences between.and.,54/73,-,55,-,考点一,考点二,解释、说明、分析图片,In my mind,the reason why.are as follows.,One may think of the change as a result of.,We believe that three reasons can account for this phenomenon.,This brings out the important fact that.,There has been a sudden/slow/rapid/fall/drop in.,What,s worse,about 70%of them want to.,The implied meaning of the picture/graph/chart/table should be taken
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