Unit-2-Language.doc

Unit 2 Language
1. Welcome to the unit
中国式英语：生活中的Chinglish(中式英语)
1. How are you? How old are you ? 怎么是你？怎么老是你？
2. You have seed. I will give you some color to see. Brothers! Together up!你有种，我要给你点颜色瞧瞧，兄弟们，一起上！
3. Dragon born dragon, chicken born chicken, mouse’s son can make hole!龙生龙，凤生凤，老鼠的儿子会打洞！
4. Four Glad Meatballs. 四喜丸子。
5. Wash after relief! 用过请冲水！
6. You ask me, me ask who? 你问我，我问谁？
7. Heart flower angry open。心花怒放。
8. One car come, one car go, two car pengpeng, one car died! (关于一场车祸的描述)
9. Horse horse tiger tiger. 马马虎虎。
10. Good good study, day day up. 好好学习，天天向上。

课文全解
1. Language, in a broad sense, is the way information is expressed. 从广义上来说，语言是表达信息的一种方式。
句中broad为形容词，有“宽的；广泛的”之意；还意为“广博的；丰富的；粗略的；概括的；一般的；广义的；辽阔的；广袤的”。
● We went along a broad carpeted passage.
我们沿着一条铺者地毯的宽阔走廊走了过去。
● She has a very broad range of interests.
她兴趣非常广泛。
● This is education in the broadest sense of the word.
这是从最广泛的字义上说的教育。
拓展：
broaden v.使扩大；使增加
broaden one’s mind 使某人思想开阔
broadly adv. 大体上来说；总体来说
broad-minded adj. 气量大的；心胸开阔的
broad smile 开怀大笑
妙辨异词：broad 与 wide
两者都有“宽的”意思，经常可以互换。broad 着重指幅面的宽广，此外，还可以指背、肩、胸等的宽阔。wide 着重指从一边到另一边的距离，此外还可指口、眼睛的“大”。

2. Look at the following pictures and talk about the various forms of language.看下面的图片并谈论各种语言的形式。
various 在句中是形容词，“各种各样的；不同的”。
● Different customs are used in various times.
在不同的时代有不同的风俗。
● Tents are in various shapes and sizes.
帐篷有各种各样的形状和尺寸。
拓展：
vary v. 不同；变化；改变
variety n. (同一事物的)不同种类；多种样式
variable adj. 多变的；易变的；变化无常的
a variety of = varieties of = various 种类繁多的
例题追踪：
More and more people choose to shop in a supermarket as it offers a great ____ of goods.
A. variety B. mixture
C. extension D. combination

3. This stands for a big smile. 这代表大笑。
句中stand for 意为“代表，象征”。
● If you didn’t agree, then what did your nodding stand for?
如果你不同意，那么你点头又代表什么呢？
● What do the letters UN stand for?
字母UN代表什么？

4. Bees fly in circles to inform their partners about food or danger. 蜜蜂通过绕圈飞行来向它们的同伴传递食物或者危险的信息。
inform 是动词，意为“通知，告知”。常构成短语 inform sb. of sth.”告知某人某事”。
● Please inform us of any change of address as possible. 地址变动时，请尽早通知我们。
● I informed her mother of her safe arrival immediately. 我立即告诉她的母亲，她平安地到达了。
拓展：
information n. 信息
informed adj. 明智的，有知识的；了解情况的
We have no information about where she has gone. 关于她去了什么地方我们一点消息也没有。
He was informed about the event. 他被告知了这件事情。
归纳总结：和 inform sb. of sth. 结构相似的词组有：
accuse sb. of sth. 指控某人某事
rob sb. of sth. 抢劫某人某物
remind sb. of sth. 使某人记起某事
cure sb. of sth. 治愈某人……/ 矫正某人……
convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
suspect sb. of sth. 怀疑某人某事
warn sb. of sth. 警告或提醒某人某事
例题追踪：
The manager promised to keep me ____ of how our business was going on.
A. to be informed B. on informing
C. informed D. informing
5. All creatures, including animals and insects, can ‘talk’! 所有的生物，包括动物和昆虫，都能够“讲话”！
include 在句中是及物动词，有“包含；包括”之意，后面一般接名词、代词、动名词。
● The group includes two teachers and twenty students. 这个组包括两个老师和二十个学生。
● Your duties will include putting the children to bed. 你的职责包括让孩子们上床睡觉。
拓展：
including prep. 包括
included adj. 包括在内的
Five teachers witnessed the traffic accident, including Liu Min. = Five teachers witnessed the traffic accident, Liu Min included. 五个老师目击了这一交通事故，其中包括刘民。
妙辨异词：include 与 contain
include 作“包括”讲，其后的宾语只是整体的一部分。contains 作“包括“讲，着重指其中容纳或装载的量或包含在内的成分。
This drink doesn’t contain any alcohol. 这种饮料不含任何酒精。
Does the price include tax? 这个价格是否包括税款？
例题追踪：
Little Johnny felt the bag, curious to know what it ____.
A. collected B. contained
C. loaded D. saved

千锤百炼：
一、用include, including, included, contain 的适当形式填空
1. Does the price ____ tax?
2. Three people died in this car accident, two children ____.
3. This book ____ a lot of photos.
4. This kind of vegetable ____ much vitamin.
5. This atlas (地图集) ____ maps, ____ 6 of South America.

二、单项选择
1.____ apple fell from the tree and hit him on ____ head.
A. An; the B. The; the
C. An; \ D. The; /
2. It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it ____ be rather cold sometimes.
A. must B. can C. should D. would
3. As his best friend, I can make accurate guesses about ____ he will do.
A. what B. which C. whom D. that
4. Many companies have already begun reforming ____ they do business.
A. the way which B. the way at which
C. the way D. the way to which
5. I ____ that he is cleverer than I am.
A. recognize B. organize
C. unite D. support

6. Three doctors ____ the office.
A. share B. use C. prepare D. offer
7. The children gathered round ____.
A. in a line B. in a queue
C. in a row D. in a circle
8. The educational ____ of the west were also introduced.
A. methods B. means C. way D. usage
9. He ____ to be there, but he sat there calmly as if nothing ____.
A. happened; had happened B. happened; had been happened
C. happen; was happened D. happened; was happening
10. A thief is ____ to society.
A. a surprise B. a failure
C. a danger D. a difficulty
11. A zoo-keeper has to have a ____ knowledge of the animal kingdom.
A. wide B. widely C. board D. broad
12. He talked about ____ things.
A. variety B. variously C. various D. vary
13. You two girls ____ places.
A. exchange B. are exchanged C. change D. are changed
14. ---Why haven’t you bought any butter?
--- I ____ to but I forgot about it.
A. liked B. wished C. meant D. expected
15. Many young people in the West are expected to leave ____ could be life’s most important decision --- marriage almost entirely up to luck.
A. as B. that C. which D. what

2. Reading
A Read the article quickly and answer these questions.
1. What is the article about?
2. What are the three kinds of English discussed in the article?
3. In what way is English still changing?
B The passage below are from a book about the history of different languages. Read about how English developed and why it has some strange rules.
English and its history
All through history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain. The English language is made up of the grammar and vocabulary these people brought to Britain. That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuses people.
Old English
Old English is very different from the English we speak nowadays. In fact, we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today. Before the middle of the 5th century, people in Britain all spoke a language called Celtic. Then two Germanic groups from the European mainland --- the Angles and the Saxons --- occupied Britain. Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages. (Both the English language and the English people are named after the Angles; the word Angle was spelt Engle in Old English.) aside from place names such as London, very few Celtic words became part of Old English. At the end of the 9th century, the Vikings, people from Northern European countries such as Denmark and Norway, began to move to Britain. They brought with them their languages, which also mixed with Old English. By the 10th century, Old English had become the official language of England.
When we speak English today, we sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases to use. This is because English has many words and phrases from different languages, but with similar meanings. For example, the word sick came from a word once used by the Angles and the Saxons, while ill came from a word once used by the Norwegians.
Middle English
Middle English is the name given to the English used from around the 12th to the 15th centuries. Many things played a part in the development of this new type of English. The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French-speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066. However, the Norman Conquest did not affect English as much as the Angles and the Saxons’ victory about 600 years earlier, which led to Old English replacing Geltic. Even though the Normans spoke French for the entire 250 years they ruled England, French did not replace English as the first language. On the other hand, the English language did borrow many words from French. This resulted in even more words with similar meanings, such as answer (from Old English) and reply (from Old French). It is interesting to learn how the words for animals and meat developed. After the Norman Conquest, many English people worked as servants who raised animals. Therefore, the words we use for most animals raised for food, such as cow, sheep and pig, come from Old English. However, the words for the meat of these animals, which was served to the Normans, came from Old French: beef, mutton, park and bacon.
Old French made other contributions to Middle English as well. In Old English, the Germanic way of making words plural was used. For example, they said housen instead of houses, and shoen instead of shoes. After the Normans took control, they began using the French way of making plurals, adding an –s to house and shoe. Only a few words kept their Germanic plurals forms, such as man/men and child/children.
After the Norman Conquest, high-class people spoke French while common people spoke English. However, by the latter of the 14th century, English had come into widespread use among all classes in England. In 1399, Henry Ⅳ became King of England. His mother tongue was English, and he used English for all official events.
Modern English
Modern English appeared during the renaissance in the 16th century. Because of this, Modern English includes many Latin and Greek words. Pronunciation also went through huge changes during this period. Of course, this was not the end of the changes in the English language. The question of whether English will keep on changing in the future is easy to answer. It is certain that this process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things.
Reading strategy: reading a history article
What you have read is a typical history article. When you read a history article, you will notice dates and years in the text, e.g.’ the 5th century’ and ‘1066’. Recognizing these details will help you understand the order of events and how pieces of information relate to the rest of the text. Next time you read a history article, it is a good idea to make a time chart, listing important information, such as times, places and events in the article.
C1 Fill in the blanks with the following dates from the article.
1. Before the middle of the _______, people in Britain did not speak English.
2. Modern English began to develop in the ______.
3. Almost everyone in England began to speak Middle English in the ______.
4. At the end of the _______, Norwegian words began to be used in the English language.
5. The Normans occupied England in _______.
6. By the _______, people in England used Old English as the official language.
C2 Answer the following questions using the information from the article.
1. Why does the English language have so many rules that confuse people?
2. Where did the word English come from?
3. Why can words with similar meanings be found in the English language?
4. Who made the greatest contribution to the different from those for meat in English?
E The following article explains why American is different from British English. Complete it by filling in the blanks with words from the box.
One big difference between British and American English is in (1) _____. For example, the British use the word ‘autumn’ while the Americans use the word ‘fall’. In this case, the older word is ‘autumn’. However, about four hundred years ago, the word ‘autumn’ was (2) _____ with ‘fall’. Later, the British returned to ‘autumn’, while the Americans still use ‘fall’.
Of course, people from many different countries came to America and made their (3) _____ to American English. Indeed, in American English there are words from every major (4) _____ spoken on Earth. Many of these words are absent in British English.
Another big distinction between American and British English is spelling. After the Americans (5) _____ the British in 1781 and gained independence, they wanted to make the spelling of English words simpler. (6) _____, Americans write ‘color’ instead of ‘colour’.
Finally, the pronunciations and accents are different. Both countries have slowly changed the way they say the same words, but in different ways. This (7) _____ is continuing even today.
F Discuss these questions with a partner. Use the following conversation as an example.
Languages borrow words from each other. Do you know any Chinese words that come from English?
Yes, there are quite a few, for example, katong from cartoon and hanbaobao from hamburger. We have given many words and phrases to other languages too.
You are right, I know that many Japanese words came from Chinese.
And you can find some words and phrases in English that came from Chinese too, such as typhoon, t’ai chi and face…
1 Can you give some examples of Chinese words and phrases that came from other languages?
2 Do you think that it is possible for Chinese to become the most popular international language some day? Why or why not?

课文全解
1. In what way is English still changing? 英语仍在以什么方式变化？
In what way “以什么方式”, way 在本句中是名词“方式，方法，途径”之意。
● I told you we should have done it in my way. 我告诉过你们我们应该用我的方法来做这事。
● I hate the way he always praises me. 我讨厌他一直表扬我的那种方式。
归纳总结：关于way的常见短语：
in a/one way 在某种程度上，有点
in any way 在任何方面
in no way 怎么也不，绝不
in the/one’s way 碍事，妨碍
make way 让路，开路
make one’s way 前进
lead the way 带路，领路
all the way 一路上，从远道，从头至尾
In one way it is one of our biggest mistakes. 从某种意义上来说这是我们所犯的最大错误之一。
She was in no way to blame. 不应该责备她。
Everything goes well all the way. 路上一切都很顺利。
With a local person leading the way, we had no difficulty finding the temple. 有了当地人引路，我们毫不费力地找到了那座寺庙。
例题追踪
The ____ you sign your name can tell experts a lot about you.
A. choice B. way C. method D. means
2. Read about how English developed and why it has some strange rules. 阅读英语是如何发展的以及为什么英语有一些奇怪的规则。
develop 在本句中是“发展“的意思。
● Her friendship with Tom developed quickly. 她和汤姆的友谊发展神速。
● The place has rapidly developed from a small fishing village into a modern city. 这个地方由一个小渔村迅速发展成为了一个现代化的城市。
拓展
develop 还有许多其他含义：
He developed an interest