语法复习二代词与介词学生版.doc

四、代词
填空
1. I took them
2. So is a bit bigger.
3. is wearing a jacket and tie!
4. Did you enjoy in London?
5. I went to see friend Susie. And I visited school.
6. don’t sit in rows.
7. And also have an excellent swimming team.
8. looks really great.
9. means more people to play with.
10. lesson lasts for an hour.
11. people learn German instead of French.
12. did Tony visit in London?

代词
人称代词
物主代词
反身代词 (myself, yourself, himself,herself. Itself ourselves yourselves themselves )
指示代词 (this, that, these, those)
不定代词
疑问代词 (who, whom, whose…)
主格
宾格 (me, you, him .her it us you them)
形容词性 (my, your, his, her. Its our your their)
名词性(mine, yours, his, hers its ours yours theirs)
可数 (each, one, many, few, either…)
不可数 (much, a little)
可数，不可数 (all, some, none, such…)
复合不定代词 (anybody, anything…)
(I, you, he, she .it.we you they )

一、人称代词
1. 人称代词的人称、数和格, 如下表所示：
(1) 人称代词有主格和宾格之分。人称代词在句中作主语时用主格形式，作宾语和表语时一般用宾格形式。如： They told us to get ready at once. 他们让我们马上准备好。
He bought very nice birthday presents for you and me. 他给你和我买了非常好的生日礼物。
— Who is it? — 是谁？

— It’s me. — 是我
宾格代词（特别是me）可以作主语。主格代词一般不单独使用，也不用于带not的简短回答中，这些情况下往往用宾格代词。如：— Who wants a ride on my bike? — Me! / Not me!
— 谁想骑我的自行车？ — 我！
(2) 人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。
He is older than me. He is older than I am.
(3) it的用法
①指物: It’s a robot. ②指天气: It’s raining now, but it will be fine soon.
③指时间: It’s 9 o’clock. ④指距离: It’s 20 miles from here.
⑤作形式主语： It’s important for us to fight pollution. It took me half an hour to finish the work.
It’s kind of you to say so.
⑥作形式宾语: We think it necessary to relax from time to time.
(4) 人称代词的顺序：
当多个人称代词并用时，英语中人称代词的排列顺序与汉语不同。汉语中喜欢说“你、我、他”，而英语中通常要说you, he/she and I， 复数人称代词的排列顺序是we, you and they。
二、指示代词包括this, that, these, those。
1. this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人, that和those则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人。例如：This is a pen and that is a pencil.。 We are busy these days.
In those days the workers had a hard time. —What’s this (that)? —It’s a book.
—What are these (those)? —They are books.
2. 有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物, this 和these则是指下面将要讲到的事物。如:
I had a cold. That’s why I didn’t come.
What I want to say is this: pronunciation is very important in learning English.
3. 有时为了避免重复提到的名词, 常可用that或those代替。如:
Television sets made in China are just as good as those made in Japan.
4. this在电话用语中代表自己, that则代表对方。如：
Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking？
三、物主代词：
物主代词包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。名词性物主代词从意思上讲相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”， 其作用与名词相同。
This is my (形容词性物主代词) book. = This book is mine. (名词性物主代词)
His is the newest dictionary in our class. 他的字典是我们班最新的。
四：反身代词
反身代词可在句中作宾语和同位语(起加强语气的作用)。
1. 作宾语 Help yourself to some cakes. I can look at myself in the mirror.
She is too weak to take care of herself. May I introduce myself?
2. 作同位语（加强语气） I myself go to the airport to meet my uncle.
You must do it yourself. You should ask the teacher himself.
常见的含有反身代词的短语：
by oneself 亲自 call oneself 自称
lose oneself 迷路 teach oneself 自学
enjoy oneself 过得快乐 help oneself to 随便吃/用
devote oneself to 献身于 dress oneself 自己穿衣服
speak to oneself 自言自语
五：疑问代词有who, whom, whose, what和which等疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，一般放在句首，可以作主语、表语、定语和宾语等。
Who called you right now? (作主语) What is this? (作表语)
Whose umbrella is this? (作定语) Whom are you waiting for? (作宾语)
Which is yours? (作主语) Which do you want? (作宾语)
六：不定代词是指不明确代替任何特定名词的词。不定代词可以代替名词和形容词，没有主格和宾格之分。常见的不定代词有：
some, any
(a) few, (a) little
none
many, much
either, neither
one
each, every
both, all
other, another
1. one的用法
① 表示“一个”，可以指人，也可以指物。在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。
One should be strict with oneself.
If one want to visit the city, one must find one’s own guide.
② one 代替上文中出现的单数可数名词, 所有格形式为one’s, 复数可数名词用 ones代替。one还泛指人。
This apple is bigger than that one.
I don’t like the green apples. Give me the red ones.
③ ones 前面一般都有定语修饰，one前面有定语修饰时，常用 a (an)。
I have a new coat and several old ones.
I’ve lost my pen. I want to buy a new one.
one和it的用法比较：
同：one和it都是为了避免同前面名词重复, 用他们来代替前面提到的名词的。
异：a. The box is in the middle of the room. Move it away, please. (代替的就是前面提到的那件特指的事物。) b. —Do you want this big apple?
—No, I want the small one. (代替的是前面提到的同类事物，但不是同一件。)
2. some和any
some和any都表示“一些”，既可以指人, 也可以指物, 可以表示可数的事物和人, 也可以表示不可数的概念。some 多用于肯定句中, 而 any 用于疑问句、否定句和条件句。如:
Some of the students can speak German.
He had a lot of music CDs. Did he lend you any?
3. none和neither
① none, neither 都表示否定的意思, 两者的区别在于, neither 用于两者, 而none 用于三者及以上。如： Yes, I saw two boys at the door, but neither (of them) is my brother.
None (of the students) in my class want to take part in this trip.
② none 除指可数的人和物外, 还可以表示不可数的东西, 可以指与one, two, three一样的数字概念。 如：I have a lot of money in my bag, but none is mine.
— How many postcards have you sent? — None.
4. (a) little和(a) few
含义用法
表示肯定
表示否定
用于可数名词
a few
虽少, 但有几个
few
不多, 几乎没有
用于不可数名词
a little
虽少，但又一点
little
不多, 没有多少
—Do you have any water? —Yes, but only a little.
Little is known about these areas of Mars.
He has many friends, but few are true friends/ but only a few are true friends
5. all和both
both 表示“两者都”，而all指两者以上，表示“所有，全体，一切”，还可以指不可数的事物。如:
All of the boys went to the cinema yesterday evening.
All of the money is mine.
— Which of the two shirts do you like? — I like both.
all 和 both 可用于主语之后，如
We all/both passed the exam. We all/both students.
6. each和either
each 和 either 都可以表示“每一个”, each 可以表示两者、也可以表示两者以上的“每一个”
either只能表示两者中的“每一个”。如:
Each of us/We each got a nice card on that special day.
— Which of the two shirts do you want? — Either will do.
注意: either 表示一种选择, 如上面一例, 表示“哪个都可以”, 说明购物者要买一件衬衣而不是两件都要。如表示两件都要, 则用both。
each也可用于句末。如:
The old man gave the boys two apples each.
7. each和every
each
every
可单独使用
不可单独使用
可与of连用
不可与of连用
可做主语(的一部分)、宾语(的一部分)状语
仅用作定语
着重个别
着重全体,无一例外
The teacher gave a toy to each child. We each have our own car.
Every child likes playing.
练习：
1. ______(I) took them _______(I).
2. So _______ (we) is a bit bigger.
3. _________ is wearing a jacket and tie!
4. Did you enjoy __________ in London?
5. _______ (I) went to see _______ (I) friend Susie. And ______ (I) visited _______ school.
6. _______ (they) don’t sit in rows.
7. And ______ (we) also have an excellent swimming team.
8. ______ (it) looks really great.
9. _______ means more people to play with.
10. _______ lesson lasts for an hour.
11. _______ people learn German instead of French.
12. _______ did Tony visit in London?
• 【经典习题】
• ( ) 13. The girl with a pair of glasses is Kate. 　　　　 is my new classmate.
• A. He B. She C. Him D. Her
• ( ) 14. How is your grandfather? Please say hello to 　　　　 for me.
• A. it B. she C. her D. him
• ( ) 15. — Jessica, what’s the weather like in your city today?
• — 　　　　 is raining heavily.
• A. This B. That C. It D. The city
• ( ) 16. — Whose purse is it?
• — There’s a girl over there. Maybe it’s 　　　　.
• A. her B. she C. hers D. Mary
• ( ) 17. — Emma, is this 　　　　 umbrella?
• — No, it’s not 　　　　. It is hers.
• A. you; mine B. your; mine C. you; my D. your; my
• ( ) 18. — Who is Mr. Smith?
• — He is 　　　　 teacher and he teaches 　　　　 English.
• A. our; our B. ours; us C. our; us D. us; ours
• ( ) 19. Don’t worry about your son. He’s old enough to look after 　　　　.
• A. himself B. herself C. yourself D. myself
• ( ) 20. Boys, help 　　　　 to some apples and bananas.
• A. ourselves B. yourself C. themselves D. yourselves
• ( ) 21. — You speak French very well. Who taught you?
• — Nobody. I learned it by 　　　　.
• A. I B. my C. me D. myself
• ( ) 22. Look at the boys over there. 　　　　 are my cousins. Let’s go and play with them.
• A. This B. That C. These D. Those
• ( ) 23. — Hello, Victor speaking. Who’s 　　　　?
• — Hello, 　　　　 is Daming.
• A. this; that B. that; this C. that; that D. this; this
• ( ) 24. The schools in Beijing are quite different from 　　　　 in New York.
• A. this B. that C. these D. those
• ( ) 25. — Mr. Brown, what kind of house would you like?
— I’d like 　　　　 with a garden in front of 　　　.
• A. it; one B. one; one C. one; it D. it; it
• ( ) 26. — The apples look nice. Could you give me 　　　　? — Sure. Here you are.
• A. some B. any C. little D. few
• ( ) 27. — Would you like coffee or tea?
• — 　　　　 is OK. I really don’t mind.
• A. Both B. Either C. Neither D. None
( ) 28. — Oh, my God! My computer doesn’t work.
• — There must be 　　　　 wrong with it.
A. anything B. everything C. nothing Dsomething
( )29. I have two brothers. One is in Beijing and 　　　　 is in Shanghai.
A. other B. the other C. another D. others
• ( ) 30. — 　　　　 do you prefer, basketball or baseball? — Baseball.
• A. Who B. What C. Whom D. Which
• ( ) 31. — There is a notebook on the teacher’s desk. 　　　　 is it?
• — Oh, it’s Lucy’s. It has her name on it.
• A. What B. Which C. Whose D. Who
五：介词

1. We go school every weekday 8:45 am 3:15 pm.
2. We have a large sports ground football and tennis, where we can play
both and school hours.
3. I’ve been River School, London, I was eleven.
4. River School is a secondary school, twenty minutes away my home bike.
5. There, our head teacher tells us news the school.
6. the school year there are usually visits museums and camps activities such as climbing and walking in the country.
7. the afternoon, we have two more lessons before school finishes.
8. It’s lucky we don’t have exams every subject.
一、表示时间的介词：
1. 表示年、月、日、时刻等用at, in, on 2. 表示时间的前后用before, after
3. 表示期限等用by, until, till 4. 表示期间等用for, during, through
5. 表示时间的起点等用from, since 6. 表示时间的经过等用in, within
at & on & in
at用于表示时刻、时间的某一点。 at lunch 午餐时 at breakfast早餐时
at night 在夜间 at first 起初 at times 偶尔，有时
at the same time同时
We usually have lunch at noon/at twelve. 我们通常中午吃午饭(十二点吃午饭)。
注意：表示时间的名词前有this, last, next, every等修饰时，其前面不加介词。
this morning 今天早上 last Monday 上周一 every week 每周
on用于表示某天，某一天的上、下午(指具体的某一时，一律用on)
on Monday 在周一 on June 6 在6月6日 on Tuesday morning早餐时
on May 4, 2003 在2003年5月4日 on Christmas Day 在圣诞节那天
on the night of July (the) first 在七月一日夜晚
We didn’t listen to the lecture on Wednesday afternoon. 周三下午我们没去听演讲。

in用于表示周、月、季节、年和泛指的上午、下午、晚上(指在一段时间内)
in the week 在这周 in May 在五月 in the holiday 在假期中 in summer 在夏季
in September, 1995 在1995年9月 in the morning 在上午
in the 21st century 在二十一世纪 in time 及时 in an hour 一个小时后
People go skating in winter. 人们冬天去滑冰。 Do they work in the day time or at night?
before & after------- A before 在……之前
Wash your hands before dinner. (before作介词) 吃饭前请洗手。
He will call me before he leaves here/before ten o’clock. (前一个before作连词；后一个before作介词)
他离开这儿之前/十点之前，将给我打电话。
B. after 在……之后
Let’s sing some songs after school.(after作介词)放学后咱们唱歌吧！
Please close the door after you leave the room. (after作连词)离开房间后请关门。
by & until/till
A. by 在……前(时间)；截止(到)……
by the end of…在……底(之前) by then 到那时 by the time + 从句 在……之前
How many English books had you read by the end of last year?到去年年底以前你看过多少本英文书？
She had left by the time I arrived. 我到时(之前)她已经走了。
B. until/till 直到……为止(时间)
We didn’t begin to watch TV until/till nine o’clock.一直到九点，我们才开始看电视。
I will wait for him until he comes here.我将在这儿一直等到他来。
for & during & through
A.for 达…之久(表示经过了多少时间)可以和一般现在时、过去时、将来时连用，但经常和完成时连用。
He has lived here for 20 years.他在这儿已经住了二十年了。
We will stay in the city for two days.我们要在这座城市待两天
B. during 在……期间
They are going to have a good rest during the summer holidays.假中他们打算好好休息一下。
C. through 一直……(从开始到结束)
They played the cards through the night.He stayed in London through the winter.
比较：for和during。for之后大多跟表示时间、具体天数等的数字名词。而during后决不能跟表数字的名词。
from & since
A from 从……起(时间) 表示“从……开始”时，一般都是用词组from…to…，而单纯表示确切的“从几点开始”时用at。
The meeting will be held from eight to ten. 这个会议将从8点开到10点。
The meeting will be held at eight. 会议将从八点钟开始。
B. since 自从……以来 (表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)
I have been sick since yesterday.我从昨天起就病了。(强调一直病到现在)
The doctor has saved a lot of lives since he became a doctor. (since作连词，引导时间状语从句)
这个医生自从当医生以来已经拯救了许多人的生命。
in & within
A. in过……后(未来时间), 大多用在将来时(一般将来时和过去将来时)。
in an hour 一小时之后 in a week or so 大约一星期之后
He will be back in five hours. 他五小时之后回来。
注意：如果用于过去式，用after+时间。
She went to Nanjing last May, and she came back after a month.
B. within 不超过……的范围 within 3 hours 3小时之内 within a week 一周之内
I must finish painting the cat within five minutes. 我必须在五分钟之内画好这只猫。
比较：within和in。within强调“在……时 间之内”，没有时态的限制。in是以限制为基础，in an hour是指从现在起一个小时之后，所以in一般只用于将来时。
表示场所的介词
 at, in, on, under, by, near, between, around, opposite

表示方向的介词
 into, out of, along, across, through, up, past

A. at & in: at在某地(表示比较狭窄的场所)
at school 上学 at home 在家 at Baker Street 在贝克街2号 stand at the door 站在门边
at the bottom/back/end/head ofI’ll meet him at the Beijing railway station. 我将去北京站接他。
in 在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)
in Beijing 在北京 in the world在世界上in the bed 躺在床上 in China 在中国
in a book/newspaper 在书上/报纸上His brother is in prison. He was arrested 2 years ago.
Mike works in the prison.She was born in China.
on & above & over & under & below
A. on 在……上面，有接触面。
on the desk 在桌子上面 on the map 在地图上
There are two maps on the wall. 墙上有两张地图。 on 在……靠近……的地方
on the right 在右边 on the river在河边 on the pavement 在人行道上
B. above 在……上方
Our plane flew above the clouds. 我们的飞机在云端上飞行。
C. over 在……正上方，是under的反义词
There is a light over Li Ming. 李明的正上方有一盏灯。
A few birds were flying over the sea. 有几只鸟在海上飞。
D. under 在……下面；在……之内
under the table 桌子下面 under the jacket 在夹克内
The dog is under the table. 这只狗在桌子下面。
C. below 在……下方(不一定是正下方) 正下方是under，below是above的反义词。
There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water. 水下面有许多各式各样的鱼
near & by
A. near近的，不远的
near=not far，是far的反义词。Nea r还可以指时间，如：in the near future 在不久的将来
Is there a bus stop near here? 这儿附近有公共汽车站吗？
B. by 在……旁边，距离比near要近 by