弗洛伊德presentation.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,西格蒙德佛洛伊德（,Sigmund Freud，,1856年,5月6日,1939年,9月23日,），原名Sigismund Schlomo Freud，,奥地利,精神分析学家，,犹太人,。,精神分析学,的创始人,称为“维也纳第一精神分析学派”以别于后来由此演变出的第二及第三学派。著作,梦的解析,、,精神分析引论,等。提出“,潜意识,”、“自我”、“本我”、“超我”、“,俄狄浦斯情结,”、“,性冲动,”（Libido）等概念，认为人类男性天生具有弑父娶母的欲望和,恋母情结,（即,俄狄浦斯情结,，参见：,俄狄浦斯,），女性天生具有弑母嫁父的欲望和,恋父情结,（又叫,厄勒克特拉情结,，参见：,厄勒克特拉,），以及儿童性行为等理论。其成就对,哲学,、,心理学,、,美学,甚至,社会学,、,文学,等都有深刻的影响，被世人誉为“精神分析之父”。但他的理论自诞生到如今，却一直饱受争议。,Sigmund Freud(German pronunciation:,zimnt ft,),born Sigismund Schlomo Freud(6 May 1856 23 September 1939),was an,Austrian,neurologist,who founded,the,psychoanalytic,school of,psychiatry,.Freud is best known for his theories of the,unconscious mind,and the,defense mechanism,of,repression,and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for treating,psychopathology,through dialogue between a patient,technically referred to as an analysand,and a psychoanalyst,.Freud redefined sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life,developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of,free association,created the theory of,transference,in the therapeutic relationship,and interpreted,dreams,as sources of insight into unconscious desires.He was an early neurological researcher into,cerebral palsy,and a prolific essayist,drawing on psychoanalysis to contribute to the history,interpretation and critique of culture.,While many of Freuds ideas have fallen out of favor or been modified by other analysts,and modern advances in the field of psychology have shown flaws in some of his theories,his work remains influential in clinical approaches,and in the,humanities,and,social sciences,.He is considered one of the most prominent thinkers of the 20th century,in terms of originality and intellectual influence.,The important theory of Sigmund Freud,人格结构理论,精神层次理论,心理治疗法,人格发展理论,The,id,refers to the raw,unorganized,inherited part of the personality.,Its main goal is to reduce tension created by our primitive drives which are related to hunger,sex,aggression and irrational impulses.,The id operates according to the pleasure principle,in which its goal is immediate gratification and reduction of tension.,人格结构理论,（,id ego superego,）,人格结构的最基本的层次是,本我,，相当于他早期提出的潜意识。它处于心灵最底层，是一种与生俱来的动物性的本能冲动，特别是性冲动。它是混乱的、毫无理性的，只知按照快乐原则行事，盲目地追求满足。,The,ego,is the buffer between the id and the worlds realities.,The ego operates on the reality principle.In this principle,instinctual energy is restrained in order to maintain the safety of the individual and help integrate the person into society.,The ego is sometimes called“the executive”of an individuals personality.,The ego makes the decisions,controls actions and allows for a higher capability of problem solving.,人格结构理论,（,id ego superego,）,中间一层是,自我,它是从本我中分化出来是受现实陶冶而渐识时务的一部分。自我充当本我与外部世界的联络者与仲裁者，并且在超我的指导下监管本我的活动，它是一种能根据周围环境的实际条件来调节本我和超我的矛盾、决定自己行为方式的意识，代表的就是通常所说的理性或正确的判断。它按照“现实原则”行动，既要获得满足，又要避免痛苦。,The,superego,is the final element of Freuds model of personality.,The superego represents the rights and wrongs of the society as handed down to an individual over their lifetime.,The superego has two subparts:the conscience and the ego-ideal.The conscience prevents us from doing morally bad things.,The superego helps to control the ids impulses,making them less selfish and more morally correct.,人格结构理论,（,id ego superego,）,最上面一层是,超我,即能进行自我批判和道德控制的理想化了的自我，它是儿童在生长发育过程中社会尤其是父母给他的赏罚活动中形成的，换言之，是父母作为爱的角色和纪律的角色的赏罚权威的内化。它主要包括两个方面：一方面是平常人们所说的良心，代表着社会道德对个人的惩罚和规范作用，另一方面是理想自我，确定道德行为的标准。,超我的主要职责是指导自我以道德良心自居，去限制、压抑本我的本能冲动，而按至善原则活动。,性器期,：37 岁左右。此期儿童性生理的分化导致心理的分化，儿童表现出对生殖器的极大兴趣，性需求集中于性器官本身。,他们不仅通过玩弄性器官获得满足，而且通过想象获得满足。此期男孩会经历“恋母情节”（Oedipus complex，俄底普斯情节），对于女孩，则经历“恋父情节”（Electra complex，厄勒克特拉情节）。,The third stage is called the,phallic phase,because the genitals become the center of pleasure.,Freud saw this stage as being particularly important,because it is during this stage that the Oedipus complex is developed.,Freud saw the Oedipus complex being one of the most important events in defining character and personality,and saw its discovery as being one of mans greatest discoveries.,人格发展理论,（,oral stage、anal stage、phallic stage、latency stage、genital stage,）,潜伏期,（,latency stage,）：7 岁至青春期。在这一时期，儿童的兴趣转向外部世界，参加学校和团体的活动，与同伴娱乐、运动，发展同性的友谊，满足来自于外界、好奇心和知识满足，娱乐和运动等。,人格发展理论,（,oral stage、anal stage、phallic stage、latency stage、genital stage,）,生殖期,（,genital stage,）：青春期性器官成熟后即开始，性需求从两性关系中获得满足，有导向的选择配偶，成为较现实的和社会化的成人。,心理治疗法,（free association、dream interpretation、transference）,Freud used the method of,free association,to discover the underlying meaning behind the dream(latent content).,A patient would describe a dream as accurately as possible(manifest content).The patient would then be told to focus on a specific element of the dream and form as many associations as they could.Essentially,allowing the patient to let their mind wander.This would continue until all manifest content associations(which had previously been unknown to the interpreter)had been discovered.,This essentially means that the interpreter is moving in the opposite direction unraveling the dream work until the latent content is revealed.,自由联想,，弗洛伊德认为浮现在脑海中的任何东西都不是无缘无故的，都是具有一定因果关系的，借此可挖掘出潜意识中的症结。自由联想就是让病人自由诉说心中想到的任何东西，鼓励病人尽量回忆童年时期所遭受的精神创伤。,Freud believed the dream to be composed of two parts:the manifest content and the latent thought.The manifest content can be a person what they would consciously describe to someone else when recalling the dream.,Freud suggested that the manifest content possessed no meaning whatsoever because it was a disguised representation of the true thought underlying the dream.,On the other hand,the latent content holds the true meaning of the dream the forbidden thoughts and the unconscious desires.,心理治疗法,（free association、dream interpretation、transference）,释梦（dream interpretation）。弗洛伊德将梦境分为两层次：当事人所记忆者称为显性梦境（manifest dream-content），显性梦境并非梦的真正内容。另一为当事人所不能记忆者为隐性梦境（latent dream-thought），隐性梦境中隐含更重要的意义。心理治疗的目的，即在根据患者显性梦去解析其隐性梦的涵义，从而找出当事人潜意识中的问题。,心理治疗法,（free association、dream interpretation、transference）,移情（transference）。即患者对心理医生的情感反应。移情有正移情（Positive transference）和负移情（negative transference），正移情是患者将积极的情感转移到医生身上，负移情是患者将消极的情感转移到医生身上。借助移情，把病人早年形成的病理情结加以重现，重新经历往日的情感，进而帮助他解决这些心理冲突。,精神层次理论,（Conscious、Preconscious、Unconscious）,该理论是阐述人的精神活动，包括欲望、冲动、思维，幻想、判断、决定、情感等等、会在不同的意识层次里发生和进行。不同的意识层次包括,意识，前意识和潜意识,三个层次，好象深浅不同的地壳层次而存在，故称之为精神层次。,意识,即自觉，凡是自己能察觉的心理活动是意识，它属于人的心理结构的表层，它感知着外界现实环境和刺激，用语言来反映和概括事物的理性内容。,Conscious(small),:,this is the part of the mind that holds what you are aware of.You can verbalize about your conscious experience and you can think about it in a logical fashion.,精神层次理论,（Conscious、Preconscious、Unconscious）,前意识,又称下意识，是调节意识和无意识的中介机制。前意识是一种可以被回忆起来的、能被召唤到清醒意识中的潜意识，因此，它既联系着意识，又联系着潜意识，使潜意识向意识转化成为可能。但是，它的作用更体现在阻止潜意识进入意识，它起着“检查”作用，绝大部分充满本能冲动的潜意识被它控制，不可能变成前意识，更不可能进入意识。,Preconscious(small-medium):,this is ordinary memory.So although things stored here arent in the conscious,they can be readily brought into conscious.,潜意识,又称无意识，则是在意识和前意识之下受到压抑的没有被意识到的心理活动，代表着人类更深层、更隐秘、更原始、更根本的心理能量。“潜意识”是人类一切行为的内驱力，它包括人的原始冲动和各种本能（主要是性本能）以及同本能有关的各种欲望。,由于潜意识具有原始性、动物性和野蛮性，不见容于社会理性，所以被压抑在意识阈下，但并未被消灭。它无时不在暗中活动，要求直接或间接的满足。正是这些东西从深层支配着人的整个心理和行为，成为人的一切动机和意图的源泉。,Unconscious(enormous):,Freud felt that this part of the mind was not directly accessible to awareness.In part,he saw it as a dump box for urges,feelings and ideas that are tied to anxiety,conflict and pain.,These feelings and thoughts have not disappeared and according to Freud,they are there,exerting influence on our actions and our conscious awareness.,精神层次理论,（Conscious、Preconscious、Unconscious）,Passage,Analysis,Chapter One:Dream Theories and the Function of the Dream,Chapter one is about researches on dreams before 1900.,He thought those theories were incomplete.,Chapter One:Dream Theories and the Function of the Dream,A theory of the dream is a statement concerning the dream which tries to explain characteristics of the dream as well as defining the relation of the dream to a certain phenomenon.,Chapter One:Dream Theories and the Function of the Dream,Ancient people,believed that dreams were sent,by the gods in order to guide the actions of man.,Chapter One:Dream Theories and the Function of the Dream,A,.Theories like those of Delboeuf:,2.The function of psychic activity during the sleeping state differs from those of the waking state.,1.Allow the full psychic activity of the waking state to continue in our dreams.,Chapter One:Dream Theories and the Function of the Dream,Questions:,How did the authors derive the distinction between dreaming and waking thought?Could they be in a conditions of the sleeping state?,2.They lack one possible access to a function of dreams.,Chapter One:Dream Theories and the Function of the Dream,B,.Theories on the contrary:,1.Assume for the dream a diminution of the psychic activity,a loosening of connections and an impoverishment of the available material.,Sleep enters into the psyches mechanism and makes it unserviceable.,Chapter One:Dream Theories and the Function of the Dream,C,.Binzs theory:,Combine dream and physiology when explaining dream.,Dream is the result of a partial waking.,Chapter One:Dream Theories and the Function of the Dream,If we say that the dreaming is a partial waking,then,neither the waking nor the sleeping state is explained thereby.,Questions:,2.This amounts only to saying that certain powers of the mind are active in dreams while others are at rest.,Chapter One:Dream Theories and the Function of the Dream,D,.Roberts theories:,The dream is a physical process of elimination which in its psychic reaction reaches the consciousness.,Dreams are eliminations of thoughts nipped in the bud.,The dream is successively fixing on memories which have retained sufficient intensity to put themselves in the way.,