新广州版八年级上册英语Unit5Educationalexchanges语法专项现在完成时.doc

现在完成时
Unit 5: Educational exchanges
语法专项--现在完成时
如果你想说“我已经看过某部电影，所以不想看了”、“某人曾经做过什么事情”等等，该如果表达呢？首先请看下面的句子：
（1）I have seen the film. I don’t want to see it again.
这部电影我已经看过，不想再看了。
（2）Have you answered all the questions? 所有的问题你都回答了吗？
（3）Have you ever looked at a travel brochure?
你看过旅游宣传册吗？
（4）She has never visited the USA.
她从没有过去美国。
观察：以上句子的谓语动词的一个共同特点是_____________________________, 用于表示在以前的某个时间曾经做过的、发生的事情，这种行为对目前有某种影响。我们把这种时态称为“现在完成时”。
一、 现在完成时的概念。
①表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果
She has been ill for three days. （她病了三天了。）
② 表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
We've known each other since we were children. （我们从小就认识。）
I have been a member of the Party for 10 years.
③常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：
just刚刚 yet 仍然，还 now 现在 lately 最后
ever 曾经 today 今天 never 从未 before 从前
recently 最近 already 已经 this week 本周 since 自从
for a long tine 很长时间了 since then 自那以来
so far 到目前为止 in the past/last few years 在过去/最近的几年

二、构成：”助动词have, has + 过去分词”
现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以work为例）：
人称
肯定
否定
疑问
回答
第一人称
I have seen the UFO.
We have travelled around the world.
I haven’t seen the UFO.
We haven’t travelled around the world.
Have you seen the UFO?

Have you travelled around the world?
Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t.

Yes, we have./ No, we haven’t.
第二人称
You have been to England.
You haven’t been to England.
Have you been to England?
Yes, I/we have.
No, I /we haven’t.
第三人称
He/She has been to Beijing.

They have given concerts all over the world.
He/ She hasn’t been to Beijing.

They haven’t given concerts all over the world.
Has he/ she been to Beijing?

Have they given concerts all over the world?
Yes, he/she has.
No, he/she hasn’t.

Yes, they have.
No, they haven’t.
注：规则动词的过去分词的构成与过去是相同，不规则动词的过去分词见附表。

随堂练习
.把下面变否定句、一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答。
1. I have done my homework.
否定句：_______________________________________
一般疑问句：___________________________________
回答：_________________________________________
2. The plane has arrived.
否定句：_______________________________________
一般疑问句：___________________________________
回答：_________________________________________

三、动词的过去分词构成规则
（1） 规则变化

① 大部分动词在词尾直接加-ed
clean cleaned help helped
② 以不发音的e结尾的，直接加-d
like liked live lived
③ 以辅音字母+y结尾的单词，变y为i再加ed
try tried study studied
④ 重读闭音节词尾只有一个辅音字母的，需要双写最后这个辅音字母再加-ed.
plan planned stop stopped

（2） 不规则变化
see seen find found
需根据不规则变化表进行专门记忆

随堂练习
写出下列单词的过去分词形式
work _________ finish ___________ arrive___________
change_________ see___________ have___________
marry__________ visit__________ miss___________
prefer__________ do___________ hear____________
live____________ clean________ study___________
meet___________ be __________ climb___________
plan____________ take_________ stop____________
keep____________ buy_________ spend____________
learn___________ forget__________ bring____________

四、 现在完成时用法归纳
1. 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作现已完成，对现在造成的影响和结果。(此种用法谓语动词用结束性动词)
如： The plane has arrived.
常用的时间状语和副词：already ,yet , ever , never
①already 已经； yet 尚未，仍未，还；强调前不久完成的动作对现在造成的影响，谓语动词使用非延续性动词。already 用于肯定句中，yet 用于否定句和疑问句的句末。

例如：I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成我的家庭作业了。
He hasn’t come yet.他还没有回来。
Has she finished cooking yet? 他做完饭了吗？

练：I have already done my homework. (变为否定句)
______________________________________________

②ever (曾经)，句中；never (从不) ，表示否定，强调到目前为止的生活经历。谓语动词用延续性动词。

例如：Have you ever climb that mountain? 你曾经爬过那座山吗？
Have you ever been to Shanghai?你曾经去过上海吗？
I have never late for school.我从来没有迟到过。
③already ever与never应位于助动词have/has 之后，主要动词之前。

拓展：before (以前)，句尾，独立用
I haven’t met him before. 我以前从来没有见过他。
just (刚刚)，用于肯定句中，常用在助动词和过去分词之间。
如：I have just heard the news. 我刚刚听到消息。

跟踪训练
（ ）1. Have you ______ heard of Disneyland?
A. always B. ever C. never D. sometimes
（ ）2. I have ________ finished my homework. So I can have a rest now.
A. ever B. already C. never D. yet
（ ）3. She is a good student, she has _______ been late for school.
A. ever B. already C. never D. yet
（ ）4. I am very hungry , I haven’t had my breakfast________.
A. ever B. already C. never D. yet

2. 完成时可用于表示某时间段里完成的动作，常与today, these days, recently等时间状语连用。如：
Have you seen her these days? 译： _________________________
Have you been to the library today? 译：______________________
Have you read the book recently? 译：_______________________

3.现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，可能延续到将来的动作和状态。
常与表示过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间状语连用。如：
a. for + 一段时间：for two hours
b. since + 时间点：since 1999, since last year
c. since + 一段时间+ ago: since two days ago
d. since + 从句（用过去时）
e. up to now, till now, until now, so far
f. in the past two years, in the last few days
g. recently, lately
如： Miss Zhao has taught math for five years.
His mother has worked in the shop since 1990.
The Greens have lived in London since three years ago.
[注]：其中在a,b,c,d 这四种结构中，谓语动词必须为延续性动词。
如： I have had this book for one and a half years. (这本书我已买了一年半了！)

不能用buy

跟踪训练
用since 或者for 填空
1. I have studied English _______ 5 years.
2. I have studied English _______ 5 years ago.
3. I have studied English _______ 2008.
4. She has taught math _________ 3 years.
5. She has taught math _________ 3 years ago.
6. She has taught math _________ 2010.

4. 短暂性动词怎样和表示一段时间的状语连用。
英语中的短暂性动词，也叫做终止性动词、瞬间动词或非延续性动词，只表示一时的动作，在肯定句式中不能与表示延续的时间状语连用。常见的短暂性动词有：go, come, leave, find, buy, arrive, give, stop, join, marry, die, begin, start, borrow, close, open, lend等。
eg. I have bought this book for three months. (×)
非延续性动词与一段时间连用时可采用下列三种方法：
（1）将非延续性动词转化为延续性动词。
leave- have (has) been away from close- be closed
join- have (has) been (in) begin/start- be on
buy- have (has) had go- be there
die- have (has) dead finish- be over
come (arrive)- have (has) been here
borrow- have (has) kept
begin to work- have (has) worked
open- have (has) been open
get up- have (has) been up
put on – have (has) on
come back- have (has) been back
gone (left)- been away
joined – been
got to know – known
（2）时间状语的变化：把表时间的状语“for…”变为“数词+ 时间名词+ago”的短语形式。（即：将时间状语改为过去时间，并用一般过去时代替现在完成时）
如： 他参军五年了。（判断正误）
He has joined the Army for five years. ( )
He has been in the Army for five years. ( )
He joined the Army five years ago. ( )
他离开济南三年了。
He has left Ji’nan for three years. ( )
He has been away from Ji’nan for three years.
He left Ji’nan three years ago.
(3) 句子模式的变化。用句型“It is + 一段时间+ since从句”（从句中的谓语动词用非延续性动词的一般过去式表示）如：
The old man died two years ago.
= The old man has been dead for two years.
= It is two years since the old man died.

跟踪训练
句型转换。
1. I have borrowed a new book from the school library.
I _________ _________ a new book from the school library for two days.
2. She has gone there.
She _________ ________ there _________ yesterday.
3. The film has begun.
The film __________ ___________ ___________ __________ five minutes.
4. The boy has come back.
The boy _________ ___________ _________ for an hour.
5. The man in a hat has left.
The man in a hat _________ _________ __________ _________ half an hour ago.
6. He has already died.
He ____________ ____________ ____________ for twenty years.
7. The young man has joined the League.
The young man ________ ________ __________ member _______ two years.
The young man _____ ________ _______ _______ League ______ two years ago.

5. have been to/ have gone to/ have been in 三种结构的区别
（1）have been to 去过某地(现已离开)，可以与ever, never, once, twice等连用。
（2）has gone to 去某地了，说话时某人已离开此地，在去某地的路上或已在某地，总之现在还未回来。此句型一般用于第三人称。
（3） have been in 表示已在某地呆了多久，若该地为小地方则用at。
翻译：
你以前去过北京吗？___________________________
吉姆已经去了伦敦。___________________________
格林一家在中国已经两年了。_____________________

单项选择
( )1. I have ________ Beijing three times.
A. been to B. gone to C. been in D. been at
( )2.---Where is Mike?
-----He has _______ London .
A. been to B. gone to C. been in D. been at
( )3. Tony has never _______ China. He looks forward to coming to China
A. been to B. gone to C. been in D. been at
( )4.Lucy has ________ China for 5 years.
A. been to B. gone to C. been in D. been at
( )5.The teacher has ________ the village to teach the poor students for 10 years.
A. been to B. gone to C. been in D. been at

6. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
(1) 侧重点不同：现在完成时是与现在有关的时态，属现在时态范畴，它侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响。而一般过去时是一种过去时态，侧重于表示过去的动作，与现在无关。如：
Yesterday I went to the zoo. (仅说明昨天去了动物园，与现在无关)
Li Lei has read the book. (说明李磊了解那本书的内容)
（2）连用的时间状语不同：一般过去时常与ago, yesterday, last…, in 2000, just now等连用。而现在完成时与already, yet, still, just, so far, in the last/ past…, before, ever, never, since…, for…等时间状语连用。
[注] 现在完成时不可与yesterday, last week, two days ago等过去时间状语连用。

综合训练
一、单项选择。
（ ）1. Miss Gao isn’t here. She ________ to the bus station to meet Mr. Brown.
A. go B. has gone C. has been D. would go
（ ）2. – How clean the bedroom is!
- Yes, I am sure that someone _______it.
A. cleans B. cleaned C. has cleaned D. had cleaned
（ ）3. Drison Break is the best American TV player that I _____ these years.
A. watch B. will watch C. have watched D.was watching
（ ）4. I’m not hungry because I ______ lunch already.
A. have B. had C. am having D. have had
（ ）5. – How long have Mr and Mrs Smith________?
- For more than twenty years.
A. married B. had married C. got married D. been married
（ ）6. In the past few years there ______ great changes in my hometown.
A. have been B. were C. had been D. are
（ ）7. — ________ you ______ the film Harry Potter Ⅱ?
— Not yet. I’ll see it this Sunday.
A. Did, see B. Are; seeing C. Have, seen D. Do, see
（ ）8. The Smiths moved to China ten years ago and ______ here since then.
A. has lived B. was living C. live D. have lived
（ ）9. – Will you watch the World Cup match this year?
- No, but I ________ several World Cup matches since I was a small child.
A. had seen B. see C. was seeing D. have seen
（ ）10. I won’t return the book to the library because I ______ reading it.
A. wasn’t finish B. don’t finish C. won’t finish D. haven’t finished
（ ）11. – How many times _______ you ______ the Great Wall?
- Only once. I _______ there three years ago.
A. did, go to, have gone B. had, gone to, went
C. have, been to, went D. have, been to, have gone
（ ）12. - _______ you ______ the magazine from the school library yet?
- Yes, I ______ it for two weeks.
A. Have, borrowed, have kept B. Have, borrowed, have borrowed
C. Did, borrowed, borrowed D. Did, borrow, have kept
（ ）13. Premier Zhou (周总理) ______ for many years, but he still lives in the hearts of Chinese people.
A. died B. had died C. has been died D. has been dead
（ ）14. Her mother _______ in the factory. She _____ there since it opened.
A. is working, worked B. works, worked
C. works, has worked D. worked, has worked
（ ）15. – Hi! Jim! Nice to meet you!
- Hi, it’s one year since I last ______ you.
A. saw B. see C. seeing D. have seen
（ ）16. He _____ from the factory for a week.
A. has left B. has been away C. did leave D. will leave
（ ）17. I _______ a letter from him since he left.
A. haven’t left B. didn’t receive C. didn’t have D. haven’t feel
（ ）18. – Oh, Mrs King, your coat looks nice. Is it new?
- No, I ________ it for two years.
A. had B. have had C. bought D. have bought

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