自考英语本科《英美文学选读》英国古典主义一天全掌握.doc

自考英语本科《英美文学选读》英国古典主义一天全掌握
  Neoclassical period：The Neoclassical period is about 1660-1798,
  also known as "the Age of Enlightenment" or "the age of Reason".
  新古典主义
  英国1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝，确定了君主立宪制，
  建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权，英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。
  18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
  新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
  18世纪被认为是启蒙运动时期.
  现实主义小说
  笛福(英国实现主义小说的奠基人、英国小说之父、现代新闻报道之父)：
  主要作品：《鲁滨逊漂流记》标志着英国现实主义小说的诞生。
  鲁滨逊是欧洲文学史上第一个资产阶级的正面形象(第一人称自述方式)。
  斯威夫特(激进的民主派，开创了英国文学中的讽刺传统)：
  主要作品：《格列佛游记》(儿童幻想剧小说)通过幻想的环境，虚构的情节，夸
  张的手法对英国政治、法律、议会、党争和哲学进行讽刺和抨击)。
  菲尔丁：(18世纪英国最杰出的小说家)
  《汤姆琼斯》(欧洲文学中的一流小说)：代表了18世纪英国现实主义小说的最高
  成就，被誉为“18世纪英国社会的散文史诗”。
  哥特式小说
  哥特小说，属于英语文学派别，一般被认为随着贺瑞斯·华尔波尔的《奥特朗图堡》而产生。
  哥特小说可以说是恐怖电影的鼻祖，更重要的是，它使我们今天习惯地将哥特式与黑暗、恐怖联系在一起。 显著的哥特小说元素包括恐怖，神秘，超自然，厄运，死亡，颓废，住着幽灵的老房子，癫狂，家族诅咒等。 “哥特”被用于文学流派主要因为这种流派的主题探讨这种极端感情及一些黑色话题,
  并且哥特小说的背景通常是哥特式的：废弃的摇摇欲坠的城堡, 修道院。
  他们关注哥特式的相关建筑，艺术，诗歌 (见墓园诗人)甚至园艺．
  Gothic novels – mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted闹鬼的or dilapidated摇摇欲坠的 Middle Age castles – were turned out profusely by both male and female writers.
  背景：
  It was an age full of conflicts and difference of values;
  It was an age of fast development for English to become the first powerful capitalist country in the world; It was an age of economic development, in which bourgeois/middle class grew rapidly.
  特点：
  In essence, the Neoclassical Period was a progressive intellectual movement. a revival of interest in the old classical works
  keep to order,logic,restrained emotion,accuracy
  a furderance of the renaissence
  the enlightenment movement,advocated the universal education
  had specificrules for almost every gener of literature
  literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity
  启蒙运动：he enlightenment movement
  in 18th-century of england is know as the age of enlightenment or the age of reason was a progressive intellectual movement which florished in french and swept through the whole western europe at the time
  the moevment was a furderance of renaissance of the 15th and16th-century
  its purpose was to enlighten the word with the light of morden philosophical and artistic ideas
  the enlighteners celebrated reason for reasonlity,equality and science
  they called for a reference of order,reason,rules,advocated universal education 代表:john dryden alexander pope
  班扬 天路历程 The Pilgrim's Progress
  蒲伯 论批评 An Essay on Criticism
  笛福 鲁宾逊漂流记 Robinson Crusoe
  斯威夫特 格列佛游记 Gulliver's Travels
  菲尔丁 汤姆·琼斯 Tom Jones
  约翰逊 英语大词典 A Dictionary of the English Language
  谢里丹 造谣学校 The School for Scandal
  格雷 墓园挽歌 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
  班阳 John Bunyan
  语言具体生动，情节鲜明现实，通俗易懂让没受过教育的人也能得到阅读他作品的乐趣
  其它作品：罪人头目的赦免 败德门先生生死录 圣战 天路历程2 as a stout puritan ,he had made a conscientiosuly study of the bible and firmly believed in salvation through spirtual struggle
  语言特色：concrete and living language,carefully observed,vividly presented detail
  选读作品： from the pilgrim's progress a religious aellgory pursue the turth
  the most sucessful religious allegory in the history of english literature
  the theme is to urge people to abide by christian doctrines
  and seak salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds ofsocial evil
  应用：The allegorical meaning of “The Vanity Fair”名利场的寓言意义 The Vanity Fair refers to the real world where people have become so degenerated that all they are concerned is to buy and sell everything they can. It allegorically represents vanity both in the society and in people‟s heart, so people are spiritually lost.
  However, the pilgrims refuse to buy any of the things in the Vanity Fair. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and social evils. Christians' refusal shows that they are one step nearer the Celestial City.
  蒲柏Alexander Pope
  是个很敏感sensitive的人,当然要用笔墨来反击，发展了犀利biting的讽刺文体satire。
  对他来说秩序order有着至高无上的价值supurem value----宇宙cosmic秩序，政治秩序，社会秩序，美学aesthetic秩序。这种秩序以及理性的强调深入到他的各部作品中。
  On criticism批评论made a great poet
  The of the Lock 鬓发遇劫记a finest mock epic极妙的讽刺史诗
  The Dunciad愚人志Pope's best satire work strongly advocated neoclassicism,emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of
  order,reason,logic,restrained emotion,good taste and decorum礼貌，正派
  语言特色：he worked painstakingly致力于 on his pomes,developed a satire讽刺,concise简练，smooth通顺，graceful优雅and well-balenced平衡 style.
  选读作品：On Criticism
  a comprehensive全面的 study of the theories of literary criticism
  a didactic说教的 poem written in heroic couplets
  is plain in style and it is easy to read
  主题:in part 2,pope criticizethe present poem lack of true taste&advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or external beauty of language but to pay special attention to ture wit which is best set in a plain style.
  应用：Pope‟s point of view on poetry criticism and the characteristics of his own poetry Pope‟s point of view on poetry criticism is best shown in his An Essays on Criticism. He emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion and good taste. He calls on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance. He advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of language, but to pay special attention to true wit which is best set in a plain style. Pope‟s poem strictly follows his idea of neoclassicism. He developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style, and finally brought to its last perfection of the heroic couplet.
  丹尼尔Daniel defoe
  -the first writer study of the lower-class people
  在他大部分的作品里，他都表达了对勤劳hard-working，坚强study的中产阶级middle class的赞誉praise，以及对破落downtrodden不幸unfortunate的穷苦人的同情sympathy。
  其他作品：鲁宾逊漂流记1、2、3 ，大疫plague年日记，莫尔·佛兰德斯，新普顿船长
  写作特色：a very good story-teller,his sentences are sometimes short,crisp and plain,and sometimes long and
  rambling,which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration.他的作品时而短小干脆，朴素直白，时而又气势磅礴，泼墨如水，为读者留下了叙述自由悠闲的印象。his language is smooth,easy,colloquial and mostly vernacular.他的措辞简朴易懂又口语化，有时甚至是俗语方言。there is nothing artifical in his language,it it common english at its beat.他的语言毫无造作，完全是大众英语。
  选读作品：Robinson Crusoe体现时代精神的游记历险小说，是丹尼尔的代表作。
  Robison goes out to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned landed on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24 years there and finally is saved by a ship and returns to England. During the period Robinson leads a harsh荒芜的 and lonely life and survives by growing corps, taming圈养的 animals, etc. growing from a naive天真的 young man into a hardened坚毅的 man.
  人物特征：With a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy (精力充沛),
  courage and persistence in overcoming difficulties（在克服困难方面持之以恒）, in struggling against nature, Crusoe becomes the representative of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. （他是大英帝国缔造者的完美典范，同时也是殖民者的先驱）．
  主题：In the novel, Defoe glorified human labor and the puritan清教徒的 fortitude坚毅which the middle class praised highly, so he can be regarded as a spokesman of the bourgeois.
  斯威夫特Jonathan Swift
  in his opinion,human nature is seriously and permanently flawed瑕疵.to better human life,enlightenment is needed.in his writings,although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human nature and human institutions,他提倡的不是谴责，而是才去行为改良人性与人为的机构。
  a master satirist and english prose讽刺作家散文家（还被称为爱尔兰的民族英雄）
  a tale of tub桶的故事&the battle of the books书籍的战斗奠定了他在讽刺作品中的地位。
  the drapier's letters德拉皮尔的信，a modest proposal温和的建议（被认为是一片完美的典范）
  The social satire of Jonathan Swift‟s Gulliver‟s Travels 格列佛游记的社会讽刺
  lilliput小人国,brobdingnag大人国,the fluing island,houyhnhnm具有人类理性的马匹写作特色：he defined a good style as'proper words in proper places'clear,simple,concrete diction,uncomplicated
  sentence structure,economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings---essays,poems and novels.他创立了一种良好的文风，即„在恰当的地方用恰当的词‟。无论是散文，诗歌，还是小说，简洁，具体，精确，没有复杂的句式永远是他的风格。
  应用：社会讽刺The account of Lilliputian life, especially the games for people at court, alludes暗示 to the similar ridiculous荒谬的 practices or tricks in the English government. The
  description描述 of the competition in the games before the royal members leads to the fact that the success of those government officials such as the Prime Minister lies not in their being any wiser or better but in their being more dexterous灵巧的 in the game. This alludes to the practices in England. And the pompous华而不实的 words singing of the Lilliputian emperor ridicule奚落 the aristocratic贵族的 arrogance自大 and vanity.
  主题：As a whole, the book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires讽刺 of all aspects in the then English and European life ----socially , politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.
  菲尔丁Henry Fielding
  英语小说之父father of the english novel,prose homer comic epic in prose
  作品：咖啡屋的政治家，悲剧中的悲剧，巴斯昆，1736历史年鉴
  这四行是作者的文学贡献，重点：
  first of all the 18th century english novelist to write the 'comic epic in prose',18世纪英国小说家中第一个写散文体喜剧史诗。
  the first to give the modern novel its structer and style;第一个为现代小说确立了结构和风格
  use the third-person narration;使用角色口吻叙述
  'the just copies of human manners'人类态度的完整拷贝
  写作特色：fielding's language is easy,unlaboured and familliar,but extremely vivid and vigorrus.
  菲尔丁的创作语言自然流畅，通俗易懂，同时又栩栩如生并富有活力。
  his sentences are always distinguished by logic and rthythm,他的句子以逻辑性和韵律性见长
  and his structure carefully planed toward an inevitable ending.小说的结尾总是水到渠成，顺理成章。
  应用：Henry Fielding and his Tom Jones 菲尔丁的散文体史诗 fistfight with Goody Brown in the grand style of the Homeric荷马式的involved in the battle, he lists the naheroine”. Besides, he uses a mock-epic tone and seems very solemn庄严的formal words and refined language. Finally, he makes use of different figures of speech, particularly, irony
  小说为读者提供了一幅英国18世纪乡村与城市的宏伟的全景图。
  Tom Jones ：一度成为国民心中的英雄
  honest,kind-hearted,high-spirited,loyal.and brave,but impulsive,wanting prudence and full of animal spirits. 诚实，善良，高尚，忠诚，勇敢，同时也有着易冲动，鲁莽和野性难驯的特点。
  约翰逊samuel johnson
  first combine an english dictionary,last neoclassicist enlightener编辑了第一本英文字典，最后一位古典主义启蒙家 《英文字典》single-handedly and finished in over7 years花了7年时间独立完成的
  约翰逊精力充沛energetic,多才多艺versatile,他还涉足had a hand各种各样的文学领域all the different branched of literary activities.
  诗歌pomes:london伦敦，the vanity of human wishes人类欲望的虚幻 悲剧tragedy：irene《艾琳》
  骑士浪漫诗romance：the history of rasselas拉萨拉丝的历史，prince of abyssinia阿比西尼亚王子
  写作特色：use 'learned words,'they are always accurately used.he was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of 他十分关心人类欲望的虚幻，几乎他所有的作品都有这样的主题。with parallel words and phrases.他实用的句子一般较长，但结构工整，包含许多排比，对仗。读他的小说会给人一种感觉，他在与一位非常博学的人a very learned man对话。
  选读作品：to the right honorable the eral of cheaterfield致可敬的吉士菲尔伯爵书
  主题：a strong indignation气愤 at the earl's fame-fishing沽名钓誉;implying writers independence in economy and writing;open a new era in the development of literature.清楚的表达了作者要求独立的信念。对伯爵的反感和不与之虚伪和解的态度。
  谢里丹richard brinsley sheridan
  18世纪英国唯一一位重要的戏剧家dramatist，他的作品永恒constant theme的主题是道德morality。
  代表作the rivals情敌&the school for scandal造谣学校generally regarded as important links between the masterpiece of shakespeare and those of bernard shaw,and as ture classics in english comedy.被普遍认为是上承莎士比亚，下接萧伯纳的纽带，是真正的英国古典派喜剧。
  造谣学校主题the school for scandal：产阶级的道德败坏，对无聊的无人恶意的制造谣言，对上层社会骄奢淫逸的生活以及对在高贵生活方式和高尚道德准则的演示下的道德沦丧与虚伪假善的辛辣讽刺。毫无疑问，它被认为是自莎士比亚以来最出色的喜剧。
  主要讲述了两兄弟的故事。the school for scandal is mainly a story about 2 brothers,the hypocritical伪善的 joseph surface&the good-natured,imprudent鲁莽的,spendthrift挥霍者 charles surface.
  托马斯·格雷Thomas Gray
  不是专职作家 作品很少
  the graveyard school墓地诗歌流派 declined the poet laureateship in 1757谢绝了使人桂冠奖
  《墓园哀歌》（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard）表达诗人对时代纷乱状态的厌恶和对“自然简朴安排”的向往，吐露了他们的内心感受。
  其它作品：ode on the spring 春之颂,伊顿公学展望，爱猫之死
  《墓园哀歌》的韵律分析：
  典型的英雄四行诗(heoric quatrain)，每一节均为五音步抑扬格(iambic pentameter)
  "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" is regarded as Gray's best and most representative work. The poem is the outcome of about eight years' careful composition and polish. It is more or less connected with the melancholy event of the death of Richard West, Gray's intimate friend.
  本诗被认为是格雷的最具有代表性的作品.托马斯·格雷前后共花费了8年的时间仔细打磨这首诗.这首诗被认为纪念他最亲密的朋友Richard West的,表达了诗人的忧伤/melancholy.
  主题：In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poet compares the common folk with the great ones, wondering what the common could have achieved if they had had the chance. Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc on them.
  在这首诗中,格雷表达了对死亡、生活中的忧伤以及人类生活中的神秘因素的思考,并未触及自己的私人生活.这首诗把普通人与伟人作了比较,认为假如有"机会",普通人也能成就一番事业.在诗中,他表达了自己对穷苦贫民的同情以及对伟人的嘲讽,他认为是那些对社会有影响力的人把巨大的灾难带给了普通人.
  The poem abounds in images and arouses sentiment in the bosom of every reader. Though the use of artificial poetic diction and distorted word order make understanding of the poem somewhat difficult, the artistic polish ---- the sure control of language, imagery, rhythm , and his subtle moderation of style and tone ---- gives the poem a unique charm of its own.
  这首诗以其细腻的手法为读者描绘了一幅生动的图景.尽管作者的个性语言、对词语的随意变换使得读者在阅读时觉得有些困难.但是正是这样的细致打磨,对语言的把握、想象力、压韵等这些适度的复杂语言风格和语气给予了这部诗作独特的魅力.
  Thomas Gray and his “Elegy Written in a County Church”格雷诗歌的主题与意向 In the poem, Gray presents a picture of the quiet and solitary county at dusk through the sounding of the curfew, the home-coming plowman, the tinkling of bells under the necks of the cattle, the moping owl, the narrow cell (grave), etc..
  He bemoans the fate of those common laborers who are now buried in the graves, tries to imagine how they had lived as loving parents and hardworking people, and praise their homely joys. He then express his contempt for those noblemen who once lived a pompous life, and despised the poor, but have ended up in a way no better than the ordinary folk. We can see Gray‟s sympathy for the poor and contempt for the rich.
  历年考题
  "Let not Ambition mock their useful toil,
  Their homely joys, and destiny obscure;
  Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile
  The short and simple annals of the poor.
  The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power,
  And all that beauty, all that wealth e‟er gave,
  Awaits alike the inevitable hour.
  The paths of glory lead but to the grave."
  Questions:
  1) Identify the author and the works;
  2) What does "the inevitable hour"?
  3) Explain the first stanza;
  4) What does the whole passage imply.
  参考答案：
  1) This is Thomas Gray‟s "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard".
  托马斯·格雷的《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》
  2) "The inevitable hour" means time of death.
  3) The first stanza means: The men with ambition and high position
  shouldn‟t laugh at the or