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第一章 1. 管理职能:计划、组织、领导、控制。 management functions: planning、organizing、leading、controlling、 2. 管理角色(management roles)、 ①人际关系角色:挂名首脑、领导者、联络者 Interpersonal:figurehead、leader、liaison ②信息传递角色:监听者、传播者、发言人 Informational: monitor、disseminator、spokesperson ③决策制定角色:企业家、混乱驾驭者、资源分配者、谈判者 Decisional: entrepreneur、disturbance handler、resource allocator、negotiator 3、管理技能(management skills) 概念技能、沟通技能、效果技能、人际技能 Conceptual、communication、effectiveness、interpersonal 4、组织得特点 ①有明确得目得(distinct purpose) ②有人员构成(people) ③有精细得结构(deliberate structure) 第二章 1、管理理论(management theories): 科学管理(scientific management)一般行政管理理论(general administrative theorists) 定量方法(quantitative approach)组织行为(organizational behavior)系统观(systems approach) 权变理论(contingency approach) 第三章 1、管理万能论(omnipotent view of management) 管理象征论(symbolic view of management) 2、组织文化得七个维度(dimensions) 关注细节,成果导向,员工导向,团队导向,进取性,稳定性,创新与风险承受力 Attention to detail, outcome orientation, people organization, team organization, aggressiveness, stability,innovation and risk taking 3、文化传播给员工得途径:故事,仪式,有形信条,语言 Stories,ritual,material symbols,language 4、创新得文化得特点 ①.挑战与参与(challenge) ②、 自由(freedom) ③、 信任与开发(trust and openness) ④、 计划时间(idea time) ⑤、 幽默(playfulness/humor) ⑥、 冲突解决(conflict resolution) ⑦、 讨论(debates) ⑧、 冒险(risk taking) 第六章 1、决策制定过程(the decision-making process) ①、识别决策问题(identification of a problem) ②、确定决策标准(identification of decision criteria) ③、为决策标准分配权重(allocation of weight to criteria) ④、开发备份方案(development of alternatives) ⑤、分析备份方案(analysis of alternatives) ⑥、选择备择方案(selection of an alternatives) ⑦、实施备择方案(implementation of the alternatives) ⑧、评估决策结果(evaluating decision effectiveness) 2、决策制定得错误(decision-making errors and biases): 自负(overconfidence)后见(hindsight)自利型(self-serving) 沉没成本(sunk costs)随机性(randomness)典型性(representation) 有效性(availability)框架效应(framing)证实(confirmation) 选择性认知(selective perception)锚定效应(anchoring effect) 即时满足(immediate gratification) 3、 决策制定方式 (decision-making approach) 理性(rationality) 有限理性(bounded rationality) 直觉(intuition) 问题与解决类型 (types of problems and decisions ) 结构良好——程序化 Well structured—programmed 结构不良——非程序化 Unstructured—nonprogrammed 决策制定得错误与偏见 Decision-making errors and biases 决策 选择最佳方案(Choosing best alternative) ——最大化(maximizing) ——满意(satisficing) 实施(implementing) 评估(evaluating) 决策制定 (decision-making process) 决策制定条件 (decision—making conditions) 确定性(certainty) 风险性(risk) 不确定性(uncertainty) 决策者风格 (decision maker’s style) 命令型(directive)分析型(analytic) 概念型(conceptual)行为型(behavioral) 4、计划工作(planning): ①、定义组织目得(defining the organization’s goals) ②、制定全局战略(establishing an overall strategy) ③、开发一组广泛得相关计划(developing plans) 5、计划得目得(purposes of planning): ①、它给出了管理者与非管理者努力得方向 (planning provides direction to managers and nonmanagers alike) ②、它通过迫使管理者具有前瞻性来降低不确定性 (planning reduce uncertainty by forcing managers to look ahead, anticipate change, consider the impact of change, and develop appropriate responses) ③、计划可以减少活动得重复与浪费 (planning minimizes waste and redundancy) ④、计划设定目标与标准,可以用于控制 (planning establishes the goals or standards used in controlling) 6、计划与绩效(planning and performance) ①正式得计划工作通常带来较高得绩效、较高得资产回报率,以及其她积极得财富 Formal planning is associated with positive financial results such as higher profits, higher return on assets, and so forth、 ②计划工作得质量以及实现计划得适当措施,通常要比计划工作本身对绩效得贡献更大 Doing a good job of planning and implementing those plans play a bigger part in high performance than does the extent and amount of planning done、 ③正式计划并不必然得导致至高绩效,外部环境得影响通常就是更关键得 Formal planning didn’t lead to higher performance, the external environment often was the culprit、 ④计划与绩效得关系还受到计划时间结构得影响。一般得组织要改进它得绩效,至少需要四年期得系统性得正式计划工作。 The planning/performance relationship seems to be influenced by the planning time frame; that is, organizations seem to need at least four years of systematic formal planning before seeing any impact on performance、 7、计划工作得两个重要因素(planning involves 2 important elements) 目标(goals)计划(plans) 运营得(operational) 具体性 (specificity) 持续性(standing) 一次性(single use) 使用频率 (frequency of use) 战略得(strategic) 具体性得(specific) 方向性得(directional) 短期(short term) 长期(long term) 时间框架 (time frame) 宽度 (breadth) 计划得类型 (types of plans) 8、 9、目标设定得步骤(steps in goal setting) ①审视组织得使命(review the organization’s mission, the purpose of an organization) ②评估可获得得资源(evaluate available resources) ③考虑相关因素(determine the goals individually or with input from others) ④写下目标且与相关人员沟通(write down the goals and communicate them to all who need to know) ⑤评估结果判断目标就是否达到(review results and whether goals are being met) 10、对计划工作得批评(criticisms of planning) ①计划可能会造成刚性(planning may create rigidity) ②动态环境就是难以计划得(plans can’t be developed for a dynamic environment) ③正式计划不能代替直觉与创造性(formal plans can’t replace intuition and creativity) ④计划工作者有可能将管理者得注意力集中在今天得竞争而不就是明天得生存上(planning focuses managers’ attention on today’s competition, not on tomorrow’s survival) ⑤正式得计划会强化成功,但也会因此导致失败(formal planning reinforces success, which may lead to failure) ⑥仅有计划就是不够得(just planning isn’t enough) 11、动态环境下有效得计划工作(effective planning in dynamic environment) ①开发得计划既具体又灵活(develop plans that are specific but flexible) ②计划工作就是一个持续得过程(planning is an ongoing process) ③在环境发生变化就是改变前进得方向(change directions if environmental conditions warrant) ④努力坚持规划(persistence in planning efforts) ⑤将组织结构扁平化(flattening the organizational hierarchy) 第十章 1、组织设计得六要素(involves decisions about six key elements) 工作专门化(work specialization)部门化(departmentalization) 指挥连(chain of command)管理跨度(span of control) 集权与分权(centralization and decentralization) 正规化(formalization) 2、部门化(departmentalization) 职能部门化(functional-)产品部门化(product-)过程部门化(process-) 地区部门化(geographical-)顾客部门化(customer-) 跨职能团队(cross-functional teams) 3、组织形式(two organizational forms) 机械式组织(mechanistic organization) 有机式组织(organic organization) 4、权变因素(contingency factors) 战略(strategy)规模(size)技术(technology)文化(culture) 环境不确定性(degree of environmental uncertainty) 5、常见得组织设计(common organizational designs) ①传统得组织设计(traditional organizational designs) 简单结构(simple structure)职能型结构(functional structure) 事业部型结构(divisional structure) ②现代得组织设计(contemporary organizational designs) 团队结构(team structure)矩阵-项目结构(matrix-project structure) 无边界组织(boundaryless structure) 第十一章 1、 沟通得定义:传递(transfer)理解(understanding) 2、沟通得类型:人际沟通(interpersonal-)组织沟通(organizational) 3、沟通得功能(functions of communication) ①沟通可以通过几种不同得方式来控制员工得行为 Communication acts to control employee behavior in several ways、 ②沟通可以激励员工 Communication encourages motivation、 ③共同提供了一种释放情感得情绪表达机制,并满足了成员得社会需要 Communication provides a release for emotional expression of feelings and for fulfillment of social needs、 ④沟通可以为个人与群体提供决策所需得信息 Communication provides information that individuals and groups need to get things done、 4、沟通过程(communication process) 信息源(communication source)信息(the massage)编码(encoding) 通道(the channel)解码(decoding)接受者(the receiver)反馈(feedback) 接受者(receiver) 媒介/通道 (medium/channel) 信息(massage) 编码 (encoding) 解码 (decoding) 噪声(noise) 发送者/信息源 (sender/source) 反馈(feedback) 信息(massage) 5、人际间有效沟通得障碍(barriers to effective interpersonal communication) 过滤(filtering)情绪(emotions)信息超载(information overload) 防卫(defensiveness)语言(language)民族文化(national culture) 6、克服人际间有效沟通得障碍(overcoming the barrier) 运用反馈(use feedback)简化用语(simplify language)积极倾听(listen actively) 控制情绪(constrain emotions)注意非语言提示(watch nonverbal cues) 7、沟通信息得流向(direction of communication flow) 下行(downward)上行(upward)横向(lateral)斜向(diagonal) 第十三章 1、 变革得力量(forces for change) ① 外部力量(external forces) 1) 市场力量(the marketplace) 2) 技术(technology) 3) 政府得法律法规就是变革微不足道得推动力(governmental laws and regulations are a frequent impetus for change) 4) 劳动力市场得波动(the fluctuation in labor markets) 5) 经济变化(economic changes) ② 内部力量(internal forces) 1) 组织战略得重新制定或修订 A redefinition or modification of an organization’s strategy 2) 劳动力队伍就是很少改变得 An organization’s workforce is static、 3) 新设备得引进 The introduction of new equipment represents、 4) 员工得态度 Employee attitudes 2、 变革过程得两种不同观点(2 views of the change process) ① 风平浪静观(the calm waters metaphor) 1) 解冻(unfreezing) 1. 增强驱动力(increasing the driving forces) 2. 减弱制约力(decreasing the restraining forces) 2) 变革(changing) 3) 再冻结(refreezing) ② 急流险滩观(white-water rapids metaphor) 与日益有信息、思想与知识主导得新时代得动态环境相适应 It’s consistent with a world that’s increasingly dominated by information, ideas, and knowledge、 3、 变革得类型(types of change) 结构变革(changing structure)技术变革(changing technology) 人员变革(changing people) 4、 变革得原因 ① 变革使已知得东西变成模糊不清与不确定得 Change replaces the known with ambiguity and uncertainty、 ② 我们出于习惯地做出事情 We do things out of habit、 ③ 担心失去已有得 The fear of losing something already possessed、 ④ 有人顾虑变革不符合组织得目标与利益 A person believes that the change is in compatible with the goals and interests of the organization、 5、 对应变革阻力得策略 教育与沟通(education and communication)参与(participation) 促进与支持(facilitation and support)谈判(negotiation) 操纵与合作(manipulation and co-optation)强制(coercion) 挑选接受变革得员工(selecting people who accept change) 6、变革最可能发生得条件 ① 大规模危机出现(a dramatic crisis occurs) ② 领导职位易人(leadership changes hands) ③ 组织新而小(the organizations young and small) ④ 文化力弱(the culture is weak) 6、 减缓压力(reducing stress) ① 管理者应该确保选定得人员具有与职务要求相对应得能力 Managers need to make sure that an employee’s abilities match the job requirement、 ② 甄选过程中切合实际得工作介绍会减少对工作期望认识得模糊产生得压力 A realistic job preview during the selection process can minimize stress by reducing ambiguity over job expectations、 ③ 职务再设计 Job redesign 7、 提高变革成功可能性得方法 ① 把注意力集中在使组织做好变革得准备上 Focusing on making the organization ready for change ② 理解她们自己在过程中得职责 Understanding their own role in the process ③ 增加员工个人得职责 Increasing the role of individual employees 8、 成功进行变革得因素 ① 利用变革 Embracing change ② 认清自己在过程中得重要职责 Recognize their own important role in the process ③ 需要组织全员得参与 Making change happen successfully revolves around getting all organizational members involved 9、 激发组织创新得三个因素(3 sets of variables of stimulate innovation) ① 结构(structure variables) 1) 有机结构对创新有正面得影响 Organic structure positively influence innovation 2) 拥有富足得资源能为创新提供另一重要得基石 The easy availability of plentiful resources provides a key building block for innovation 3) 单位间密切得沟通有利于克服创新潜在得障碍 Frequent interunit communication helps break down barriers to innovation 4) 创新性组织试图将创新活动得时间压力最小化,而不管就是否身处激流险滩型环境 Innovative organizations try to minimize extreme time pressure on creative activities despite the demands of white-water-rapids-type environments 5) 当一个组织得结构为源于工作与非工作得创造提供明确得支持时,雇员得表现会更具有创造性 When a organization’s structure provided explicit support for creativity from work and nonwork sources, an employee’s creative performance was enhanced ② 文化(cultural variables) ③ 人力资源实践(human resource variables) 10、充满创新精神组织得特征 ① 接受模棱两可(acceptance of ambiguity) ② 容忍不切实际(tolerance of the impractical) ③ 接受外部控制少(low external controls) ④ 接受风险(tolerance of risk) ⑤ 容忍冲突(tolerance of conflict) ⑥ 注重结果甚于手段(focus on ends rather than means) ⑦ 强调开放系统(open-system focus) ⑧ 正面反馈(positive feedback) 第十五章 1、 群体发展得五个阶段(5 stages of group development) ①形成(forming)②震荡(storming)③规范(norming) ④执行(performing)⑤解体(adjourning) 2、 决定群体绩效与满意度得主要因素 群体成员得能力(the abilities of the group's members) 群体规模得大小(the size of the group) 群体内部得冲突水平(the level of conflict) 成员最从群体范围得内在压力(the internal pressures on members to conform to the group's norms) 3、群体行为模型 作用于群体得外部环境 (External conditions imposed on the group) 群体成员资源 (group member resources) 群体结构 (group structure) 工作绩效与满意度 (performance and satisfaction) 群体任务 (group tasks) 群体运行过程 (group processes) 4、 影响群体得外部环境 组织战略(the organization’s strategy) 权力结构(authority relationships) 正式规章制度(formal rules and regulations) 人事录用标准(employee selection criteria) 可获得得组织资源(availability of organizational resources) 组织绩效管理系统(the organization’s performance management system and culture) 文化与群体所在空间得总体布局(general physical layout of the group’s work place) 5、 群体成员资源(group member resources) 群体成员得知识(member’s knowledge)个人能力(abilities)技能(skills)人格特质(personality) 6、 群体结构(group structure) 角色(roles)规范(norms)遵从(conformity)地位系统(status systems)群体规模(group size)群里内聚力(group cohesiveness) 正式领导(formal leadership positions) 7、 社会惰化得原因(what causes social loafing effect) ①群体成员相信其她人没有尽到应尽得责任 It may be due to belief that others in the group are not carrying their fair share ②责任扩散 The dispersion of responsibility 8、 群体运行过程(group processes) 群体决策(group decision making)冲突管理(conflict management) 9、 群体决策得优势 ①. 提供更全面完整得信息与知识 (generate more complete information and knowledge) ②. 产生更多样化得备选方案(generate more diverse alternatives ) ③. 增加解决方案得可接受性(increase acceptance of a solution) ④. 增强合理性(increase legitimacy) 10、 群体决策得劣势 ①. 花费时间(time consuming) ②. 少数人控制局面(minority domination) ③. 遵从压力(pressures to conform) ④. 责任不明(ambiguous responsibility) 第十六章 1、早期得动机理论 ①马斯洛得需要层次理论(Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory) 自我实现需要←尊重需要←社交需要←安全需←生理需要 ②麦格雷文得X、Y理论(McGregor’s theory X and Y) X理论:消极得人性观念(a negative view of people) Y理论:积极得人性观念(a positive view of people) ③赫兹伯格得双因素理论(Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory) 内部因素(激励因素)与工作满意有关,外部因素(保健因素)与工作不满意度有关。 Intrinsic factors(motivators)are related to job satisfaction , while extrinsic factors(hygiene factors)are associated with job dissatisfaction、 2、 当代动机理论 ①. 三种需要理论(three-needs theory) 成就需要(need for achievement)、权利需要(need for power)、 归属需要(need for affiliation) ②. 影响目标—绩效关系得因素: Ⅰ、目标承诺(goal commitment) 目标设置理论得前提条件就是个体对目标得承诺 Goal-setting theory presupposes that an individual is commitment to the goal、 Ⅱ、自我效能(adequate self-efficacy) 自我效能感水平越高,个体越自信越能够完成任务 The higher your self-efficacy, the more confidence you have in your ability to succeed in a task、 Ⅲ、民族文化(national culture) 目标设置理论受到文化得限制 Goal-setting theory is culture bound ③. 中等挑战性目标将激发成就动机,但目标设置理论认为困难得目标据欧最大得激励作用,二者并不矛盾得原因 1)目标设置理论针对普通大众,而成就动机得结论仅就是针对高成就需要者 Goal-setting theory deals with people in general,the conclusions on achievement motivation are based on people who have a high nAch、 2)目标设置理论适用于那些接受工作目标并作出承诺得人 The conclusions of goal-setting theory apply to those who accept and are committed to the goals、 ④. 目标设置理论(goal-setting theory) 困难得(difficult) 具体得(specific) 目标(goals) 被个体接受 (accepted) 承诺实现目标 (committed to achieving) 参与目标设置过程 (participation in setting) 目标公开化(goals are public) 个体就是内控类型(individual has internal locus
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