新标准大学英语四-UNIT5-(课堂PPT).ppt

Real,Communication,An Integrated Course,4,综合教程,制作 外语教学与研究出版社 版权所有,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,Thank you,Background information,This is from the best-selling 2008 book,Watching the English,by Kate Fox,who is a social anthropologist,and director of the Social Issues Research Centre at the University of Oxford.The book is a cultural,description of English ways of communicating(on topics like the weather or when using mobile phones),and behaving,(at home or in the workplace,when eating,and in pubs).,She observes peoples behavior,but also,as a social scientist,interviews people and conducts social experiments to reveal the social rules,or underlying codes and customs.,Text,1,2025/8/11 周一,Other topics in the book include dress codes,ways of shopping,queuing,and the extract here social gossip.,The extract here is about gossip.To gossip is a social way to talk about other people and their private lives,or about things that are not important.The writer and other researchers have found that when people gossip,there are social patterns in the choice of topic and the way of talking about it.The phrase in the title,gossip,rules,refers to the rules or patterns that are found in how people gossip,but it is ambiguous and might mean,that gossip rules or governs our lives.,Text,2,2025/8/11 周一,Sex Differences,in English Gossip Rules,1,Contrary to popular belief,researchers have found that men gossip just as much as women.In one,English study,both sexes devoted the same amount,of conversation time(about 65 per cent)to social topics such as personal relationships;in another,the difference was found to be quite small,with gossip accounting for 55 per cent of male conversation time and 67 per cent of female time.,As sport and leisure have been shown to occupy about 10 per cent of conversation time,discussion of football could well account for the difference.,Text,3,2025/8/11 周一,2,Men were certainly found to be no more likely than women to discuss important or,highbrow,subjects,such as politics,work,art and cultural matters except,(and this was a striking difference)when women were present.On their own,men gossip,with no more than,five per cent of conversation time devoted to non-social,subjects such as work or politics.It is only in mixed-sex groups,where there are women to impress,that the proportion of male conversation time devoted to,these more highbrow subjects increases dramatically,to between 15 and 20 per cent.,Text,4,2025/8/11 周一,3,In fact,recent research has revealed only one significant difference,in terms of content,between male and female gossip:Men spend much more time talking about themselves.Of the total time devoted to conversation about social relationships,men spend two,thirds talking about their own relationships,while women,only talk about themselves one third of the time.,Text,5,2025/8/11 周一,4,Despite these findings,the myth is still widely believed,particularly among males,that men spend their conversations solving the worlds problems,while the,womenfolk,gossip in the kitchen.In my,focus groups,and interviews,most English males,initially,claimed that they did not gossip,while most of the female readily admitted that they did.,On further questioning,however,the difference turned out to be more a matter of semantics than practice:What the women were happy to call gossip,the men defined as exchanging information.,Text,6,2025/8/11 周一,5,Clearly,there is a stigma attached to gossip among English males,an unwritten rule to the effect that,even if what one is doing is gossiping,it should be called,something else.,Perhaps even more important:It should,sound like something else.In my gossip research,I,found that the main difference between male and female,gossip is that female gossip actually sounds like gossip.There seem to be three,principal,factors involved:the tone rule,the detail rule and the feedback rule.,Text,7,2025/8/11 周一,The tone rule,6,The English women I interviewed all agreed that a particular tone of voice was considered appropriate for gossip.The gossip-tone should be high and quick,or sometimes a,stage whisper,but always highly,animated,.,Text,8,2025/8/11 周一,Gossips got to start with something like,quick,high-pitched,excited tone Oooh Guess what?Guess what?explained one woman,or Hey,listen,listen quick,urgent stage whisper you know what I heard?Another told me:You have to make it sound surprising or,scandalous,even when it isnt really.Youll go,Well,dont tell anyone,but even when its not really that big of a secret.,Text,9,2025/8/11 周一,7,Many of the women complained that men failed to adopt the correct tone of voice,recounting items of gossip in the same flat,unemotional,manner as any other piece of information,such that,as one woman,sniffed,You cant even tell its gossip.Which,of course,is exactly the impression the males wish to give.,Text,10,2025/8/11 周一,The detail rule,8,Females also stressed the importance of detail in,the,telling of gossip,and again,bemoaned,the shortcomings,of males in this matter,claiming that men never know the details.Men just dont do the he-said-she-said thing,one,informant,told me,and its no good unless you actually know what people said.,Text,11,2025/8/11 周一,Another said:Women tend to speculate more Theyll talk about why someone did something,give a history to the,situation.,For women,this detailed speculation about,possible motives and causes,requiring an exhaustive raking over history,is a crucial element of gossip,as is detailed speculation about possible outcomes.,English males find all this detail boring,irrelevant and,of course,unmanly.,Text,12,2025/8/11 周一,The feedback rule,9,Among English women,it is understood that to be,a good gossip requires more than a lively tone and attention to detail:You also need a good audience,by which they mean,appreciative,listeners who give plenty of appropriate feedback.The feedback rule of female gossip requires that listeners be at least as animated and enthusiastic as speakers.,Text,13,2025/8/11 周一,The reasoning,seems to be that this is only polite;the speaker has,gone to the trouble of making the information sound,surprising and scandalous,so the least one can,do is to,reciprocate,by sounding,suitably,shocked.,English men,according to my female informant,just dont seem to have grasped this rule.They do,not understand that You are supposed to say NO!,Really?and Oh my GOD!,Text,14,2025/8/11 周一,10,My female informants agreed,however,that a man,who did respond in the approved female manner would sound,inappropriately,girly,or even,disturbingly,effeminate,.Even the gay males I interviewed felt that the NO!Really?kind of response would be regarded as,decidedly,camp,.The unwritten rules of English gossip,etiquette,do allow men to express shock or surprise when they hear a particularly,juicy,bit of gossip,but it is understood that a suitable,expletive,conveys such surprise in a more,acceptably,masculine,fashion.,Text,15,2025/8/11 周一,英国人闲聊的性别差异,1,与普遍的看法相反，研究人员发现：男人和女人一样爱闲聊。英国的一项研究发现：男性和女性谈论诸如人际关系这类社会话题的时间一样多，大约是,65%,；另一项研究则表明：男人谈话时有,55%,的时间在闲聊，女人闲聊的时间是,67%,，两性之间的差异不大。由于体育和休闲大约占,10%,的说话时间，所以很可能是谈论足球的时间导致了这种性别上的差异。,Text,16,2025/8/11 周一,2,男人并没有比女人花更多的时间去谈论政治、工作、艺术及文化等,“,重要,”,或,“,高雅,”,话题，除非女人在场（这就形成了强烈的对比）。女人不在场的时候，男人也闲聊，他们谈论工作或政治等非交际性话题的时间不会超过5%。而男女都在场时，为了引起女人的注意，男人谈论,“,高雅,”,话题的时间会大大增加，达到15%至20%。,Text,17,2025/8/11 周一,3,事实上，最近的研究表明，男人和女人的闲聊内容只存在一个重要的差别：男人会花更多的时间谈论自己。在谈论社会关系的时间中，男人用三分之二的时间谈论自己的关系，而女人谈论自己的时间则只占三分之一。,Text,18,2025/8/11 周一,4,即便如此，那个关于男人的讨论,“,解决问题,”,，而女人只是躲在厨房里闲言碎语的错误观点仍然大行其道，尤其是在男人堆里。在我进行的焦点人群调查及访谈中，大多数英国男性刚开始时都声称他们不说闲话，而大多数女性都坦承自己说闲话。在接下来的提问中，我发现两者的差别只存在于语义层面上而非实践层面上：男性把女性通常所说的,“,闲聊,”,定义为,“,信息交流,”,。,Text,19,2025/8/11 周一,5,显然，在英国男性眼里闲聊是一件可耻的事情，这条不成文的规则已经深入人心，因此就算一个人确实是在闲聊，他也会把它说成是另外一回事。或许更重要的是，他也会让它听起来像是一件正经事。在研究中我发现：男女闲聊的主要区别在于女人的闲聊听起来更像闲言碎语。这涉及到三个主要因素,语调规则、细节规则和反馈规则。,Text,20,2025/8/11 周一,6,语调规则,我采访过的英国女性都认为只有某种特别的语调适合于闲聊。闲聊的语调很高，并且语速很快，有时像故意让大家都能听见的悄悄话，但总是活灵活现的。,Text,21,2025/8/11 周一,一位女士这样解释：,“,闲聊一般是这样开始的：,哎，你猜猜怎么着？你知道吗？,（快速的、高声调的、兴奋的语气）或者，,嗨，听我说，听我说（快速、急切的语气，故意让大家都听得到），你猜我听到了什么？,”,另一位女士告诉我：,“,即使实际上并不是那么回事儿，你也必须让它听起来像令人吃惊的事或者像丑闻。虽然那根本算不上什么秘密，你也可以说：,哎，你可别告诉别人，我听说,”,Text,22,2025/8/11 周一,7,很多女性抱怨男人闲聊时没有使用正确的语调，而是像交流任何其他信息一样，语气平淡、一成不变。一位妇女对此嗤之以鼻：,“,你简直搞不清他们是不是在闲聊。,”,但这正是男人想要的效果。,Text,23,2025/8/11 周一,8,细节规则,女人也强调闲聊时细节很重要，并且再一次抱怨男人在这方面的不足。她们声称男人,“,从不了解细节。,”,一位被调查者告诉我：,“,男人从不引述别人的话。如果我们不能确切地知道别人说了什么，那有什么意思呢？,”,Text,24,2025/8/11 周一,另一位被调查者说：,“,女人比男人更倾向于推测,她们谈及某人为什么会做某事，并追溯整件事情的历史。,”,对女人而言，周密地推测动机和原因与周密地推测可能的后果一样是闲聊的关键因素，这要求对,“,过去,”,进行仔细的梳理。英国男人认为：所有这些细节都很乏味、无关紧要，当然，讲出来也就有损男子气概。,Text,25,2025/8/11 周一,9,反馈规则,在英国女性中存在一种共识：,“,地道的闲聊,”,除了语调生动、关注细节之外，还需要有好的听众。所谓好的听众是指对闲聊的内容表示认同，并给予大量恰当反馈的听众。女性的闲聊反馈规则要求听众至少应该和说话者一样活跃、充满热情。,Text,26,2025/8/11 周一,她们认为这样才足够礼貌，因为说话人要把事情讲得出人意料，讲得像丑闻，还是颇费心力的。因此听众至少要表现出适度的吃惊才能回报说话人的努力。据我的女性被调查者说，英国男人好像完全没有掌握这条规则。他们不知道,“,你应该说,不会吧！真的吗？,或者,噢，我的上帝！,”,Text,27,2025/8/11 周一,10,不过，我的女性被调查者也同意，那些以女性方式做出反应的男人听起来像小女孩，或者女里女气，让人感觉不舒服。我采访过的一位男同性恋者也觉得,“,不会吧！真的吗？,”,之类的反应会被认为是十足的,“,娘娘腔,”,。,英国人闲聊礼仪的不成文的规则的确允许男人在听到特别有趣的闲话时表达震惊与惊讶，只不过，人们认为一句恰当的脏话能以一种更具男子气概的方式传递这种惊讶。,Text,28,2025/8/11 周一,Words&Phrases,highbrow,womenfolk,focus,group,initially,semantics,stigma,unwritten,motive,informant,bemoan,sniff,unemotional,scandalous,high-pitched,decidedly,effeminate,disturbingly,girly,inappropriately,suitably,reciprocate,principal,stage,whisper,animated,appreciative,rake,exhaustive,juicy,etiquette,camp,29,2025/8/11 周一,Words&Phrases,expletive,acceptably,masculine,to,the,effect,that,30,2025/8/11 周一,highbrow,a.,likely to interest people who are interested in learning,culture,and art,;,scholarly or rarefied in taste,文化修养高的；博学的；趣味高雅的,e.g.,1.,They only attend highbrow events such as the ballet or the opera.,他们只参加高雅活动，例如观看芭蕾舞或歌剧。,2.,Opera has developed a reputation as a cultivated,highbrow sort of entertainment.,歌剧作为一种体现文明与修养的娱乐形式声名远扬。,Words&Phrases,31,2025/8/11 周一,womenfolk,n.,(,pl,)(,old-fashioned,),the women in a particular family,community,etc.,（某家庭、社区等的）女人们，妇女们,e.g.,1.,He had not the faintest knowledge what it really was,but he would never have sunk so low as to confess that to his womenfolk.,其实他对这件事是一无所知，不过他在这伙妇道人家面前，从来不肯屈尊承认自己无知。,2.They emigrated to the countryside with their womenfolk.,他们携家眷移居到乡下。,Words&Phrases,32,2025/8/11 周一,focus group,n.,C,a small group of people who are interviewed together and give their opinions about particular subjects,usually to help a company or political party to make decisions,焦点小组（访谈）（定性研究常用的方法之一）；目标群体,e.g.,1.,Ask your focus group if they believe in your brand and why.,询问你的目标群体是否信任你的品牌形象并问明缘由。,2.Focus group is an efficient technique to gain a diverse range of insights about users needs,which may be particularly suitable for designers.,焦点小组访谈是一种高效的方法，对要户需求能够获得广泛的了解，可能会对设计者特别适合。,Words&Phrases,33,2025/8/11 周一,initially,ad.,at the beginning,开始；最初；首先,e.g.,1,.,Though initially he had seemed an ordinary kid,his zeal had set him apart.,虽然他最初看起来好像只是个普普通通的小孩，但他的热情使他与众不同。,2.Initially,he thought the new concept was nonsense.,最初他认为这一新概念是一派胡言。,Words&Phrases,34,2025/8/11 周一,Translate the following sentences:,1.Some studies suggest that straight,horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half.,(CET4-2000-01),有些研究表明，道路上画的分道线最初能将驾驶员的平均速度降低一半。,2.,她的科学界同行最初对这一理论持有强烈的怀疑态度。,This theory was initially received with great scepticism by her fellow scientists.,Words&Phrases,35,2025/8/11 周一,semantics,n.,U,1)the,study of words and their meaning,语义学,e.g.,My ideas on semantics needed more careful exploration.,我关于语义学的一些想法需要更仔细的研究。,2)the meaning of words and phrases,语义,e.g.,1.,The issue involves much more than manners and political semantics.,这个问题所涉及的远远不止态度和政治语义。,2.Such quibbling over semantics may seem petty stuff.,像这类对语义问题的争论可能显得无足轻重。,Words&Phrases,36,2025/8/11 周一,stigma,n.,sing,U,a feeling that sth,.,is wrong or embarrassing in some way,羞耻,；,耻辱,e.g.,1.,Being an unmarried mother used to carry a social stigma.,做未婚母亲在社会上曾是不光彩的事。,2.Wider knowledge of the disease removed some of the stigma from it.,对这种疾病更多的了解减少了一些耻辱感。,3.There is still a lot of stigma attached to suicide.,自杀仍然被看作是一种很不光彩的举动。,Words&Phrases,37,2025/8/11 周一,unwritten,a.,known or understood by everyone but not written down or official,不成文的；未写下的,e.g.,1.Sometimes the unwritten rules govern our lives and behavior more strongly than the written ones.,有时不成文的规定比成文的规定更有力地规范着我们的生活和行为。,2.,Theres no caretaker in the block and according to some unwritten law the ground floor tenant is responsible for keeping the common entrance clean.,这个街区无专人看管，但根据不成文的规矩，一楼的住户负责清扫大门。,Words&Phrases,38,2025/8/11 周一,principal,a.,main,or most important,主要的；最重要的；首要的,e.g.,1.,The principal aim of the project is to provide an answer to this question.,该计划的首要目标是为这个问题找出答案。,2.The principal thing in this world is to keep ones soul aloft.,人生在世的首要大事是保持灵魂的高尚。,Words&Phrases,39,2025/8/11 周一,stage whisper,n.,C,a way of speaking in which you pretend to talk very quietly but can be heard clearly by other people,听得见的假装低语,e.g.,1.,At the table,the man addressed his friend in a stage whisper.,在餐桌上，那个人用有意让别人听得见的低语对他的朋友讲话。,2.,My wife said she was cold in a stage whisper that was intended to make them turn the heating up.,我妻子用有意让别人能听见的耳语说她很冷，意思是要他们把暖气开大点。,Words&Phrases,40,2025/8/11 周一,animated,a.,lively or active,活跃的；有活力的,e.g.,1.,This question set off an animated discussion.,这个问题引起了热烈讨论。,2.,It was strange to see these Prague streets,usually so animated,now completely empty and deserted.,看到通常很有生气的布拉格的街道现在变得空无一人，真是很怪。,Words&Phrases,41,2025/8/11 周一,high-pitched,a.,used of sounds and voices;high in pitch or frequency,声调高的；尖声的,e.g.,1.Dogs usually use high-pitched barks when they are separated from their owners and a lower,harsher bark when strangers approach or the doorbell rings,according to an animal behaviorist at the university.,该大学一位动物行为主义学者认为，当狗和主人分离时，通常它们的叫声会尖锐；反之，一旦发现有陌生人接近或者门铃响起时，它们则会发出一种更低沉、更刺耳的狂吠声。,2.,The words sliced through the room in a high-pitched voice and everyone stopped what they were doing.,高亢锐利的说话声划过房间的上空，每个人都停下手头的工作。,Words&Phrases,42,2025/8/11 周一,scandalous,a.,1),sth,.that is scandalous shocks you and makes you feel very angry because it seems unfair or wrong,让人震惊的,；,令人愤慨的,e.g.,1.,She deplored his scandalous actions.,她谴责他那令人愤慨的行为。,2.Dont talk in that way,it is really scandalous.,千万别这么说，这实在太不象话了。,3.,Its scandalous that you still havent been paid.,你还没有拿到工资这太不像话了。,Words&Phrases,43,2025/8/11 周一,2),sth,.that is scandalous is shocking because it involves immoral or dishonest behavior,可耻的，不光彩的,e.g.,1.,How in the world did he ever get mixed up in this scandalous affair?,他到底是怎样卷入到这件丑闻中去的？,2.Isadora Duncan,the dancer from San Francisco,gloried in an enlightenment which others thought scandalous.,来自旧金山的舞蹈家伊莎多拉,邓肯则醉心于别人认为丢脸的启蒙活动。,Word family:,scandal,n.,Words&Phrases,44,2025/8/11 周一,unemotional,a.,1),not showing any feelings,不动感情的,e.g.,Susan married a man who appeared to be unemotional and self-possessed but who turned out to have a soft centre.,苏珊嫁给了一个看起来冷漠有自制力的男人，可没想到他原来是一个软心肠呢。,2),reasoned andobjective,involving reason or intellect rather than feelings,冷静的，理性的,e.g.,Id like to get your unemotional opinion.,