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学术论文英文摘要写作简介市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖课件.pptx

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,汽车与交通工程学院,Professional English in Transportation Engineering,学术论文英文写作介绍,科技论文结构,Title(标题),Abstract(摘要),Keywords(关键词),Table of contents(目录),Nomenclature(术语表),Introduction(引言),Method(方法),Results(结果),Discussion(讨论),Conclusion(结论),Acknowledgement(致谢),Notes(注释),References(参考文件),Appendix(附录),正 文,一篇完整规范学术论文结构如右所表示:,其中,,Title,,Abstract,Introduction,Method,,Result,Discussion,Conclusion和Reference,八项内容是必不可少,其它内容则依据详细需要而定,1/35,学术文章标题主要有三种结构:,名词性词组(包含动名词),介词词组,名词词组+介词词组。,间或也用一个疑问句作标题(多用在人文社会科学领域),但,普通不用陈说句或动词词组作标题,。,科技论文标题写法,2/35,一、名词性词组,组成:,名词修饰语,Latent demand and the browsing shopper(名词词组+名词词组),Cost and productivity(名词+名词),科技论文标题写法,形容词,介词短语,名词,3/35,科技论文标题写法,二、介词词组,组成:,介词十名词或名词词组,假如整个标题就是一个介词词组话,普通这个介词是“on”,意思是“对研究”。比如:,From Knowledge Engineering,to Knowledge Management(介词词组+,介词词组,),On the correlation between working memory capacity and performance on intelligence tests,4/35,科技论文标题写法,三、名词/名词词组+介词词组,Simulation of Controlled Financial Statements 名词+介词词组The impact of internal marketing activities on external marketing outcomes 名词+介词词组+介词词组,Diversity in the Future Work Force,名词,+,介词词组,Models of Sustaining Human and Natural Development,名词,+,介词词组,Progress on Fuel Cell and its Materials (,燃料电池及其材料进展,),5/35,科技论文标题写法,三、名词/名词词组+介词词组,Simulation of Controlled Financial Statements 名词+介词词组The impact of internal marketing activities on external marketing outcomes 名词+介词词组+介词词组,Diversity in the Future Work Force,名词,+,介词词组,Models of Sustaining Human and Natural Development,名词,+,介词词组,标题中介词词组普通用来修饰名词或名词词组,从而限定某研究课题范围。这种结构与汉字“”字结构相同,区分是汉字标题中修饰语在前,中心词在后。英文恰好相反,名词在前,而作为修饰语介词短语在后。比如:,Progress on Fuel Cell and its Materials (,燃料电池及其材料进展,),6/35,科技论文标题写法,四、其它形式,对于值得争议问题,偶然可用疑问句作为论文标题,以点明整个论文讨论焦点。比如,:,Is B2B e-commerce ready for prime time?,Can ERP Meet Your eBusiness Needs?,7/35,有标题由两部分组成,用冒号,(,:,),隔开。,普通来说,冒号前面一部分是研究对象、内容或课题,比较笼统,冒号后面详细说明研究重点或研究方法。这种结构可再分为三种模式。,模式,1,研究课题:详细内容,。比如,:,Transportation Systems Planning:Methods and Applications,Transportation Networks:Recent Methodological Advances,模式,2,研究课题:方法性质,。比如,:,B2B E-Commerce:A Quick Introduction,The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs:a National Survey,模式,3,研究课题:问题焦点,。比如,:,Caring about connections:gender and computing,8/35,城市轨道网络抗毁可靠性定义及评价指标模型研究,Definition and Evaluation Modeling of Metro Network Invulnerability,9/35,英文摘要(Abstract)写作应用很广。论文摘要是全文精华,是对一项科学研究工作总结,对研究目标、方法和研究结果概括。,一、摘要种类与特点,摘要主要有以下四种。,第一个是随同论文一起在学术刊物上发表摘要。这种摘要置于主体部分之前,目标是让读者首先了解一下论文内容,方便决定是否阅读全文。普通来说,这种摘要在全文完成之后写。字数限制在100150字之间。内容包含,研究目标、研究方法、研究结果和主要结论,。,第二种是学术会议论文摘要。会议论文摘要往往在会议召开之前几个月撰写,目标是交给会议论文评审委员会评阅,从而决定是否能够录用。所以,比第一个略为详细,长度在200300字之间。会议论文摘要开头有必要简单介绍一下研究课题意义、目标、宗旨等。假如在写摘要时,研究工作还未完成,全部研究结果还未得到,那么,应在方法、目标、宗旨、假设等方面多花笔墨。,英文摘要写作技巧,10/35,英文摘要写作技巧,第三种为学位论文摘要。学士、硕士和博士论文摘要普通都要求用中、英文两种语言写。学位论文摘要普通在400字左右,依据需要能够分为几个段落。内容普通包含研究背景、意义、主旨和目标;基本理论依据,基本假设;研究方法;研究结果;主要创新点;简短讨论。不一样级别学位论文摘要,要突出不一样程度创新之处,指出有何新观点、看法或处理问题新方法。,第四种是脱离原文而独立发表摘要。这种摘要更应该含有独立性、自含性、完整性。读者无需阅读全文,便能够了解全文主要内容。,11/35,英文摘要写作技巧,二、摘要内容与结构,摘要内容普通包含:,目标,(objectives,purposes):包含研究背景、范围、内容、要处理问题。,方法,(methods and materials):包含材料、伎俩和过程。,结果,与简短讨论(results and discussions):包含数据与分析。,结论,(conclusions):主要结论,研究价值和意义等。,概括地说,摘要必须回答,“研究什么”、“怎么研究”、“得到了什么结果”、“结果说明了什么”,等问题。,12/35,英文摘要写作技巧,二、摘要内容与结构,必须符合格式规范。,语言必须规范通顺,准确得体,用词要确切、恰如其分,而且要防止非通用符号、缩略语、生偏词。,摘要语气要客观,不要做出言过其实结论。,摘要篇幅取决于论文类型。但不论哪一个论文,都不能超出,150 words。,13/35,4,、摘要英文写作格调(,公认英文摘要写作规范),1),句子完整、清楚、简练。,2),用简单句。为防止单调,改变句子长度和句子结构。,3),用过去时态描述作者工作,因它是过去所做。不过,用现在时态描述所做结论。,4),防止使用动词名词形式。如:,正:“,Thickness of plastic sheet was measured,”,误:“,measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made,”,5),正确地使用冠词,既应防止多加冠词,也应防止蹩脚地省略冠词。如:,正:“,Pressure is a function of the temperature,”,误:“,The pressure is a function of the temperature,”,;,14/35,4,、摘要英文写作格调,6),使用长、连串形容词、名词、或形容词加名词来修饰名词。为打破这种状态,可使用介词短语,或用连字符连接名词词组中名词,形成修饰单元。比如:,应写为“,The chlorine-containing propylene-based polymer of high melt index,”,,而不写为“,The chlorine containing high melt index-propylene based polymer,”,7),使用短、简单、详细、熟悉词。不使用华丽词藻。,8),使用主动语态而不使用被动语态。“,A exceeds B,”读起来要好于“,B is exceeded by A,”。使用主动语态还有利于防止过多地使用类似于“,is,”,“,was,”,“,are,”和“,were,”这么弱动词。,15/35,4,、摘要英文写作格调,9),组成句子时,动词应靠近主语。防止形如以下句子:,“,The decolorization in solutions of the pigment in dioxane,which were exposed to 10 hr of UV irradiation,was no longer irreversible.,”,改进句子,应该是:,“,When the pigment was dissolved in dioxane,decolorization was irreversible,after 10 hr of UV irradiation.,”,10),防止使用那些既不说明问题,又没有任何含意短语。比如:,“,specially designed or formulated,”,“,The author discusses,”,,“,The author studied,”,应删去。,不使用俚语、非英语句子,慎用行话和口语,不使用电报体。,16/35,标识站科学布局是正确识别行驶路径、准确收费和科学清分通行费关键。以路网拓扑结构为基础,采取图论中支撑树理论来研究高速公路标识站数量及选址问题。基于支撑树任意两点之间恰有一条路径性质,作者定义了余边集概念,在此基础上提出了标识站确定理论,从根本上确立了标识站最优数量,并将破圈法与展开树法有机结合,提出了适合大型路网标识站选址算法,文章提出标识站数量确定理论和展开树算法,从根本上处理了路网收费中二义性路径标识问题,能够直接用于高速公路及城市轨道标识站设计与建设中,能够确定全部标识站选址方案。文中给出了一个试验实例以证实该理论与算法可行性。,17/35,The scientific layout of optimal identifier is the key of path-identification,correct charge and re-distribution.An identifier-selection theory is presented to decide the number and position of identifiers on speedway.,18/35,It is based on the property of spanning tree that there is only one path between any two nodes as well as the concept of residual edge set put forward by the author,which decides the optimal number of identifier and comes to the conclusion that identifiers should locate on the residual edge set.,19/35,In addition,an effective algorithm adaptable to huge network is presented in order to find the whole residual edge set.The basic consideration of the algorithm is to combine the ring-destroying algorithm with developed tree algorithm.,20/35,从可靠性理论 出发,结合城市轨 道网络特 点,提 出了城市轨道 网络系统抗毁 可靠 性定义整个 轨道交通网络在受到外界破坏作 用后 正常运行能力。将抗毁可靠度定义为抗毁可靠性度量值。依据网络拓扑 结构及客流分 布特 点,从运输量分配人手,把从 路网中单 独隔离出子系统后 所影响客流量作为评价子系统抗 毁可靠性 依据,建立子系统抗毁可靠性 评价模型,并应用矩 阵逻辑或运算 计算 对应 评价指 标。在评 价子 系统抗毁 可靠性基 础上,提出 了 5个网络系统抗 毁可靠性特征值,从不 同角度 评价路 网系统 抗毁可 靠性。最终,用一算例验证 了该模 型及 对应评价指标 可行性 和有 效性。,21/35,A new definition of Metro network invulnerability is presented according to the reliability theories.The invulnerability is defined as the ability of the whole Metro network to operation normally under environment destruction.,22/35,This study considers the influencing passenger flow volume when a sub-system is insulated from the network as the basis of evaluating the invulnerability of the sub-system.,23/35,Evaluating model of invulnerability of sub-system is then proposed based on the network topology and passenger distributions and the evaluating indices are calculated by fake addition of matrix.,24/35,In addition,five models for indices of network invulnerability are put forward to evaluate the invulnerability of the metro.Numerical results are provided to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed model and indices,25/35,Modeling the capacity and level of service of urban transportation networks,Abstract,Consider an urban transportation network.For a given current origindestination(OD)demand pattern,we can have a corresponding link flow pattern on the network through an appropriate equilibrium traffic assignment model.,26/35,Supposing that on each link associated with the current O-D demand is below a given upper bound such as link capacity or any other prescribed threshold,we would ask how much additional demand from each trip origin can be accommodated by the network so that flow on each link is still within the given bound when the additional and existing demand is together assigned to the network.,27/35,This problem can be referred to as the network capacity and level of service problem and is fully investigated in this paper.,28/35,New formulations are presented and compared with existing techniques in terms of the assumption of OD demand pattern and travelers route and location choice behavior for the capacity and level of service modeling.,29/35,Numerical examples are provided and potential applications of the models are mentioned.,30/35,二、正文,学术论文,正文普通包含Method,Result,Discussion三个部分,。这三部分主要描述研究课题详细内容、方法,研究过程中所使用设备、仪器、条件,并如实公布相关数据和研究结果等。Conclusion是对全文内容或相关研究课题进行总体性讨论。它含有严密科学性和客观性,反应一个研究课题价值,同时提出以后研究方向。,为了帮助说明论据、事实,正文中经常使用各种图表。最惯用是附图(Figure)和表(Table),另外还有图解或简图(Diagram)、曲线图或流程图(Graph)、视图(View)、剖面图(Profile)、图案(Pattern)等。在文中提到时,通常表示法为:,如图 4 所表示 As(is)shown in Fig.4,如表 1 所表示 As(is)shown in Tab.1,学术论文英文写作介绍,31/35,三、结论,在正文最终应有结论(Conclusions)或提议(Suggestions)。,(1)关于结论可用以下表示方式:,The following conclusions can be drawn from(由可得出以下结论),It can be concluded that(能够得出结论),We may conclude that或We come to the conclusion that(我们得出以下结论),It is generally accepted(believed,held,acknowledged)that(普通认为)(用于表示必定结论),We think(consider,believe,feel)that(我们认为)(用于表示留有商议余地结论),(2)关于提议可用以下表示方式。,It is advantageous to(do),It should be realized(emphasized,stressed,noted,pointed out)that,It is suggested(proposed,recommended,desirable)that,It would be better(helpful,advisable)that,学术论文英文写作介绍,32/35,四、结尾部分,1、致谢,为了对曾给予支持与帮助或关心人表示感激,在论文之后,作者通常对相关人员致以简短谢词,可用以下方式:,I am thankful to sb.for sth,I am grateful to sb.for sth,I am deeply indebted to sb.for sth,I would like to thank sb.for sth.,Thanks are due to sb.for sth,The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to sb.for sth.,The author wishes to acknowledge sb.,The author wishes to express his gratitude for sth.,学术论文英文写作介绍,33/35,四、结尾部分,2、注释,注释有两种方式,一个为,脚注,,即将注释放在出现当页底部;另一个是将全文,注释集中在结尾部分,。两种注释位置不一样,方法一样。注释内容包含:,(1)引文出处。注释方式参见“参考文件”。,(2)对引文说明,如作者看法、解释。,(3)文中所提到人身份,依次为职称或职务、单位。如:,Professor,Dean of Dept.University(教授,大学系主任),Chairman,Company,USA(美国企业董事长),(4)本论文是否曾发表过。,学术论文英文写作介绍,34/35,四、结尾部分,3、参考文件,在论文最终应将写论文所参考过主要论著列出,目标是表示对他人结果尊重或表示本论文科学依据,同时也便于读者查阅。参考文件列法以下:,假如是书籍,应依次写出作者、书名、出版社名称、出版年代、页数。如:,Dailey,C.L.and Wood,F.C.,Computation curves for compressible Fluid Problems,John Wiley&Sons,Inc.New York,1949,pp.37-39,假如是论文,应依次写出作者、论文题目、杂志名称、卷次、期次、页数。如,:,Marrish Joseph G.,Turbulence Modeling for Computational Aerodynamics,AIAA J.Vol-21,No.7,1983,PP.941-955,假如是会议会刊或论文集,则应指出会议举行时间、地点。如,:,Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Fracture Dec.4-10,1984,New Delhi,India,假如作者不止一人,可列出第一作者,其后加上et al。如,:Wagner,R.S.et al,.,学术论文英文写作介绍,35/35,
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