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新广州版八年级上册英语Unit5Educationalexchanges语法专项现在完成时.doc

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现在完成时 Unit 5: Educational exchanges 语法专项--现在完成时 如果你想说“我已经看过某部电影,所以不想看了”、“某人曾经做过什么事情”等等,该如果表达呢?首先请看下面的句子: (1)I have seen the film. I don’t want to see it again. 这部电影我已经看过,不想再看了。 (2)Have you answered all the questions? 所有的问题你都回答了吗? (3)Have you ever looked at a travel brochure? 你看过旅游宣传册吗? (4)She has never visited the USA. 她从没有过去美国。 观察:以上句子的谓语动词的一个共同特点是_____________________________, 用于表示在以前的某个时间曾经做过的、发生的事情,这种行为对目前有某种影响。我们把这种时态称为“现在完成时”。 一、 现在完成时的概念。 ①表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果 She has been ill for three days. (她病了三天了。) ② 表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 We've known each other since we were children. (我们从小就认识。) I have been a member of the Party for 10 years. ③常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有: just刚刚 yet 仍然,还 now 现在 lately 最后 ever 曾经 today 今天 never 从未 before 从前 recently 最近 already 已经 this week 本周 since 自从 for a long tine 很长时间了 since then 自那以来 so far 到目前为止 in the past/last few years 在过去/最近的几年 二、构成:”助动词have, has + 过去分词” 现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式(以work为例): 人称 肯定 否定 疑问 回答 第一人称 I have seen the UFO. We have travelled around the world. I haven’t seen the UFO. We haven’t travelled around the world. Have you seen the UFO? Have you travelled around the world? Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t. Yes, we have./ No, we haven’t. 第二人称 You have been to England. You haven’t been to England. Have you been to England? Yes, I/we have. No, I /we haven’t. 第三人称 He/She has been to Beijing. They have given concerts all over the world. He/ She hasn’t been to Beijing. They haven’t given concerts all over the world. Has he/ she been to Beijing? Have they given concerts all over the world? Yes, he/she has. No, he/she hasn’t. Yes, they have. No, they haven’t. 注:规则动词的过去分词的构成与过去是相同,不规则动词的过去分词见附表。 随堂练习 .把下面变否定句、一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答。 1. I have done my homework. 否定句:_______________________________________ 一般疑问句:___________________________________ 回答:_________________________________________ 2. The plane has arrived. 否定句:_______________________________________ 一般疑问句:___________________________________ 回答:_________________________________________ 三、动词的过去分词构成规则 (1) 规则变化 ① 大部分动词在词尾直接加-ed clean cleaned help helped ② 以不发音的e结尾的,直接加-d like liked live lived ③ 以辅音字母+y结尾的单词,变y为i再加ed try tried study studied ④ 重读闭音节词尾只有一个辅音字母的,需要双写最后这个辅音字母再加-ed. plan planned stop stopped (2) 不规则变化 see seen find found 需根据不规则变化表进行专门记忆 随堂练习 写出下列单词的过去分词形式 work _________ finish ___________ arrive___________ change_________ see___________ have___________ marry__________ visit__________ miss___________ prefer__________ do___________ hear____________ live____________ clean________ study___________ meet___________ be __________ climb___________ plan____________ take_________ stop____________ keep____________ buy_________ spend____________ learn___________ forget__________ bring____________ 四、 现在完成时用法归纳 1. 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作现已完成,对现在造成的影响和结果。(此种用法谓语动词用结束性动词) 如: The plane has arrived. 常用的时间状语和副词:already ,yet , ever , never ①already 已经; yet 尚未,仍未,还;强调前不久完成的动作对现在造成的影响,谓语动词使用非延续性动词。already 用于肯定句中,yet 用于否定句和疑问句的句末。 例如:I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成我的家庭作业了。 He hasn’t come yet.他还没有回来。 Has she finished cooking yet? 他做完饭了吗? 练:I have already done my homework. (变为否定句) ______________________________________________ ②ever (曾经),句中;never (从不) ,表示否定,强调到目前为止的生活经历。谓语动词用延续性动词。 例如:Have you ever climb that mountain? 你曾经爬过那座山吗? Have you ever been to Shanghai?你曾经去过上海吗? I have never late for school.我从来没有迟到过。 ③already ever与never应位于助动词have/has 之后,主要动词之前。 拓展:before (以前),句尾,独立用 I haven’t met him before. 我以前从来没有见过他。 just (刚刚),用于肯定句中,常用在助动词和过去分词之间。 如:I have just heard the news. 我刚刚听到消息。 跟踪训练 ( )1. Have you ______ heard of Disneyland? A. always B. ever C. never D. sometimes ( )2. I have ________ finished my homework. So I can have a rest now. A. ever B. already C. never D. yet ( )3. She is a good student, she has _______ been late for school. A. ever B. already C. never D. yet ( )4. I am very hungry , I haven’t had my breakfast________. A. ever B. already C. never D. yet 2. 完成时可用于表示某时间段里完成的动作,常与today, these days, recently等时间状语连用。如: Have you seen her these days? 译: _________________________ Have you been to the library today? 译:______________________ Have you read the book recently? 译:_______________________ 3.现在完成时表示过去已经开始,持续到现在,可能延续到将来的动作和状态。 常与表示过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间状语连用。如: a. for + 一段时间:for two hours b. since + 时间点:since 1999, since last year c. since + 一段时间+ ago: since two days ago d. since + 从句(用过去时) e. up to now, till now, until now, so far f. in the past two years, in the last few days g. recently, lately 如: Miss Zhao has taught math for five years. His mother has worked in the shop since 1990. The Greens have lived in London since three years ago. [注]:其中在a,b,c,d 这四种结构中,谓语动词必须为延续性动词。 如: I have had this book for one and a half years. (这本书我已买了一年半了!) 不能用buy 跟踪训练 用since 或者for 填空 1. I have studied English _______ 5 years. 2. I have studied English _______ 5 years ago. 3. I have studied English _______ 2008. 4. She has taught math _________ 3 years. 5. She has taught math _________ 3 years ago. 6. She has taught math _________ 2010. 4. 短暂性动词怎样和表示一段时间的状语连用。 英语中的短暂性动词,也叫做终止性动词、瞬间动词或非延续性动词,只表示一时的动作,在肯定句式中不能与表示延续的时间状语连用。常见的短暂性动词有:go, come, leave, find, buy, arrive, give, stop, join, marry, die, begin, start, borrow, close, open, lend等。 eg. I have bought this book for three months. (×) 非延续性动词与一段时间连用时可采用下列三种方法: (1)将非延续性动词转化为延续性动词。 leave- have (has) been away from close- be closed join- have (has) been (in) begin/start- be on buy- have (has) had go- be there die- have (has) dead finish- be over come (arrive)- have (has) been here borrow- have (has) kept begin to work- have (has) worked open- have (has) been open get up- have (has) been up put on – have (has) on come back- have (has) been back gone (left)- been away joined – been got to know – known (2)时间状语的变化:把表时间的状语“for…”变为“数词+ 时间名词+ago”的短语形式。(即:将时间状语改为过去时间,并用一般过去时代替现在完成时) 如: 他参军五年了。(判断正误) He has joined the Army for five years. ( ) He has been in the Army for five years. ( ) He joined the Army five years ago. ( ) 他离开济南三年了。 He has left Ji’nan for three years. ( ) He has been away from Ji’nan for three years. He left Ji’nan three years ago. (3) 句子模式的变化。用句型“It is + 一段时间+ since从句”(从句中的谓语动词用非延续性动词的一般过去式表示)如: The old man died two years ago. = The old man has been dead for two years. = It is two years since the old man died. 跟踪训练 句型转换。 1. I have borrowed a new book from the school library. I _________ _________ a new book from the school library for two days. 2. She has gone there. She _________ ________ there _________ yesterday. 3. The film has begun. The film __________ ___________ ___________ __________ five minutes. 4. The boy has come back. The boy _________ ___________ _________ for an hour. 5. The man in a hat has left. The man in a hat _________ _________ __________ _________ half an hour ago. 6. He has already died. He ____________ ____________ ____________ for twenty years. 7. The young man has joined the League. The young man ________ ________ __________ member _______ two years. The young man _____ ________ _______ _______ League ______ two years ago. 5. have been to/ have gone to/ have been in 三种结构的区别 (1)have been to 去过某地(现已离开),可以与ever, never, once, twice等连用。 (2)has gone to 去某地了,说话时某人已离开此地,在去某地的路上或已在某地,总之现在还未回来。此句型一般用于第三人称。 (3) have been in 表示已在某地呆了多久,若该地为小地方则用at。 翻译: 你以前去过北京吗?___________________________ 吉姆已经去了伦敦。___________________________ 格林一家在中国已经两年了。_____________________ 单项选择 ( )1. I have ________ Beijing three times. A. been to B. gone to C. been in D. been at ( )2.---Where is Mike? -----He has _______ London . A. been to B. gone to C. been in D. been at ( )3. Tony has never _______ China. He looks forward to coming to China A. been to B. gone to C. been in D. been at ( )4.Lucy has ________ China for 5 years. A. been to B. gone to C. been in D. been at ( )5.The teacher has ________ the village to teach the poor students for 10 years. A. been to B. gone to C. been in D. been at 6. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别: (1) 侧重点不同:现在完成时是与现在有关的时态,属现在时态范畴,它侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响。而一般过去时是一种过去时态,侧重于表示过去的动作,与现在无关。如: Yesterday I went to the zoo. (仅说明昨天去了动物园,与现在无关) Li Lei has read the book. (说明李磊了解那本书的内容) (2)连用的时间状语不同:一般过去时常与ago, yesterday, last…, in 2000, just now等连用。而现在完成时与already, yet, still, just, so far, in the last/ past…, before, ever, never, since…, for…等时间状语连用。 [注] 现在完成时不可与yesterday, last week, two days ago等过去时间状语连用。 综合训练 一、单项选择。 ( )1. Miss Gao isn’t here. She ________ to the bus station to meet Mr. Brown. A. go B. has gone C. has been D. would go ( )2. – How clean the bedroom is! - Yes, I am sure that someone _______it. A. cleans B. cleaned C. has cleaned D. had cleaned ( )3. Drison Break is the best American TV player that I _____ these years. A. watch B. will watch C. have watched D.was watching ( )4. I’m not hungry because I ______ lunch already. A. have B. had C. am having D. have had ( )5. – How long have Mr and Mrs Smith________? - For more than twenty years. A. married B. had married C. got married D. been married ( )6. In the past few years there ______ great changes in my hometown. A. have been B. were C. had been D. are ( )7. — ________ you ______ the film Harry Potter Ⅱ? — Not yet. I’ll see it this Sunday. A. Did, see B. Are; seeing C. Have, seen D. Do, see ( )8. The Smiths moved to China ten years ago and ______ here since then. A. has lived B. was living C. live D. have lived ( )9. – Will you watch the World Cup match this year? - No, but I ________ several World Cup matches since I was a small child. A. had seen B. see C. was seeing D. have seen ( )10. I won’t return the book to the library because I ______ reading it. A. wasn’t finish B. don’t finish C. won’t finish D. haven’t finished ( )11. – How many times _______ you ______ the Great Wall? - Only once. I _______ there three years ago. A. did, go to, have gone B. had, gone to, went C. have, been to, went D. have, been to, have gone ( )12. - _______ you ______ the magazine from the school library yet? - Yes, I ______ it for two weeks. A. Have, borrowed, have kept B. Have, borrowed, have borrowed C. Did, borrowed, borrowed D. Did, borrow, have kept ( )13. Premier Zhou (周总理) ______ for many years, but he still lives in the hearts of Chinese people. A. died B. had died C. has been died D. has been dead ( )14. Her mother _______ in the factory. She _____ there since it opened. A. is working, worked B. works, worked C. works, has worked D. worked, has worked ( )15. – Hi! Jim! Nice to meet you! - Hi, it’s one year since I last ______ you. A. saw B. see C. seeing D. have seen ( )16. He _____ from the factory for a week. A. has left B. has been away C. did leave D. will leave ( )17. I _______ a letter from him since he left. A. haven’t left B. didn’t receive C. didn’t have D. haven’t feel ( )18. – Oh, Mrs King, your coat looks nice. Is it new? - No, I ________ it for two years. A. had B. have had C. bought D. have bought 11
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