专题四阅读理解.ppt

专题四 阅读理解,一、题型突破,中考英语阅读理解题的考查内容紧扣,英语课程标准,对学生阅读能力发展的要求，并体现任务型教学法针对学生,的要求，考查考生综合运用所学英语语言知识的能力，主要,包括阅读能力、理解能力、归纳概括能力、逻辑推理能力以,及对语言材料的评估能力。它既考查考生对短文的关键词句、,具体细节的理解，又考查考生对短文的中心思想、主旨大意,以及作者的写作意图等方面的理解。因此我们应该把阅读理,解作为我们备战中考的主要任务。在复习中我们应注意把握,阅读的难度、掌握阅读的题型及解题方法，这对我们在中考中取得好的成绩是非常有帮助的。阅读文章的表现形式有纯文章、文章和图表结合、图表阅读、配对阅读等。,阅读理解的考查重点主要围绕着以下几个方面：,1.,掌握材料的主旨大意，以及用以体现主旨大意的事实和细节，即,when,，,where,，,who,，,what,，,why,，,how,等内容，一般可以从文章原句中直接找到答案。,2.,既理解表层含义（词面含义），也理解深层含义（包括作者的态度和意图等）。有的题目需要利用同义词、反义词、构词法和不同句式等查找答案。,3.,领悟句、段的意义和它们之间的关系，并能据此进行推理和判断，通常有常识推断、知识推断、计算判断和情节判断。,4.,能根据材料所提供的相关信息或上下文语境，结合中学生应该掌握的常识，正确判断生词和短语的含义。,根据以上四项要求，阅读理解的选择题可以分为以下几种题型：（,1,）细节理解题（,2,）词句理解题（,3,）推理判断题（,4,）,信息归纳题（,5,）计算理解题。,二、解题技巧,阅读理解是中考英语试卷中的重头戏，是初中英语教学大纲的集中体现，而且占分比例较大，是我们应该极为重视的题型之一。英语要想拿高分，对阅读理解题目就一定不能忽视。中考中阅读理解的内容非常广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等；体裁多样，包括记叙文、说明文、应用文等，通常采用单项选择的考查形式，测试点集中，考查角度灵活。那么，如何做好中考中的阅读理解呢,应该做到以下几点：,1.,细读全文，捕捉信息。,阅读理解的主旨是让学生通过阅读，理解文章的主旨大意。这要求考生在有限的时间内仔细阅读全文，迅速抓住文章的要点，读懂文章的大意，理解作者的观点和意图，注意事件发生的时间、地点、人物及事情的起因、经过和结果。在时间允许时可以多读几遍。,2.,分析信息，推敲答案。,仔细阅读，在弄清了阅读材料的大体意思后，考生要由已经掌握的信息来确定答案。中考的阅读理解题的答案一般都隐藏在句子中，考生必须运用短文中的关键词和短文的隐含意义进行分析、判断、推理，最后选出正确的答案。,3.,注意首句，抓住主旨。,在一般情况下中考阅读理解题是不给短文题目的，因此考生有时候阅读起文章来感觉到抓不住中心。在这种情况下，应特别注意短文的首句、首段和结尾句，因为首句或首段往往是作者自己的观点或看法，有时阅读材料的主旨句出现在文章的末句。因此注意文章的首句、首段或末段对文章的理解是非常有帮助的。,4.,排除干扰，确定答案。,选择型的阅读理解在中考阅读试题中占最大比例。这种题型所给的四个选项中有三个是干扰选项，因此要认真对比，细致鉴别，对于这些干扰选项要采取排除法，确定好答案后再到文章中去检验一下。,5.,复读全文，核定答案。,完成所给的阅读试题后，要再细读一遍阅读材料，检查答案与阅读材料所提供的信息是否相符，前后是否一致，是否符合逻辑和情理。如果发现错误要及时纠正。,三、中考阅读理解题解题技巧点拨,从中考阅读理解题的命题原则可以看出，阅读理解一般可概括为以下四种类型：以考查文章具体细节为主的细节理解题；以概括短文或某一段中心思想为着眼点的主旨大意题；要求判断文章字里行间隐含意义的推理判断题；根据特定的语境、语段和上下文的词义猜测题。,（一）细节理解题,在一篇文章中，作者为了阐述文章的主旨大意，往往提供一些具体的内容，用来说明、界定、证明或分析文章的主题，这些具体内容就是文章的细节。一条信息或一个事实就是一个细节，它可以是一个短语，也可以是一句话或几句话。在阅读理解题中，大部分都是细节考查性的问题。它们都是针对文章的具体内容而设计的，目的在于考查考生对文章内容的理解程度，而这类问题一般都可以在文章中直接或间接地找到答案。,【,技巧,1】,根据文章的中心思想来把握事实和细节。,【,范例,】,A friend of mine liked drawing horses.He drew the horses very well,but he always began at the tail.Now it is the Western rule to begin at the head of the horse,that is why I was surprised.It struck me that it could not really make any difference whether the artist begins at the head or the tail or the belly,（肚子）,or the foot of the horse,if he really knows his business.And most great artists who,really know their business do not follow other peoples rules.They make their own rules.Everyone of them does his work in a way peculiar(,奇特的,)to himself,and the peculiarity means only that he finds it easier to work in that way.,Now the very same thing is true to literature.And the question,“How shall I begin?”only means that you want to,begin at the head instead of beginning at the tail or somewhere else.That is,you are not yet experienced enough to trust to your own powers.When you become more experienced you will never ask the question,and I think that you will often begin at the tail that is to say,you will write the end of the story before you have even thought of the beginning.,【,问题,】,1.You are not yet experienced because _.,A.you dont know where to begin,B.you want to begin at the head instead of beginning at the,tail,C.you always asked questions,D.you do not trust to your own powers,【,解析,】,选,D,。根据第二段中的“,That is,you are not yet experienced enough to trust to your own powers.”,可知经验不丰富的人不相信自己，总是问各种问题。故答案为,D,项。,2.When you become more experienced you _.,A.will never ask questions,B.will often begin at the tail,C.should write the end of the story,D.should think of the beginning,【,解析,】,选,C,。根据第二段中的“,When you become more experienced you will never ask the question,and I think that you will often begin at the tail that is to say,you will write the end of the story before you have even thought of the beginning.”,可知经验丰富的人很少问这样的问题，总是按照自己的思路进行创作，甚至在创作开头前先想好了故事的结尾，故答案为,C,项。,【,技巧,2】,根据文章中某些特定的句子来把握事实和细节。,【,范例,】,One day Mrs.White went to buy a fish with her daughter.She didnt know how to cook it,so she asked the shopkeeper to write down the way of cooking it on a note.She put the note in her daughters pocket and then they left the shop happily with the fish.,On their way home,a black cat saw them and followed them.Suddenly the cat jumped at her,took the fish away from her quickly and ran off at once.Mrs.White didnt know what to do.,But suddenly she remembered something.She laughed and shouted at the cat,“You dont know how to cook it.The note is still in my daughters pocket!”,【,问题,】,The cat took the fish away from_.,A.the shop B.the woman,C.the womans daughter D.Mr.Black,【,解析,】,选,B,。根据文章第二段中的“,Suddenly the cat jumped at her,took the fish away from her quickly and ran off at once.Mrs.White didnt know what to do.”,可知“猫向她扑去，把鱼抢走了。”通读全文可知“她”指的是,Mrs.White,，故,B,项是正确的。,【,技巧,3】,根据文章提供的具体内容来把握事实和细节。,【,范例,】,Therere many different kinds of food in China.Some of them are very popular.Dumplings are the real Chinese food.Now lets talk about them,OK?Everyone in China likes dumplings very much,and there are many different kinds of dumplings.Some have meat in them and others have vegetables,eggs and so on.I like dumplings without meat better than any other kind.,【,问题,】,Does the writer like the dumplings without meat?A.I dont know.,B.Yes,he does.,C.No,he doesnt.,D.No,he likes dumplings that have meat in them.,【,解析,】,选,B,。根据文章最后一句话“,I like dumplings without meat better than any other kind.”,可知作者喜欢不带肉馅的水饺，因此答案为,B,项。,在阅读理解中考查细节理解的问题，通常有下列形式：,1.Where/when did the story happen?2.Which of the following sentences is RIGHT?3.All the statements are true EXCEPT _.4.Which of the following sentences is(NOT)mentioned in the passage?,（二）主旨大意题,每篇短文都有主题思想，而作者表现主题思想的手法各不相同。阅读理解首先是对文章主题思想，即文章的主旨和大意的理解，它是对全文的概括与总结。在阅读中，能否看懂文章,一个重要的衡量标准就是看其是否理解了整篇文章的主旨大意，是否具有把握主题思想的能力。要想理解文章的主旨大意，就不要对个别生词、短语及细节过分追究，在很多情况下，对文章的宏观理解远远重于对某些细节的精确把握，这样有利于我们调动以往的知识和经验去领悟作者的意图，掌握文章的中心思想和组织结构。,【,技巧,1】,根据文章的段首或段尾的主题句确定其主旨大意。主题句常常出现在段首或段尾，一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节，在议论文、科技文和新闻报道中多采用这格式。,【,范例,】,People have different tastes in food.Some feel that they havent eaten a meal when they havent had steak or other red meat.Some people prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal.Others prefer vegetables and fruit or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti(,细条实,心面,).,【,问题,】,What is the main idea of the passage?,Some people prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other,at every meal.,B.Some people,prefer vegetables and fruit or grains.,C.Most people like meat.,D.People have different tastes in food.,【,解析,】,选,D,。文章的主题句出现在段首：“,People have different tastes in food”.,后面的句子都是围绕着这个主题句展开的，故答案为,D,项。,【,技巧,2】,根据文章所给的标题确定其主旨大意。,如果一篇文章有标题，一定要注意所给标题所蕴涵的信息，,文章的标题往往就是文章的主旨。,【,范例,】,How to make a fire,Once upon a time,people didnt know how to start fires.They perhaps started fires from lighting.Later people learned how to start fires.They found out hitting two pieces of stone together could make a spark.As years went by,people learned other ways to start a fire.Sometimes they used heat from the sun to make a fire.,【,问题,】,This article mainly talks about_.,A.fire,B.how to start a fire,C.why people have to use fires,D.how clever people are,【,解析,】,选,B,。根据文章内容可知，该短文是围绕着,How to make a fire,这个标题展开的，故答案是,B,项。,【,技巧,3】,抓住文章的主要情节，通过概括得出文章的主旨,大意。在许多文章中没有概括文章的主题句和标题句，必须,根据文章中所提供的细节进行全面分析，然后归纳出文章的,主旨。,【,范例,】,Do you own a flashlight?Few inventions are so helpful to a man who is afraid of the dark.The modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations.Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand.A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire,has been out.,【,问题,】,What is the passage mainly about?,A.The history of a flashlight.,B.How to use a flashlight.,C.A flash is very helpful.,D.Who invented the flashlight.,【,解析,】,选,C,。根据文章内容可以得出本文主要是在说手,电筒的用处，故答案为,C,项。,在阅读理解中要求归纳主旨的问题，通常有下列形式：,1.The main idea of the passage is _.,2.The passage is mainly about _.,3.The best title of the passage is_.,（三）推理判断题,阅读的目的不仅仅是读懂文章的表层意思，还要从文章,的字里行间读出作者虽未说明，但想要表达的意图，也就是我们常说的言外之意。由于篇幅或其他原因，作者常把某些问题一带而过，有些只是给出一些暗示，这就要求读者必须掌握一定的逻辑判断和推理技巧，对作者的言外之意进行合理的推理判断。,【,技巧,1】,根据上下文提供的信息进行推断。,【,范例,】,One day a young man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant,“Could I have two mice and about twenty roaches(,蟑螂,)?”“Why do you need these things?”the shop assistant was very surprised.,“Well,”answered the young man,“Im moving out of my,apartment(,公寓,)and the landlord(,房东,)said that I should,leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.”,【,问题,】,From the passage we know the apartment may _ before the young man moved into it.,A.very clean,B.just cleaned by the landlord,C.tidy and comfortable,D.dirty and full of insects(,昆虫,),【,解析,】,选,D,。根据文章中的句子“,Im moving out of my apartment and the landlord said that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.”,可知年轻人买蟑螂的原因是房东要求房屋必须和年轻人搬进来时一模一样。据此我们可以推断年轻人入住前公寓一定是很脏，且有很多昆虫。故答案为,D,项。,【,技巧,2】,根据作者的语气、论调和倾向进行推断。,【,范例,】,Bill:Do I have to take the test?,Teacher:Do you want to pass the course?,【,问题,】,What did the teacher mean?,A.Bill must study to pass.,B.Bill wont pass unless he takes the test.,C.Bill neednt take the test.,D.Bill may miss the test.,【,解析,】,选,B,。根据对话内容可知比尔不想参加考试，但老,师告诉他不参加考试本门课程就过不了。由此可推知应选,B,项。,在阅读理解中要求推理判断的问题，通常有下列形式：,1.The writer suggests that _.,2.From the passage we know that_.,3.What did the writer mean?,4.The writers attitude toward.is that _.,5.It can be inferred from the text that_.,（四）词义猜测题,我们在阅读文章的时候，常常会遇到一些生词，这些生词影响了我们的阅读速度，其实大部分生词的意思都可以通过上下文的关系猜出来，下面就介绍一些猜词的技巧：,【,技巧,1】,根据定义猜测生词的词义。,在英语中，我们有时用,be,，,call,，,be called,等判断词来为某些,词下定义，这时我们就可以根据其定义猜测这些词的含义。,【,范例,】,A,carpenter,is a person who is good at making or repairing wooden objects.=A person who is good at making or repairing wooden objects is called a,carpenter,.,【,问题,】,Whats the meaning of the word“carpenter”?,A.,铁匠,B.,木匠,C.,泥瓦匠,D.,裁缝,【,解析,】,选,B,。,a person who is good at making or repairing wooden objects,的意思是“一个擅长制作或维修木制品的人”，由句意可知,carpenter,的意思是“木匠”。,【,技巧,2】,根据同位语的意义猜测生词的词义。,有时我们可以根据生词的同位语的内容，对其词义做出推测。,【,范例,】,My father is a,botanist,an expert who does research on plants.,【,问题,】,The word“,botanist,”most likely means_.,A.,生物学家,B.,植物学家,C.,动物学家,D.,发明家,【,解析,】,选,B,。根据同位语,an expert who does research on,plants,（一位研究植物的专家）不难猜出，,botanist,是“植,物学家”的意思。,【,技巧,3】,根据破折号或冒号后面的解释说明猜测生词的词,义。,在英语中，我们有时用破折号或冒号引出对其前面的词,的意义加以解释说明的内容，这时，我们可以根据破折号或,冒号后面起解释说明作用的部分的内容，对其所修饰的先行,词的词义做出推测。,【,范例,1】,Sports improve two valuable,traits,namely,self-,control and the ability to make quick decisions.,【,范例,2】,You can take any of the,periodicals,:,English learning,Reader,or,The world of English,.,【,问题,】,1.Which of the following is closest in meaning to“,traits,”?,A.,技巧,B.,速度,C.,本质,D.,品质,2.The word“,periodicals,”means_.,A.,课本,B.,期刊；杂志,C.,故事书,D.,科幻片,【,解析,】,1.,选,D,。句意,:,运动能提高人的两种品质,自控能力和快速做出反应的能力。由破折号后面的内容不难判断：,trait,指的是人的“品质，特性”。,2.,选,B,。由后面所举的例子,English learning,(,英语学习,),Reader,(,读者,),The world of English,(,英语世界,),可以猜出，,periodicals,是“期刊，杂志”的意思。,【,技巧,4】,根据对比关系猜测生词的词义。,在含有,but,，,however,，,yet,和,though,等表示转折意义的连词的,句子中，其前后的词有明显的对比关系。根据已知的内容，,通过这种对比关系，就能很容易猜出生词的词义了。,【,范例,1】,Though Toms face has been washed quite clean,his neck still remains,grubby.,【,范例,2】,John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things,；,his wife,however,is very,thrifty,.,【,问题,】,1.The word,“,grubby,”means_.,A.,干净的,B.,潮湿的,C.,肮脏的,D.,干燥的,2.The meaning of the word“,thrifty,”is_.,A.,浪费的,B.,节俭的,C.,无用的,D.,有用的,【,解析,】,1.,选,C,。根据文章内容可知,grubby,的意思和,clean,相反，因此,grubby,的意思是“肮脏的”。,2.,选,B,。根据文章内容可知,thrifty,的意思和,wastes a lot of money,相反，因此,thrifty,的意思是“节俭的”。,【,技巧,5】,根据因果关系猜测生词的词义。,在含有,because,since,as,等表示因果关系的连词的句子中，其,前后的内容有明显的因果关系。我们根据已知的内容，通过,这种因果关系，就能很容易猜出某些生词的词义。,【,范例,】,I want the hairdresser(,理发师,)to,trim,my hair a bit,because it is too long.,【,问题,】,Whats the meaning of the word“,trim,”?,A.,修剪,B.,梳理,C.,染色,D.,护理,【,解析,】,选,A,。根据原因状语从句,because it is too long,（因为头发太长了）可推知，,trim,的意思是“修剪”。,【,技巧,6】,根据并列关系猜测词义。,在英语中，有时有些表示并列意义的词在句子中会同时出现，这时我们可以根据其中熟词的含义来猜测生词的含义。,【,范例,】,In the northeast of the United States,summer temperatures are very different from winter temperatures.Summer is usually very hot and winter is usually cold.Spring temperatures are warm and,fall,temperatures are cool.,【,问题,】,The word,“,fall,”in the passage means_.,A.,落下,B.,降落,C.,秋天,D.,跌倒,【,解析,】,选,C,。根据文中几个与之含有并列关系的词,summer,winter,spring,的意思可知,fall,的意思是“秋天”。,【,技巧,7】,根据词根、词缀猜测派生词的词义。,英语中有大量的由词根加词缀构成的派生词。词缀分两种：加在词根前面的叫做“前缀”，前缀一般只引起词根词义的变化，不引起词根词性的变化；加在词根后面的叫做“后缀”，后缀一般会引起词根词性的变化，不会引起其意义的变化。根据这一规律，我们可以猜出很多派生词的词义。,【,范例,1】,The book is,uninteresting,I dont like it.,【,范例,2】,His handwriting is very bad,its almost,unreadable,.,【,问题,】,1.The word“,uninteresting,”means_.,A.,有趣的,B.,有意思的,C.,没趣味的,D.,不重要的,2.The word“,unreadable,”means_.,A.,很好读的,B.,舒服的,C.,工整的,D.,没法读的,【,解析,】,1.,选,C,。根据,uninteresting,的词根,interesting,（有趣,的）和,un,是其否定前缀可知,uninteresting,的意思是“无趣味的”。,2.,选,D,。,unreadable,的词根,read,为动词，加上形容词性的后缀,able,后词性为形容词，意为“可读的”。,un,是否定前缀，加在,readable,前只引起其意义的变化，不引起其词性的变化，故,unreadable,仍为形容词，其意思是（因书写太潦草而）“没法读的”。,【,技巧,8】,根据生活常识猜测生词的词义。,【,范例,1】,The door was so low that he hit this head on the,lintel,.,【,范例,2】,George Washington is the first,president,in,American history.,【,问题,】,1.The word“,lintel,”means_.,A.,过梁,B.,门,C.,墙壁,D.,门框,2.The word“,president,”means_.,A.,经理,B.,董事,C.,总统,D.,秘书,【,解析,】,1.,选,A,。根据常识判断：如果门太矮了，头会碰在过梁上，因此可以猜出,lintel,的意思是“,(,门的,),过梁”。,2.,选,C,。根据历史常识可知乔治,华盛顿是美国历史上第一任总统，可以推知,president,是“总统”的意思。,在阅读理解中要求判断词语意义的问题，通常有下列形式：,1.According to the author,the word“.”means _.,2.By“.”the author means _.,3.Which of the following is nearest(closest)in meaning,to“.”?,4.The word“.”in the passage means _.,5.The word“.”most likely means _.,模拟演练,Passage 1,Old Couple at McDonalds,A little old man and his wife walked slowly into McDonalds on cold winter evening.They took a table near the back wall,and then the little old man walked to the cash register(,收银处,)to order.After a while he got the food back and they began to open it.,There was one hamburger,some French fries and one drink.The little old man carefully cut the hamburger in half and divided the French fries in two piles(,堆,).Then he neatly put the half of the food in front of his wife.He,took a sip of the drink and his wife took a sip.“How poor the old people are!”The people around them thought.As the man began to eat his hamburger and his French fries,his wife sat there watching him and took turns to drink.A young man came over and offered to buy another meal for them.But they refused politely and said that they got used to sharing everything.,Then a young lady asked a question of the little old lady.“Madam,why arent you eating?You said that you share everything.Then what are you waiting for?”She answered,“The teeth.”,1.What did the old man order?,A.One hamburger and one drink.,B.Some French fries and two cups of coffee.,C.One hamburger,some French fries and one drink.,【,解析,】,选,C,。由文章第二段的首句“,There was one hamburger,some French fries and one drink.”,可知答案为,C,项。,2.What did they do after they opened the food?,A.They left McDonalds.,B.They shared the food.,C.They began to look for seats.,【,解析,】,选,B,。由文章第二段的第二句“,The little old man carefully cut the hamburger in half and divided the French fries in two piles.”,可知答案为,B,项。,3.Whats the meaning of the phrase“took a sip”?,A.Drank someth