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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2021/10/3,#,Translating Skills,Omission,1/28,Omission-,省译法,省略（omission）是指原文中有写词在译文中译不出来，因为译文中虽无其词而已经有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻。换言之，省略是删去一些可有可无，或者有了反而嫌累赘或违反译文语言习惯词。但省略并不是把原文一些思想内容删去。现从语法角度和修辞角度分别举例探讨省略法：,2/28,从语法角度来看,-,省代词,(1)依据汉语习惯，前句出现一个主语，后句如仍为同一主语，就无须重复出现。英语中通常都有主语，所以人称代词做主语往往屡次出现，这种人称代词汉译时经常能够省略。,1)He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable,他消瘦而憔悴，（）看上去一副可怜相。,2)But its the way I am and try as I might,I havent been able to change it.,但我就是这个脾气，（）即使几经努力，（）却未能改变过来.,1.1省略作主语人称代词,3/28,3)They had ground him beneath their heel,they had taken the best of him,they had murdered his father,they had broken and wrecked his wife,they had crushed his whole family.,他们把他踩在脚底下，压粉碎，他们榨干了他精华，（）害死了他父亲，（）摧残了他妻子，（）毁了他全家。,4）Laura wished now that she was not holding that piece of bread-and-butter,but there was nowhere to put it and she couldnt possibly throw it away.,这时劳拉宁愿（）手里没有这块涂上黄油面包，拿着又没有地方放，（）又不可能扔掉。,4/28,（2）泛指英语人称代词做主语时，即使是作第一个主语，译文中往往也能够省略。,1)We live and learn.,（）活到老，学到老。,2)You can never tell.,（）极难说。,3）Everywhere you can find new types of men and object in New China.,新中国（）处处能够看到新人，新事物。,5/28,4）Even as the doctor was recommending rest,he knew that this in itself was not enough,that one could never get real rest without a peaceful mind.,医生尽管提议休息，他也知道休息本身是不够，假如心情不平静，（）是休息不好。,5）All those years in the military,where there were certain standards and rules;where young men treated their superiors with respect;where you gave an order and it was obey;where a uniform meant you were all on the same side.,多年来军队生涯，那里总是有一定标准和规则；年轻人尊敬上级，（）发出命令，人人恪守，一样制服就意味着（）站在同一边。,6/28,1.2 省略做宾语代词,英语中有些作宾语代词，不论前面是否有提到过，翻译时往往能够省略。,The more he tried to hide warts,the more he revealed them.,他越是要掩盖他烂疮疤，就越是会暴露（）。,2）She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank him for it.,她轻轻地把手放在他胳膊上，好象表示感激（）。,3）In fact,Hitlers“blitz”carried him so far,to the very gate of Leningrad by September,a city he was never to seize.,实际上希特勒所进行“闪电战”曾（）深入苏境，九月份已直逼列宁格勒-一座他一直未能攻陷城市。,7/28,1.3 省略物主代词,英语中物主代词，汉译时往往能够省略，比如I wash my face in the morning,汉语只需要说“我早上洗脸”，而无须说“我早上洗我脸”。,So the train came,he pinched his little sister lovingly,and put his great arms about his mothers neck and then was away.,于是火车来了，他爱抚地捏了一下（）小妹妹，用（）两条巨大胳膊楼了一下（）母亲脖子，然后就走了。,4）He shrugged his shoulders,shook his head,cast up his eyes,but said nothing.,他耸耸（）肩，摇摇（）头，（）两眼看天，一句话不说。,8/28,2.省略非人称或强势句中it,it也是一个代词，但这里主要是讲它两种特殊使用方法，即非人称用和强调用。英语 中这么用it，汉译时往往能够省略不译。,非人称it,1）Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.,外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。,2）He glanced at his watch;it was 7:15.,他一看表，是七点一刻了。,3）It was just growing dark,as she shut the garden gate.,她关上园门时，已是暮色沧茫了。,9/28,2.2 强势用it,1）It was only then that I began to have doubts whether my story would ever be told.,只是在这个时候，我才开始怀疑，我经历终究能不能公诸于众呢！,2）It was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own house.,他费了不少劲才找到了回家路。,3）Peter has always enjoyed claiming that it was he and not George,who was the first to reach the summit of the mountain.,彼得一直津津乐道是，第一个抵达山顶实际上并不是乔治，而是他自己。,10/28,3.省略连接词,汉语词语之间连接词用不多，其上下逻辑关系经常是暗含，由词语次寻来表示。英语则不然，连接词用比较多。所以，英译汉时在很多情况下可无须把连接词译出来。,3.1省略并列连接词,1）He looked gloomy and troubled.,他看上去有些忧愁不安。,2）Despite the privation,and the mounting toll of dead and wounded,however,morale remained intact,and people still smile in the street.,尽管供给不足，伤亡增加，然而士气并未受到影响。街上，人们照常脸有笑容。,11/28,3）He considered it(National Security Council)too large and bulky and thus leaky,too many people who talked too much,他认为国家安全委员会机构太庞大，人多嘴杂，轻易泄密。,4）Your son or your father or your wife or your cousin or your best friend or your boss or your secretary might be an informer for Heydrichs organization,你儿子，你父亲，你妻子，你表亲，你挚友，你上司，你秘书，都可能是海得里希组织告密者,12/28,3.2省略隶属连接词,（1）省略表示原因连词,英语因果句中普通用连接次表示原因，而汉语则往往经过词序先以后表示因果关系，“因”在前，“果”在后。所以，英译汉时往往能够把原文中这种连接词省掉不译。,1）We knew spring was coming as(because)we had seen a robin.,我们看见了一直知更鸟，知道春天快要到了。,2）He declined to amplify on the Presidents statement,since he had not read the text.,他没有看到总统讲话文本，不愿意加以发挥。,3）Because the departure was not easy,we made it brief.,告别这件事难受得很，我们就作简短一些。,13/28,表示条件连接此if，普通译为“假如”、“假如”等，但在日常口语体或文言文结构中，往往能够省略不译。,1）If winter comes,can spring be far behind?,冬天来了。春天还会远吗？,2）If I had known it,I would not have joined in it.,早知如此，我就不参加了。,3）If a spot turned hot,wed overfly it frequently.,哪个地方乱子激化了，我们就频频飞临该地上空。,4）“Youve got to be careful of these Eastern lawyers.If you are not careful,theyll take you and turn you inside out.”,“对这些东部律师可得提防。一不小心，他们就会抓着你那你整得够戗！”,14/28,3.3 省略表示时间连接词,表示时间关系when和as等，汉译时普通用“当时”，或仅用“时”。但如汉语时间先后次序显著，为了简略起见，“当时”或“时”往往能够省略。,1）John rose gloomily as the train stopped,for he was thinking of his ailing mother.,火车停了，约翰郁郁地站了起来，因为他想起了病中母亲。,2）When at last he stood upon the bluff,he turned to his little sister and looked upon her sorrowfully.,最终他站到了悬崖上，转过身来，忧郁地看这他妹妹。,3）He stood there,handsome,reserved-somehow those four stars visible even when he was in civvies.,他站在那里，漂亮而矜持，他穿着便服，然而他那上将四颗星似乎隐约可见。,15/28,4.省略冠词,英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词，所以，英译汉时往往可将冠词省略。,1）.A teacher should have patience in his work.,当教员应该有耐心。（省略表示类别不定冠词A）,2）The horse is a useful animal.,马是有益动物。（省略表示类别定冠词The）,3）The moon was slowly rising above the sea.,月亮慢慢从海上升起。（省略表示独一无二事物定冠词The）,4）The proletariat and the peasantry must unite!,无产阶级和农民阶级必须联合起来！（省略表示阶级定冠词The）,5）The girl standing at the window is his sister.,站在窗口（那个）姑娘是他妹妹。（这里girl后面有定语，定冠词The汉译时可省，可不省。）,16/28,英译汉时，省略原文中冠词是普通情况。但在一些场所，冠词却不能省略，比如：,1）He left without saying a word.,他一句话不说就走了。（不定冠词a或an指“一”时，不能省）,2）Egbert said he was getting a dollar a mile.,埃格伯特说，他（开车）每开一英里就赚一块钱。（不定冠词a或an指“每一”时，不能省）,3）The children are of an age.,这些孩子都是同岁。（不定冠词a或an指“一”时，不能省）,4）The onlookers saw the little party climb ashore.,看人只见那一小队人怕上岸去。（定冠词the强调“这”、“那”时也不宜省）,17/28,5.省略前置词,普通说来，表示时间和地点英语前置词，译成汉语如出现在句首，大都能够省略，出现在句尾大都不省略。,5.1省略表示时间前置词,1）The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949.,一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。,比较：中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。,（前置词译成汉语在句首时能够省略，在句尾就没有省略）,2）In July,1956,Egypt had seized the Suez Canal.,一九五六年七月，埃及占领了苏伊士运河。,（英语前置词in译成汉语因在句首，能够省略）,18/28,5.2省略表示地点前置词,1）Smoking is prohibited in public place.,公共场所不准吸烟。,2）Now complaints are heard in all parts of that country.,该过各地当前怨声载道。,3）Rumors has already spread along the street and lanes.,大街小巷早就传遍了各种流言蜚语。,19/28,表示地点英语前置词在译文句首往往能够省略，但放在动词后面却普通不省略，如：,1）He stood by the desk.,他站在桌旁。,2）She hid behind the door.,她躲在门背后。,3）I stayed in my brothers home.,我住在弟弟家里。,汉语文言文中表示地点介词在动词后面时，普通也不省略，如“鱼跃于渊”（Fish jump in the deep pong）。但在诗词中，则又经常省略，如“鱼翔浅底”（Fish glide in the limpid deep）。又如“两个黄鹂鸣翠柳”中“鸣翠柳”显然是“鸣于翠柳”（were twittering among the green willows），但因为七言字数限制，介词“于”也就省略掉了。,20/28,从修辞角度来看,1.英语句子中有些短语重复出现，英译汉时可按情况做适当省略。,1）University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.,报考大学人，有工作经验优先录用。,假如不做省略，译成“报考大学人，有工作经验，比没有工作经验，优先录用”，就显得罗嗦。,2）Instead of one old woman knocking me about and starving me,everybody of all knocked me about and starved me.,那时打我而且使我挨饿不只是一个老太婆，而是老老少少各式各样人。,假如翻译成“那时不是一个老太婆打我而且使我挨饿，而是老老少少各式各样人大我而且使我哎饿”，就不够精练。,21/28,2.依据汉语习惯，译文中能够省略一些可有可无词。,1）They could be adapted to the waging of peoples war of liberation but were rather useless in an anti-peoples war.,它们（这些著述）能够用之于人民解放战争，但对反对人民战争是无用。,此句假如译成“能够用之于进行人民解放战争”就嫌累赘，省去“进行”，反觉自然。,2,）There was no snow,the leaves were gone from the trees,the grass was dead.,天未下雪，但叶落草枯。,假如不省略而译成“树叶从树上落下来，草也枯死了”，就远不如“叶落草枯”简明洗练。,22/28,（1）冠词省略,Because the bodys defense system is damaged，the patient has little ability to fight off many other diseases.,因为人体免疫系统遭到破坏，病人几乎没什么能力来抵抗许许多多其它疾病侵袭。,Any substance is made up of atoms whether it is a solid，a liquid，or a gas.,任何物质，不论它是固体、液体或气体，都是由原子组成。,（2）代词省略,The desert animals can hide themselves from the heat during the daytime.,沙漠中兽类能躲避白天酷热天气。,We all took it for granted that he would attend the meeting，but in the end he never turned up.我们都想当然地认为他会来开会，但直到最终他也没有露面。,23/28,（3）连词省略,Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract.,同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。,He looked gloomy and troubled.他看上去有些忧愁不安。,If winter comes，can spring be far behind?参考译文 冬天来了，春天还会远吗?,（4）介词省略,Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不许吸烟。,A body in motion remains in motion unless acted on by an external force.,假如没有外力作用，运动物体依然保持运动状态。,24/28,（6）同义词或近义词省略,Technology is the application of scientific method and knowledge to industry to satisfy our material needs and wants.,技术就是在工业上应用科学方法和科学知识以满足我们物质上需求。,Insulators in reality conduct electricity but，nevertheless，their resistance is very high.,绝缘体实际上也导电，但其电阻很高。,25/28,C,ONTENTS,目录,1,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR LOREM,2,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR LOREM,3,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR LOREM,4,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR LOREM,26/28,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR LOR,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR LOREM,27/28,LOREM IPSUM DOLOR LOREM,Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,consectetur adipisicing elit,sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.Ut enim ad minim veniam,quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.,28/28,
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