高级英语第一册修辞总结.doc

Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar
1. Onomatopoeia: is the formation of words in imitation o the sounds associated with the thing concerned.
e.g. 1) tinkling bells (Para. 1)
2) the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9)

2. Metaphor: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using “as” or “like”.
e.g. 1) the heat and glare of a big open square (Para. 1)
2) …in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar (Para. 7)

3. alliteration: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters.
e.g. 1) …thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1)
2)…make a point of protesting

4. Hyperbole: is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc.
e.g. a tiny restaurant (Para. 7)
a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9)

5．Antithesis: is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis.
e.g. 1) …a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows…(Para. 5)
2) …which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels. (Para. 5)

6. Personification: a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form.
e.g. …as the burnished copper catches the light of …(Para.5)

Unit 2
V: Figures of speech
Metaphor: 暗喻
A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.
暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。
1). And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon railways official might say.
2). …I was again crushed by the thought…(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)
3). …At last the intermezzo came to an end and…(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)
4). …when the meaning of these last words sank in, jolting me…(Page 15, Para. 7, Lines 1~3)

Synecdoche: 提喻
A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (a hand for sailor ), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer ), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin ), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket ), or the material for the thing from which it is made (as steel for sword ).
举隅法，提喻法：一种修辞方法，以局部代表整体（如用手 代表 水手 ），以整体代表局部（如用 法律 代表 警官 ），以特殊代表一般（如用 直柄剃刀 代表 杀人者 ），以一般代表特殊（如用 贼 代表 扒手 ），或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用 钢 代表 剑 ）
e.g. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)
little old Japan: traditional Japanese houses

Metonymy: 换喻
A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of “Washington” for “the United States government” or of “the sword” for “military power”.
换喻，转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用“华盛顿” 代替 “美政府” 或用 “剑” 代替 “军事力量”
The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)
the kimono and the miniskirt: the Japanese culture and the western culture

Irony：反语
The use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning to achieve the humorous and ironic effect.
反语：用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法,以达到幽默和讽刺的效果。
e.g. This way I look at them and congratulate myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought me. (P. 17)

Climax: 层进法
A series of statements or ideas in an ascending order of rhetorical force or intensity.
层进法：在不断增强的修辞力度或强度中使用的一系列陈述和方法
l No one talks about it any more, and no one wants to, especially the people who were born here or who lived through it. (page 15~16, Para. 12, Lines 1~3)

Anti-climax: 渐降
Anti-climax, as used in the text, states one’s thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity from strong to weak, from weighty to light. It has achieved a humorous or surprised or even a sarcastic effect when the mayor was introducing his city to the visitors, who were expecting his answer to have something to do with the atom bomb, but who ironically heard “oysters” in the end.
渐降表述概念的方式是使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重到轻，有此达到取笑、讽刺或是喜剧的效果。
e.g. “seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its—oysters.”(p.15)

Sarcasm讽刺 is an expression or cutting remark clearly meaning the opposite to what is felt.
Hiroshima—the “liveliest” City in Japan (hyperbole)
If you want to write this city, do not forget to say that this city is the gayest city in Japan, even if…(hyperbole)

Simile 明喻 is an expression making a comparison in the imagination between two things using the words as or like
e.g. Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them…

Unit 3 Ships in the Desert
Personification
e.g. 1) Where there should have been gentle blue-green waves lapping against the side of the ship, there was nothing but hot dry sand. (Para. 1)

Hyperbole
e.g. the population explosion (Para. 5)

Metaphor
1) another ghostly image (Para. 6)
2) these ghosts in the sky (Para. 8)

Metonymy
1) the relationship between the two superpowers (Para. 23)

Unit 5 Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R.
IV: Rhetorical devices
1. Periodic sentences:
Periodic sentences achieve forcefulness by suspense (悬念). The essential elements in the sentence are withheld until the end.
A sentence in which the main clause or its predicate is withheld until the end; 周期句（掉尾句）：主句或谓语在句末的句子，有两种句型：一：修饰语（尤其是状语）在句首的简单句；二：从句在前主句在后的复合句
a) The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies, flashes away.(p.79)
b) Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. (p.80)
c) If Hitler imagines that his attack on Soviet Russia…he is woefully mistaken.(p80, L22)
d) When I awoken on the morning of Sunday, the 22nd, the news…invasion of Russia.(p.77)

2. Rhetorical question (interrogation)
Interrogation asks a question not in order to obtain an answer, but for the purpose of making an assertion in a striking and lively way.
E.g. …but can you doubt what our policy will be?

3. parallel structure
a) We will never parley
We will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang(p.80)
b) we shall fight him by land
we shall fight him by sea
we shall fight him in the air. (p.80)
c) behind all this glare
behind all this storm I see…(p.80)
d) I see the Russian soldiers standing…
I see them guarding…
I see the ten thousand villages…
I see advancing upon…(p.79)

4. Inversion
A change in normal word order, such as the placement of a verb before its subject
a) From this nothing will turn us—nothing P. 80

5. Repetition
The repeated use of the same synonymous words, to add force, clearness or balance to a sentence
We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. (p.78)
He has so long thrived and prospered. (p.81)
We will never parley, we will never negotiate…(p.80)

6. simile
A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in “How like the winter hath my absence been” or “So are you to my thoughts as food to life” (Shakespeare).
明喻：一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由like 或 as 引导的短语中，如 “我的离开好象是冬天来临” 或 “你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要” （莎士比亚）
I see also the dull…German soldiers…crawling locusts.(p79-80)

7. metaphor
A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.
暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。
a) I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land…
threshold refers to the threshold of their nation. (p.79)
b) Behind all this glare, behind all this storm, I see that small group of … (p.80)
Glare: a fierce or angry stare; Here it refers to war fire.
Storm: strong wind and rain; Here it refers to war or Hitler’s assault on the other countries.
c) …delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey (the Russian soldiers). (p.80)
d) I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes. (Page 77, Para. 1, the last sentence)
e) We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime. (Page80, Para. 3, Lines 6~8)
f) we have rid the earth of his shadow (influence) and liberated its peoples from his yoke(control). (p.80)

8. alliteration
The repetition of the same consonant sounds or of different vowel sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables, as in
头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。如：
“on scrolls of silver snowy sentences”(Hart Crane)
“写满银色雪般句子的卷轴上”(哈特·克兰)
a) Hearth and home (p.82)
b) I also see the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(p.79)
Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience. (p.82)

9. Personification
A figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form
I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey. (p.79-80)

10. hyperbole
A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton.
夸张法：一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年 或 这书有一吨重 中
If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons. (Hitler is much eviler than the devil.) (p.78)
e.g. I will love you till the seas goes dry, the rocks melt with the sun. 我爱你到海枯石烂

Unit 9 Mark Twain—Mirror of America
V. Rhetorical devices
1. Simile: Please refer to Lesson 2.
e.g. 1) Indeed, this nation’s best-loved author was every bit as adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. (Para. 1)
2) Tom’s mischievous daring, ingenuity, and the sweet innocence of his affection for Becky Thatcher are almost as sure to be studied in American schools today as is the Declaration of Independence. (Para. 15)

2. Metaphor
e.g. 1) …who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night. (Para. 1)
2) …main artery of transportation in the young nation’s heart. (Para. 3)

3. Sarcasm: it is a figure of speech which attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. It is most often restricted to the making of brief, unpleasant remarks that are motivated by hostility and contempt.
e.g. 1)…I knew more about retreating than the man that invented retreating. (Para. 6)
2) …one could set a trap anywhere and catch a dozen abler man in a night. (Para. 13)

4. Alliteration: please refer to Lesson 1.
e.g. It was a splendid population –for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home.
It was that population…and rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring and a recklessness of cost or consequences”

5. Antithesis: please refer to Lesson 1.
e.g. 1)…of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are. (Para. 5)
2)…a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever.

6. euphemism
e.g. 1) He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley band of Confiderate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy.
2) he commented with a crushing sense of despair on man’s final release from earthly struggles

7. metonymy
e.g. …but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax.

Unit 10 The Trial that Rocked the World
VII: Rhetorical devices
1. Metaphor:
　　No one,... that may case would snowball into...
　　...our town ...had taken on a circus atmosphere.
　　The street ...sprouted with ...
　　He thundered in his sonorous organ tones.
　　...champion had not scorched the infidels...
…after the preliminary sparring over legalities…

2. Simile:
　　...swept the arena like a prairie fire
　　...a palm fan like a sword...

3. Metonymy
　　...tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers...
　　The Christian believes that man came from above. ...below.

4. Hyperbole:
The trial that rocked the world
His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world.

5. Ridicule:
　　Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted ...
　　Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.

6. Sarcasm:
There is some doubt about that.
And it is a mighty strong combination.

7. Transferred epithet
　　Darrow had whisper throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder.

8. Antithesis
　　The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.

9. Assonance:
　　when bigots lighted faggots to burn...

10. Repetition:
The truth always wins...the truth...the truth...

11. synecdoche
1) the case had erupted round my head

12. oxymoron (矛盾修饰法)
Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a , “victorious defeat”

Unit 11 What’s a Dictionary For?
IV. Rhetorical devices
1. Personification:
The storm...that greeted...
An article in the Atlantic viewed it as a disappointment...
The Yew York Times, ...felt it
The Journal ...saw...

2. Alliteration:
...very little light on Lincoln...on Life

3. Sarcasm:
a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life.
..."so simple" a thing that the writer takes plain, downright, man-in-the-street attitude that a door is a door and any damn fool knows that.

4. Assonance:
The difference between the much-touted ... and the much clouted ...

5. Synecdoche:
But neither his vanity nor his purse is ...(metonymy)
What of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges...

6. Metonymy
The Washington Post, ..."keep Your Old Webster's"
in short, ...written in the language that the 3rd International describes...
...very little light on Lincoln...on Life

7. Zeugma:
a figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses (e.g. John and his driving licence expired last week) or to two others of which it semantically suits only one (e.g. with weeping eyes and hearts). Compare with syllepsis.
(语)轭式搭配法（一种修辞手段，指将一个动词与两个不同的名词或代词等搭配使同一个动词具有不同意义，如在John and his driving licence expired last week中的动词expired；或指将一个形容词与两个不同的名词搭配，在词义上该形容词虽仅适合于其中之一，但另一搭配可产生不同的联想意义，如在with weeping eyes and hearts中）。
The issue of New York Times …hail the Second as the authority… and the Third as a scandal…
To wage war and peace
With weeping eyes and hearts

8. met