America jazz.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,The America jazz,Definition,Etymology of jazz,Origins,Classification of jazz,Definition,Because it spans music from,Ragtime,to the present day over 100 years now jazz can be very difficult to define.,Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions using the point of view of European music history or African music for example but jazz critic,Joachim,Berendt,argues that all such attempts are unsatisfactory.One way to get around the definitional problems is to define the term“jazz”more broadly.,Berendt,defines jazz as a“form of art music which originated in the United States through the confrontation,（对抗 冲击）,of blacks with European music”;he argues that jazz differs from European music in that jazz has a“special relationship to time,defined as,swing,(,秋千 摇摆）,”,“a spontaneity and vitality of musical production in which improvisation plays a role(,自发性和活力音乐制作中的即兴发挥了作用,)”;and“sonority and manner of phrasing which mirror the individuality of the performing jazz musician,（响亮的措辞方式反映了表演的爵士乐音乐家的个性）,.,The performance form of jazz,The jazz soloist is often supported by a,rhythm section,who“comp”(ac,comp,any the soloist),by playing chords and rhythms that outline the song structure and complement the soloist.In New Orleans and,Dixieland,jazz,performers took turns playing the melody,while others improvised countermelodies.By the,swing,era,big bands,were coming to rely more on arranged music:,arrangements,were either,written,or learned by ear and memorizedmany early jazz performers could not read music.Individual soloists would improvise within these arrangements.Later,in,bebop,（,比博普爵士乐）,the focus shifted back towards small groups and minimal arrangements;the melody(known as the head)would be stated briefly at the start and end of a piece but the core of the performance would be the series of improvisations.,Later styles of jazz such as,modal jazz,abandoned the strict notion of a,chord progression,allowing the individual musicians to improvise even more freely within the context of a given scale or,mode.The,avant-garde,and,free jazz,idioms permit,even call for,abandoning chords,scales,and rhythmic meters.,Etymology of jazz,The origin of the word,jazz,has had wide spread interest the,American Dialect Society,named it the,Word of the Twentieth Century,which has resulted in considerable research,and its history is well documented.The word began under various spellings as West Coast,slang,around 1912,the meaning of which varied but did not refer to music.The use of the word in a musical context was documented as early as 1915 in the,Chicago Daily Tribune,.,Its first documented use in a musical context in New Orleans appears in a November 14,1916,Times-Picayune,article about,jas,bands.,Origins,By 1808 the,Atlantic slave trade,had brought almost half a million,Sub-Saharan Africans,to the United States.The slaves largely came from,West Africa,and the great,Congo River,basin.They brought strong musical traditions with them.Lavish festivals featuring African-based dances(likely,Afro-Caribbean,)to drums were organized on Sundays at,Place Congo,or,Congo Square,in,New Orleans,until 1843;there were similar gatherings in,New England,and,New York,.African music was largely functional,for work or ritual,and included,work songs,and,field hollers,.The African tradition made use of a single-line melody and,call-and-response,pattern,but without the European concept of harmony.Rhythms reflected African speech patterns,and the African use of pentatonic scales contributed to the development of,blue notes,in blues and jazz,In the early 19th century an increasing number of black musicians learned to play European instruments,particularly the,violin,which they used to parody European dance music in their own,cakewalk,dances.In turn,European-American,minstrel show,performers in,blackface,popularized such music internationally,combining,syncopation,with European harmonic accompaniment.New Orleans musician,Louis Moreau Gottschalk,adapted Cuban and other Caribbean slave rhythms and melodies as piano salon music.Another influence came from black slaves who had learned the harmonic style of,hymns,and incorporated it into their own music as,spirituals,.The,origins of the blues,are undocumented,though they can be seen as the secular counterpart of the spirituals.,Paul Oliver,has drawn attention to similarities in instruments,music and social function to the,griots,of Africas western,Sudanic,belt.,Classification,There are so many classifications of it that we just take some instances,Ragtime,Scott Joplin,in 1907,Ragtime appeared as sheet music,popularized by African American musicians such as the entertainer,Ernest Hogan,whose hit songs appeared in 1895;two years later,Vess,Ossman,recorded a medley of these songs as a,banjo,solo Rag Time Medley.,Also in 1897,the white composer,William H.,Krell,published his Mississippi Rag as the first written piano instrumental ragtime piece,and,Tom Turpin,published his Harlem Rag,that was the first rag published by an African-American.The classically trained pianist,Scott Joplin,and the acknowledged king of ragtime produced his Original Rags in the following year,then in 1899 had an international hit with,Maple Leaf Rag,.He wrote numerous popular rags,including,The Entertainer,combining syncopation,banjo figurations and sometimes call-and-response,which led to the ragtime idiom being taken up by classical composers including,Claude Debussy,and,Igor Stravinsky,.,Blues,music was published and popularized by,W.C.Handy,whose,Memphis Blues,of 1912 and,St.Louis Blues,of 1914 both became,jazz standards,.,Swing,Benny Goodman(1943).,The 1930s belonged to popular,swing,big bands,in which some virtuoso soloists became as famous as the band leaders.Key figures in developing the big jazz band included bandleaders and arrangers,Count Basie,Cab Calloway,Jimmy,and,Tommy Dorsey,Duke Ellington,Benny Goodman,Fletcher Henderson,Earl Hines,Glenn Miller,and,Artie Shaw,.,Swing was also dance music.It was broadcast on the radio live nightly across America for many years especially by Hines and his,Grand Terrace Cafe,Orchestra broadcasting coast-to-coast from Chicago,well placed for live time-zones.Although it was a collective sound,swing also offered individual musicians a chance to solo and improvise melodic,thematic solos which could at times be very complex and important music.,