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现在完成时
Unit 5: Educational exchanges
语法专项--现在完成时
如果你想说“我已经看过某部电影,所以不想看了”、“某人曾经做过什么事情”等等,该如果表达呢?首先请看下面的句子:
(1)I have seen the film. I don’t want to see it again.
这部电影我已经看过,不想再看了。
(2)Have you answered all the questions? 所有的问题你都回答了吗?
(3)Have you ever looked at a travel brochure?
你看过旅游宣传册吗?
(4)She has never visited the USA.
她从没有过去美国。
观察:以上句子的谓语动词的一个共同特点是_____________________________, 用于表示在以前的某个时间曾经做过的、发生的事情,这种行为对目前有某种影响。我们把这种时态称为“现在完成时”。
一、 现在完成时的概念。
①表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果
She has been ill for three days. (她病了三天了。)
② 表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
We've known each other since we were children. (我们从小就认识。)
I have been a member of the Party for 10 years.
③常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有:
just刚刚 yet 仍然,还 now 现在 lately 最后
ever 曾经 today 今天 never 从未 before 从前
recently 最近 already 已经 this week 本周 since 自从
for a long tine 很长时间了 since then 自那以来
so far 到目前为止 in the past/last few years 在过去/最近的几年
二、构成:”助动词have, has + 过去分词”
现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式(以work为例):
人称
肯定
否定
疑问
回答
第一人称
I have seen the UFO.
We have travelled around the world.
I haven’t seen the UFO.
We haven’t travelled around the world.
Have you seen the UFO?
Have you travelled around the world?
Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t.
Yes, we have./ No, we haven’t.
第二人称
You have been to England.
You haven’t been to England.
Have you been to England?
Yes, I/we have.
No, I /we haven’t.
第三人称
He/She has been to Beijing.
They have given concerts all over the world.
He/ She hasn’t been to Beijing.
They haven’t given concerts all over the world.
Has he/ she been to Beijing?
Have they given concerts all over the world?
Yes, he/she has.
No, he/she hasn’t.
Yes, they have.
No, they haven’t.
注:规则动词的过去分词的构成与过去是相同,不规则动词的过去分词见附表。
随堂练习
.把下面变否定句、一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答。
1. I have done my homework.
否定句:_______________________________________
一般疑问句:___________________________________
回答:_________________________________________
2. The plane has arrived.
否定句:_______________________________________
一般疑问句:___________________________________
回答:_________________________________________
三、动词的过去分词构成规则
(1) 规则变化
① 大部分动词在词尾直接加-ed
clean cleaned help helped
② 以不发音的e结尾的,直接加-d
like liked live lived
③ 以辅音字母+y结尾的单词,变y为i再加ed
try tried study studied
④ 重读闭音节词尾只有一个辅音字母的,需要双写最后这个辅音字母再加-ed.
plan planned stop stopped
(2) 不规则变化
see seen find found
需根据不规则变化表进行专门记忆
随堂练习
写出下列单词的过去分词形式
work _________ finish ___________ arrive___________
change_________ see___________ have___________
marry__________ visit__________ miss___________
prefer__________ do___________ hear____________
live____________ clean________ study___________
meet___________ be __________ climb___________
plan____________ take_________ stop____________
keep____________ buy_________ spend____________
learn___________ forget__________ bring____________
四、 现在完成时用法归纳
1. 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作现已完成,对现在造成的影响和结果。(此种用法谓语动词用结束性动词)
如: The plane has arrived.
常用的时间状语和副词:already ,yet , ever , never
①already 已经; yet 尚未,仍未,还;强调前不久完成的动作对现在造成的影响,谓语动词使用非延续性动词。already 用于肯定句中,yet 用于否定句和疑问句的句末。
例如:I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成我的家庭作业了。
He hasn’t come yet.他还没有回来。
Has she finished cooking yet? 他做完饭了吗?
练:I have already done my homework. (变为否定句)
______________________________________________
②ever (曾经),句中;never (从不) ,表示否定,强调到目前为止的生活经历。谓语动词用延续性动词。
例如:Have you ever climb that mountain? 你曾经爬过那座山吗?
Have you ever been to Shanghai?你曾经去过上海吗?
I have never late for school.我从来没有迟到过。
③already ever与never应位于助动词have/has 之后,主要动词之前。
拓展:before (以前),句尾,独立用
I haven’t met him before. 我以前从来没有见过他。
just (刚刚),用于肯定句中,常用在助动词和过去分词之间。
如:I have just heard the news. 我刚刚听到消息。
跟踪训练
( )1. Have you ______ heard of Disneyland?
A. always B. ever C. never D. sometimes
( )2. I have ________ finished my homework. So I can have a rest now.
A. ever B. already C. never D. yet
( )3. She is a good student, she has _______ been late for school.
A. ever B. already C. never D. yet
( )4. I am very hungry , I haven’t had my breakfast________.
A. ever B. already C. never D. yet
2. 完成时可用于表示某时间段里完成的动作,常与today, these days, recently等时间状语连用。如:
Have you seen her these days? 译: _________________________
Have you been to the library today? 译:______________________
Have you read the book recently? 译:_______________________
3.现在完成时表示过去已经开始,持续到现在,可能延续到将来的动作和状态。
常与表示过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间状语连用。如:
a. for + 一段时间:for two hours
b. since + 时间点:since 1999, since last year
c. since + 一段时间+ ago: since two days ago
d. since + 从句(用过去时)
e. up to now, till now, until now, so far
f. in the past two years, in the last few days
g. recently, lately
如: Miss Zhao has taught math for five years.
His mother has worked in the shop since 1990.
The Greens have lived in London since three years ago.
[注]:其中在a,b,c,d 这四种结构中,谓语动词必须为延续性动词。
如: I have had this book for one and a half years. (这本书我已买了一年半了!)
不能用buy
跟踪训练
用since 或者for 填空
1. I have studied English _______ 5 years.
2. I have studied English _______ 5 years ago.
3. I have studied English _______ 2008.
4. She has taught math _________ 3 years.
5. She has taught math _________ 3 years ago.
6. She has taught math _________ 2010.
4. 短暂性动词怎样和表示一段时间的状语连用。
英语中的短暂性动词,也叫做终止性动词、瞬间动词或非延续性动词,只表示一时的动作,在肯定句式中不能与表示延续的时间状语连用。常见的短暂性动词有:go, come, leave, find, buy, arrive, give, stop, join, marry, die, begin, start, borrow, close, open, lend等。
eg. I have bought this book for three months. (×)
非延续性动词与一段时间连用时可采用下列三种方法:
(1)将非延续性动词转化为延续性动词。
leave- have (has) been away from close- be closed
join- have (has) been (in) begin/start- be on
buy- have (has) had go- be there
die- have (has) dead finish- be over
come (arrive)- have (has) been here
borrow- have (has) kept
begin to work- have (has) worked
open- have (has) been open
get up- have (has) been up
put on – have (has) on
come back- have (has) been back
gone (left)- been away
joined – been
got to know – known
(2)时间状语的变化:把表时间的状语“for…”变为“数词+ 时间名词+ago”的短语形式。(即:将时间状语改为过去时间,并用一般过去时代替现在完成时)
如: 他参军五年了。(判断正误)
He has joined the Army for five years. ( )
He has been in the Army for five years. ( )
He joined the Army five years ago. ( )
他离开济南三年了。
He has left Ji’nan for three years. ( )
He has been away from Ji’nan for three years.
He left Ji’nan three years ago.
(3) 句子模式的变化。用句型“It is + 一段时间+ since从句”(从句中的谓语动词用非延续性动词的一般过去式表示)如:
The old man died two years ago.
= The old man has been dead for two years.
= It is two years since the old man died.
跟踪训练
句型转换。
1. I have borrowed a new book from the school library.
I _________ _________ a new book from the school library for two days.
2. She has gone there.
She _________ ________ there _________ yesterday.
3. The film has begun.
The film __________ ___________ ___________ __________ five minutes.
4. The boy has come back.
The boy _________ ___________ _________ for an hour.
5. The man in a hat has left.
The man in a hat _________ _________ __________ _________ half an hour ago.
6. He has already died.
He ____________ ____________ ____________ for twenty years.
7. The young man has joined the League.
The young man ________ ________ __________ member _______ two years.
The young man _____ ________ _______ _______ League ______ two years ago.
5. have been to/ have gone to/ have been in 三种结构的区别
(1)have been to 去过某地(现已离开),可以与ever, never, once, twice等连用。
(2)has gone to 去某地了,说话时某人已离开此地,在去某地的路上或已在某地,总之现在还未回来。此句型一般用于第三人称。
(3) have been in 表示已在某地呆了多久,若该地为小地方则用at。
翻译:
你以前去过北京吗?___________________________
吉姆已经去了伦敦。___________________________
格林一家在中国已经两年了。_____________________
单项选择
( )1. I have ________ Beijing three times.
A. been to B. gone to C. been in D. been at
( )2.---Where is Mike?
-----He has _______ London .
A. been to B. gone to C. been in D. been at
( )3. Tony has never _______ China. He looks forward to coming to China
A. been to B. gone to C. been in D. been at
( )4.Lucy has ________ China for 5 years.
A. been to B. gone to C. been in D. been at
( )5.The teacher has ________ the village to teach the poor students for 10 years.
A. been to B. gone to C. been in D. been at
6. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:
(1) 侧重点不同:现在完成时是与现在有关的时态,属现在时态范畴,它侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响。而一般过去时是一种过去时态,侧重于表示过去的动作,与现在无关。如:
Yesterday I went to the zoo. (仅说明昨天去了动物园,与现在无关)
Li Lei has read the book. (说明李磊了解那本书的内容)
(2)连用的时间状语不同:一般过去时常与ago, yesterday, last…, in 2000, just now等连用。而现在完成时与already, yet, still, just, so far, in the last/ past…, before, ever, never, since…, for…等时间状语连用。
[注] 现在完成时不可与yesterday, last week, two days ago等过去时间状语连用。
综合训练
一、单项选择。
( )1. Miss Gao isn’t here. She ________ to the bus station to meet Mr. Brown.
A. go B. has gone C. has been D. would go
( )2. – How clean the bedroom is!
- Yes, I am sure that someone _______it.
A. cleans B. cleaned C. has cleaned D. had cleaned
( )3. Drison Break is the best American TV player that I _____ these years.
A. watch B. will watch C. have watched D.was watching
( )4. I’m not hungry because I ______ lunch already.
A. have B. had C. am having D. have had
( )5. – How long have Mr and Mrs Smith________?
- For more than twenty years.
A. married B. had married C. got married D. been married
( )6. In the past few years there ______ great changes in my hometown.
A. have been B. were C. had been D. are
( )7. — ________ you ______ the film Harry Potter Ⅱ?
— Not yet. I’ll see it this Sunday.
A. Did, see B. Are; seeing C. Have, seen D. Do, see
( )8. The Smiths moved to China ten years ago and ______ here since then.
A. has lived B. was living C. live D. have lived
( )9. – Will you watch the World Cup match this year?
- No, but I ________ several World Cup matches since I was a small child.
A. had seen B. see C. was seeing D. have seen
( )10. I won’t return the book to the library because I ______ reading it.
A. wasn’t finish B. don’t finish C. won’t finish D. haven’t finished
( )11. – How many times _______ you ______ the Great Wall?
- Only once. I _______ there three years ago.
A. did, go to, have gone B. had, gone to, went
C. have, been to, went D. have, been to, have gone
( )12. - _______ you ______ the magazine from the school library yet?
- Yes, I ______ it for two weeks.
A. Have, borrowed, have kept B. Have, borrowed, have borrowed
C. Did, borrowed, borrowed D. Did, borrow, have kept
( )13. Premier Zhou (周总理) ______ for many years, but he still lives in the hearts of Chinese people.
A. died B. had died C. has been died D. has been dead
( )14. Her mother _______ in the factory. She _____ there since it opened.
A. is working, worked B. works, worked
C. works, has worked D. worked, has worked
( )15. – Hi! Jim! Nice to meet you!
- Hi, it’s one year since I last ______ you.
A. saw B. see C. seeing D. have seen
( )16. He _____ from the factory for a week.
A. has left B. has been away C. did leave D. will leave
( )17. I _______ a letter from him since he left.
A. haven’t left B. didn’t receive C. didn’t have D. haven’t feel
( )18. – Oh, Mrs King, your coat looks nice. Is it new?
- No, I ________ it for two years.
A. had B. have had C. bought D. have bought
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