初中英语300组常用词语辨析.doc

初中英语300组常用词语辨析（4）

§299 seat/ sit
Ⅰ.seat 多用作名词。表“座位”，当它用作动词时表“坐、就座”，是及物动词，与反身代词连用。如：
① He seated himself at a desk. 他在桌旁坐下。
② Please be seated , gentlemen.请就座，各位先生。
③ Please go back to your seat. 请回到你的座位上去。
Ⅱ. sit 为不及物动词。如：
①Sit down , please.
§300 see sb doing sth/ do sth
Ⅰ.see sb doing sth. “看见某人正在做某事”，用动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，表动作正在进行。
Ⅱ.see sb do sth. “见到某人做了某事”，表动作发生了，即动作的全部过程已经结束了。类似的动词还有：hear, feel, watch,等感官动词，及have, let, make等使役动词。如：
① She saw a boy go into your classroom. 她看见一个男孩进了人的教室。
② I saw him walking in the street.我看见他正在街上散步。
③ The teacher heard Jim reading English when she came in. 老师进来时，听见Jim在读英语。
§301 so…that / such…that
Ⅰ. so that 可引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句，引导目的状语从句时，句中常有情态动词can, could 等。如：
① They climbed higher so that they might see farther. 他们爬得更高，以便看得更远。
② I got up early this mornign so that I caught the first bus. 今天早晨我起得很早，结果赶上了头班车。
Ⅱ. so …that “如此……以致……”，so 是副词，在其后可跟形容词或副词，再跟that引导结果状语从句。如：
① He spoke so fast that no one could understand him. 他说得太快，没人能听得懂。
② The T-shirt cost so little that she bought several. 那件T恤衫很便宜，她买了好几件。
Ⅲ. such … that 与so … that 同意。但such 后跟名词或名词短语。如：
① She is such a girl that everyone likes her. 她是个人人喜欢的女孩。
② He made such raped progress that before long he began to write articles in English for an American newspaper. 他进步如此之快，以至于不久就开始用英语给一家美国报纸撰稿了。
[注]：如果名词前为many 修饰时，用so 而不用such. 见下节例子。
§302 so/ such
Ⅰ. 两者都可以表“这样、如此”之意。So 是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词。如：
① I am so glad to hear from my friend.收到朋友的信我真高兴。
② He writes so well. 他写得这么好。
Ⅱ. Such 是形容词， 用来修饰单数可数名词，其后需加不定冠词 a 或an. 如：
① He told us such a funny story. 他给我讲了一个很有趣的故事。
② You are interested in such things. 你对这样的事感兴趣。
[注意]：当单数可数名词前面有形容词修饰时，也可以有 so, 但要调整冠词的位置。
① He told us so funny a story. 他给我讲了一个如此有趣的故事。
如果被修饰的名词前有表 “多”或“少”这两个意义的 many, much, small 和 little 时，用 so 而不用 such. 如：
① Don’t bame him. He is just such a little boy. 别责备他，他只是这么小的一个孩子。
① We have a long way to go yet, but there’s so little water left. 我们还有很长的路要走，但所剩的水已很少了。
§304 socks/ stockings
Ⅰ. socks 指不到膝盖的“短袜”如：
① He bought a pair of nylon socks. 他买了一双尼龙袜。
② My socks have been darned [da:nd] again and again. 我袜子已经一补再补。
Ⅱ. stockings 指到膝盖或过膝盖的“长袜”。 如：
① She bought a pair of silk stockings. 她买了一双长丝袜。
§305 some time/ sometime/ sometimes/some times
Ⅰ,sometime,是副词， 意为“在某个时候”，可与将来时连用，也可以与过去时连用。如：
① He was here sometime last year. 去年某一时候他在此地。
② We shall visit the Science Museum sometime next week. 我们将在下周的某一时候去参观科学馆。
Ⅱ.some time 是名词词组，意为“一段时间”。也可副词词组，用来指一个未肯定的时间，常指将来，可与sometime通用。
① I stayed here for some time. 我在这儿呆了一段时间。
② Let’s have dinner some time(=sometime) next week. 下星期我们找个时间一块吃顿饭。
Ⅲ.sometimes. “有时、不时”，是频度副词，常与一般现在时或过去时连用。如：
① Sometimes they make modes ships.有时他们制作轮船模型。
Ⅳ.some times “几次、几倍” 表次数或倍数。如：
① We have been there some times. 我们去那儿几次了。
§306 sound/ voice/ noise
Ⅰ. sound “声音”，为最常用词，指可以听到的任何声音，强的，弱的，令人愉快的或不愉快的，有意义的或无意义的。如：
① I was reading last night, when suddenly I heard a sound in the next room. 昨晚我正看书时，突然听到隔壁房间有声音。
② Not a sound was heard. 听不到一点声音。
Ⅱ. noise 常指太响或人们不愿听到的声音，“嘈杂声、喧闹声”。
① I am always disturbed by the noise of the traffic. 我老受到车辆噪声的打扰。
② The boys made too much noise. 孩子们太吵闹了。
Ⅲ. voice 指“说话声”“唱歌声”“嗓音”如：
① That sounds like Mary’s voice. 那声音听起来好象玛丽的声音。
② She has lost her voice.她嗓子哑了。
§307 space/ universe
Ⅰ. space “宇宙”指“空间，时间”如：
① The earth moves through space.地球在太空中运行。
② The moon is our nearest neighbour in space and men have visited it already. 在宇宙里，月球是我们最近的邻居，人们已经访问过它了。
③ There isn’t enough space in the classroom for thirty desks. 教室里没有足够的空间放三十张桌子。
Ⅱ. universe “宇宙”是世界上独一无二的。前要用定冠词the. 除指时、空外，还指在时、空内万事万物。
① Our world is only a small part of the universe.我们的世界只是宇宙的一小部分。
§308 steal/ rob
Ⅰ. steal “偷”， 指暗中盗取，句型为“steal +被盗物+from+被盗人或地点”。如：
① Their car was stolen。他们的汽车被偷了。
② He stole some money from her. 他偷了她的钱。
Ⅱ. rob “抢劫”，指公然用暴力抢劫他人物品，句型为：“rob+被盗人或地点+of+被盗物”。如：
③ Their car was robbed. 他们的汽车被抢了。
④ He robbed her of her money. 他抢了她的钱。
[注]：和steal相关的名词是 “thief”(贼，小偷)；和rob相关的名词是robber “强盗，盗贼”
§309 stop doing sth/ stop to do sth/
stop from doing sth
Ⅰ.stop doing sth.“停止做某事”表停止正在做的事情。如：
① They stoped talking to me. 他们中断了与我交谈。
② Stop running about. 不要乱跑。
Ⅱ.stop to do sth. “停下来去做某事”即停止正在做的事，而去做另一件事。不定式为stop的目的状语。如：
③ They stopped to talk to me. 他们停下来和我交谈。
④ Let’s stop to have a rest 让我们停下来休息一会儿。
Ⅲ.stop (sb/sth).from doing sth. “阻止某人/物不要做某事”from可省略。=prevent sb. from doing sth; keep sb. from doing sth. 但keep~ 中的from不能省略。如：
⑤ We must stop him (from) doing such a foolish thing. 我们必须阻止他做这样的蠢事。
⑥ The Green Great Wall stopped the wind blowing the sand to the field of the south.
⑦ You’d better keep the fire 你最好
§310 stop/ station
Ⅰ.stop 表“站”，一般指路途的公共汽车停靠点。
Ⅱ.station 着重指车、船等的始发和终点站，范围较前者在。如：The bus stop is in front of the station.
§311 subject/ theme/ topic
Ⅰ. subject “题目、科目” 是应用最广泛的用语，可指讨论、研究、写作或艺术创作等的题目。如：
① Let’s change the subject. 让我们改换话题吧。
② I have studied the subject. 我研究过这个题目。
Ⅱ. theme “题目、主题”，尤指文学或艺术作品的主题。如：
① The students are discussing the theme of a novel. 学生们在讨论小说的主题。
② Waterfalls are from very early times a favourite theme for the painter. 瀑布很早就是画家喜爱的主题。
Ⅲ. topic “题目”指选定作为个人写篇文章或一些人进行讨论的题目。如：
① The students were asked to write an essay [e｀sei ]on one of the assigned [ә｀saind] (指派)topies. 要求学生根据指定题目当中的一题写文章。
② Baseball is their favourite topic of conversation. 棒球运动是他们最喜好谈论的话题。
[注]： title 指书籍、诗歌、图画等的名称以及标题。
§312 surprise/ surprising/ surprised
Ⅰ.surprise作名词，意为“惊奇，诧异”。如：
① To my surprise,they lost! 使我惊奇的是他们输了！
② He said to me in surprise, “Can’t you skate?” 他惊奇地对我说：“你不会滑冰”？
Ⅱ.surprise作及物动词，意为“使人惊奇，使感到意外”。如：①You surprise me. 你真使我惊奇。
Ⅲ.surprising是现在分词作形容词用，意为“使惊奇的，出人意料的”，常指物。如：
The surprising success makes us very happy. 这出人意料的成功使我们非常高兴。
Ⅳ.surpised是过去分词作形容词用，指人“对。。。。。。感到惊奇”。如：
We’re surprised at your words. 对你的话我们感到诧异。
[联想] 现在分词作形容词表“进行”，“主动”的含意；而过去分词常表“完成”，“被动”的含意。类似的词还有exciting/excited;interesting/intereisted,relaxed/relaxing,如：
① I was surprised at the news. 我对这消息感到吃惊。
The news is surprising. 这消息令人感到惊奇。
② We are all interested in her idea. 我们对她的想法感兴趣。
She has an interesting idea. 她有一个有趣的想法。
§313 talk with/ talk of/ talk on/ talk about
Ⅰ. talk with 后接的对象作宾语，介词with可用to代替。如：
① He was talking with / to a friend. 他在与一位朋友谈话。
Ⅱ. talk about “谈论”，后接谈话的内容，宾语可以是人，也可以是物。如：
① What are you talking about ?你们在谈论什么？
② Let’s not talk about it now. 咱们别谈这事了。
Ⅲ. talk of “谈到、谈及”，与talk about 同义，只是talk of 仅指“浅谈表面现象（如作者、书名等）”如：
① We often talk of you. 我们常谈到你。
Ⅳ. talk on “论述”不仅指内容，而且还指评论。如：
① They seldom talk on politics in those days. 那时候他们很少谈论政治。
§314 telephone/ ring/ ring up
Ⅰ. telephone “打电话”是及物动词，后接名词、代词或从句。也可作不及物动词，其后用介词to再接宾语。它可缩略为phone.多用于口语中。如：
① Did you telephone Li Lei?
② Telephone (Phone) me tomorrow.
③ He telephoned that he couldn’t attend the meeting.
Ⅱ. ring “打电话”可用作及物动词和不及物动词。如：
① He wanted you to ring him. 他要你打电话给他。
此外：ring for 按铃叫（某人）；ring back 回电话；ring off挂断电话。
Ⅲ. ring up “给……打电话”（= call up）如：
①I will ring him up. 我会打电话给他。
§315 tell of/ tell about
一般情况下tell of 可与tell about 换用。Tell之后常接表示人的名词或代词，介词of与about后接谈到的事情或内容。但在表示提起某事时倾向于tell of ；在表示详细地讲述有关情况时，倾向于tell about。如：
① Have you told your mother of your idea? 你把比的想法告诉你母亲了吗？
② I told her about that the other day. 前些天我和她谈了这件事。
§316 thanks for/ thanks to
Ⅰ. thanks for = thank you for “为……谢”强调谢的原因。如：
① Thanks for lending me your umbrella.谢谢你借给我雨伞。
② Thank you for your dictionary. 谢谢你的字典。
Ⅱ. thanks to “多亏了……”；“由于……的帮助”相当于because of …或 with the help of … , 在此短语中，to是一个介词，后接名词或代词。如：
① Thanks to the doctor, I am well again. 多亏这位医生，我身体又康复了。
② Thanks to our teachers, we all passed the exam. 多亏了老师的帮助，我们都及格了。
③ Thanks to your help, I finish the work on time. 多亏了你的帮助，我才能按时完成工作。
§317 that/ who/ which
Ⅰ. 引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom, whose(一般指人)，which(一般指物)，that ( 指人或物)等。关系副词有：where（地点）when(时间)， why(原因)等。
Ⅱ. that 在从句中指物，也可指人，可作主语和宾语。如：
① Water that is polluted often causes serous illness. 受污染的水常会引起重病。（that 在句中指物，用作主语）
② Do you have everything that you need? (that在从句中指物，用作宾语) 你所需要的东西都有了吗？
③ He is the man that they talked about just now. (that 在从句中指人，用作宾语) 他时刚才他们谈论的那个人。
④ Do you know the man that / who spoke just now? 你认识刚才讲话的人吗？
Ⅲ. who 和whom 在句中指人，分别作主语和宾语。如：
① A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health. ( who 在从句中用作主语) 医生是保护人们健康的人。
② I have just met a lady whom I saw last week. (whom在从句中用作宾语) 我刚遇上一位我上星期见过的人。
Ⅳ.which 在从句中指物，可作主语和宾语。如：
① My aunt was not on the train which arrived just now. (which 在从句中作主语) 我阿姨不在刚才到达的那列火车上。
② This is the coat which you wanted.(which 用作宾语)这就是你要的那件外套。
Ⅴ. whose 在从句中多指人，也可指物，用作定语。如：
① You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. (whose 作advice的的定语) 只有你的话他可能听。
② I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。
[注意]：在下述情况下，定语从句中关连词只能用 that. :
Ⅰ. 先行词是 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词时，如：
① Only a scientist could understand all that this pursuit meant.只有科学家知道这追求意味着什么。
② I am sure she has something that you can borrow. 我相信她有你能借到的东西。
③ Everything that we saw was of great interest to us. 我们对见到的一切都感兴趣。
④ There is little that I can use. 我能用的东西几乎没有。
⑤ He saw much that was bad. 他见了很多坏东西。
[注]：① 先行词是 something 时，关系代词用 that 或 which 都可以。
② 先行词是：someone, anyone, everyone, somebody, anybody, nobody,everybody 时，关系代词用 that 或 who 都可以。
Ⅱ. 先行词被 all, every, very no, some, any, little, much 等修饰时，如：
① I have read all the books that you gave me. 我把你给我的书全都看了。
② He is the very man that came here yesterday. 他就是昨天来的人。
Ⅲ. 先行词被序数词、形容词最高级 修饰时。如：
① This is the first composition thathe has written in English. 这是第一篇他用英语写的作文。
② The smallest living things that can be seen under a microscope are bateria. 在显微镜下我们能看见的最小的东西是细菌。
③ This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的小说。
Ⅳ. 先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 等修饰时。
① That white flower is the only one that I really like.白花是我唯一真正喜欢的花。
② This is the very book that I want to find. 这正是我想要的书。
③ The last place that we visited was the chemical works. 我们最后参观的是化工厂。
Ⅴ. 当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，定语从句只能用that 与主句连接，而不能用who / whom / which引导。如：
① He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited . 他谈了关于他访问过的老师和学校的情况。
Ⅵ. 当主句是以 who 或which 开头的特殊疑问句时，关连词只能用that . 而不能用 who / whom / which. 如：
① Who is the person that is standing at the gate?站在门口的那人是谁。
② Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?我们当中哪一个懂物理的人不知道这个？
[注]：在使用一些固定搭配的短语动词时，that 与其它关系词有时可以互用，其介词不能提前，而必须放在动词之后，这时指物用that, which 均可，指人时用who, whom, that 均可.
① This is the key which / that you are looking for.
② He is a man (whom / that ) you can safely depend on. 他是你能依赖的人。
③ The person whom / that / who he looks after is his mother.
§318 think of / think about/think over
Ⅰ. think of “想起、记起；有……想法、看法；对……有意见；考虑” 如：
① Will you think of me after I’ve left? 我离开后，你还会记着我吗？
② I know the person you mean,but I can’t think of his name. 我知道你讲的人是谁，但记不起他的名字。
④ We are thinking of going to Spain for our holiday this year.我们今年有 到西班牙去休假的想法（打算）。
⑤ What do you think of my new dress? 你认为我的新衣服怎么样？(可与think about 互换)
⑥ She thinks of no one but herself.她除自己外不考虑任何人。
Ⅱ. 当它作“想到过去的某事”或“考虑到某事”解时，常与think about 通用。即：“……考虑”；“对……看法”
① We have many things to think of / about before going there. 在动身去那之前，我们还有许多事情要考虑。
② 见Ⅰ④
Ⅲ.think about 可以表“想、回想”着重于想的过程。如：
① I am thinking about the friends I have lost.我正在回想那些失去了的朋友。
[注]：think of 可以表“想象一下，想想”而think about 则不能。—→Think of your mother!想想你的母亲吧！
—→Think of the danger! 想象一下危险吧！
Ⅳ.think over “仔细考虑”其中over 是副词。如：
①I will think the thing over. 我要把这事仔细考虑一下。
§319 think much(well) of/ think highly of/
think little(poorly) of/ sing high praise of/ speak highly of
Ⅰ. speak highly of “高度评价，赞扬”，相当于 think highly of 如：
① Our headmaster spoke highly of my classmates at the meeting. 我们校长在会上高度赞扬了我班的同学。
② The people speak highly of the TV play. 人们对这部电视剧评价很高。
[注] speak 构成的短语：
speak English 讲英语（某种语言）；speak to sb. 和某人交谈；
speak well / ill of 说……的好/坏话；speak like a book 大胆地说
speak for oneself 为自己辩护。
Ⅱ. think much well of “对……印象很好”如：
① We all think well of your suggestion. 我们都认为你的建议很好。
Ⅲ. think little / poorly / badly of “对……印象不好”如：
① You thought very badly of him at first, didn’t you? 起初你对他印象很坏，是吧？
Ⅳ. think much of “比……更看重（考虑得多）”如：
① He thought more of health than of money. 和金钱相比他更看重健康。
Ⅴ. sing high praise for “高度赞扬某人/某物”
§320 till/ until
till 和until 都可作介词或连词，其用法有两种：
Ⅰ. 在肯定句中，意为“到……为止”谓语动词一般要求是延续的。如：
① I shall stay here till / until next day.我将留在这儿一直到下星期天。
Ⅱ. 在否定句中，意为“直到……才……”，表这个动词的动作直到till / until所表示的时间才发生。如：
① They are not going back to work until / till they get more money. 他们要等到增加了工资才复工。
§321 to do sth/ doing sth
动词不定式(to do sth)与动词的ing 形式，都是非谓语动词。一般地， 不定式表示：具体的，某一次特定的或将来的行为。而动词的-ing 形式则表示：抽象的，一般地，具有普遍性的，或正在进行的行为。在句中都能作：主语，宾语，定语，状语，宾补等。如：
① I like swimming, but I dn’t like to go today. 我喜欢游泳，但今天我不想去。

§322 towards/ to / for
Ⅰ. for “向……”，接在leave, start, depart 等动词之后，表方向。如：
① She is leaving for Beijing. 她将动身到北京去。
Ⅱ. towards 仅表“方向”，比for 的意味要强。如：
① He is coming towards the house. 他向这房子走来。
Ⅲ. to “向，朝……”表目的地。接在动词come, go, return, proceed, move, march 等后。如：
① Let’s go to Yangzhou by steamer. 让咱们乘船去杨州吧！
② Soon after his return(he returned) to England, his father died. 当他回英国不久后，他的父亲便去世了。
§323 treat/ heal
二者都是动词，treat意为“治疗”，强调用药物或医疗手段医治的过程，并不表示治疗了效果。heal意为“治愈”，指医好伤病。如：
① The dentist is treating his teeth.牙医在为他治牙。
② The doctor healed my burns. 医生治好了我的烧伤。
§324 used to do sth/ be used to doing sth/
be used to do sth/ would
Ⅰ. Used to do sth.“过去常常做某事”（现在不做了），只用于过去时态。如：
① He used to get up early.过去他常早起。（现在已不这样了）
② Her mother used to go shopping on Fridays, but now she does it on Sunday. 她母亲过去常在周五去购物，但现在她周日去了。
Ⅱ. Be used to (doing)sth. “习惯于做某事”，be used 是被动语态结构。可用于现在、过去、将来多种时态。Be可用get, become等代替。如：
① He will be / has been used to getting up early. 他将会/ 已经习惯于早起。
Ⅲ. Be used to do sth. “被用于做某事”， be used 是被动语态结构，其中不定式表目的，可用于多种时态。如：
① Wood is used to make paper.木材用来造纸。
[注]：used to 的否定式有两种：一是：used not to 二是：didn’t use to 如：
① My father used not to smoke. = My father didn’t use to smoke.我爸爸过去不抽烟。
② They used not to live in the country. = They didn’t use to live in the country.
其疑问式是将used 提前，或添加助动词 did.
Ⅳ.would 是情态动词，没有象used to那样，有过去和现在的对比。不能说明是否现在还做不做。
§325 very / right / just
Ⅰ. right “正好”“就” “立刻”等。如：
① Mike lives right opposite the street.麦克就住在街对面。
② There’s a big stone right in the middle of the road. 路正中有块在石头。
③ Lily met an accident right here. 莉莉就是在这儿出事的。
④ She’ll be right back. 她马上就回来。
Ⅱ. Just 作为副词，常用在祈使句前以加强语气。如：
① Just think of the result. 试想一下后果吧。
② Just touch it . 你摸摸吧。
③ Just wait a moment, please.请稍等。
Ⅲ. very 作为形容词，常与the, this或my, your等连用，以加强语气，表“正是那个”“恰好的”等。如：
① You are the very person I’m looking for. (= You are the right person …) 你正是我要找的人。
② The two men fought on this very spot. (= r