Point-of-View-文学原理教程课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,大家好,*,Point of View,大家好,1,Point of View,观点,-The angle/perspective from which the story is told.,Narrator,叙述者,/Storyteller,-The character/voice that tells the story.,大家好,2,Point of view depends on two factors:,-Physical situation of the narrator as an observer;,-Speakers intellectual and emotional position.,大家好,3,观点,-,有些东西能为我所见，有些东西则不能。在事件中，没有一个人能说出全貌，却都提供了别人所缺少的部分。作者的任务是找出最适合于他要述说之故事的观点。,大家好,4,Kinds of Point of View,1.Third-Person Point of View,(narrator as non-participant),-Narrator outside the action describes the events.,大家好,5,Third-Person Point of View,Omniscient(all-knowing),-With this point of view,an“all-knowing”narrator firmly imposes his presence between the reader and the story,and retains complete control over the narrative.,大家好,6,-The narrator is not a character in the story but can tell you the thoughts and actions of all characters at all times.,(Pronouns:he,she,him,her,they,them,etc.),大家好,7,Advantage,-The flexibility given by the“all-knowing”narrator can direct the readers attention and control the sources of information.,大家好,8,Third-Person Point of View,Limited,(limited to one characters thought),-With this point of view,the narrator limits his ability to penetrate the minds of characters by selecting a single character to act as the center of revelation.,大家好,9,Dramatic Point of View,(strictly reporting),-In this point of view,the narrator disappears completely and the story is allowed to present itself dramatically through action and dialogue.,大家好,10,Advantage,-With the disappearance of the narrator,telling is replaced by showing,and the illusion is created that the reader is a direct and immediately witness to an unfolding drama.,大家好,11,2.First-Person Point of View,(Narrator as Participant),-In this point of view,the narrator appears in the novel as“I”or“me”and shares the limitations of third person limited.,Narrator as Major Character;,Narrator as Minor Character.,大家好,12,Advantage,-By assuming the identity as“I”,the narrator endears himself to the reader while he has to sacrifice the privilege of omniscience.,-The narrator stands inside the story and relates first hand experience,which can create a feeling of intimacy.,大家好,13,Analyzing Narrator,Is he/she reliable or unreliable?If the narrator is crazy,jealous,self-serving,mistaken,confused,etc.,then the reader may questions the reliability of the story he/she is telling.,大家好,14,2.Is the narrator a participating character,or is the narrator telling the story from an omniscient point of view?,3.Is the narrator nave?The reader can see that the narrators background limits his/her ability to understand a situation.,大家好,15,全知全能的叙事观点,-,叙事者对每一件事都能了然，他能随意进入任何人物的内心深处，并直接告诉读者，某一小说人物正在想些什么。通常是以第三人称法叙事，其优点是具有高度弹性，缺点是在训练不足的作家手中，可能会使作品倾向于松散而凌乱。,大家好,16,有限制的叙事观点：,-,其叙述者所知有限，他可能是小说中的人物，以第一人称（我）的方式去叙事，也可能置身于小说之外，以第三人称叙事。,大家好,17,戏剧式观点,-,前两者或以小说外的导演口吻来布局，或以剧中人的我来道出亲身经历，都是有一个操纵者或摄影者，但戏剧式观点是根本没有明显的观看者，完全借着对话、行动，让小说中的人物自己演出，是极为客观的一种叙述法。,大家好,18,Haircut,In,Haircut,Ring Lardner tells a story about an awful man,but through the eyes of Whitey,the town barber.,大家好,19,Whitey has an unusual point of view about Jim.Whitey sees Jim Kendell,the main character,as“comical”(101)and“kind of rough,but a good fella at heart”(101).,大家好,20,When in reality Whitey did not see Jim for what he really was,a heartless,cheating,vindictive man.Whitey believes he telling a story about his friend Jim,who with his buddy Hod Meyers,“used to keep this town in an uproar”(101).,大家好,21,In fact Whitey was telling a story about some of the horrible and mischievous pranks Jim would pull on some of the towns people.Whitey seems to be an,unreliable narrator,.Whitey,even being more of a town gossip then a barber,cannot get the story straight on Jim Kendell.,大家好,22,结束,大家好,23,