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专题一名词,考点一名词词义辨析,考点突破,考点二名词的数,考点三名词所有格,考点一名词词义辨析,考点突破,一、名词的分类,名词即表示人或物名称的词,它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。具体情况见,下表:,类别,意义,例词,专有名词,表示人、地方、事物、机,构、组织等名称的词,Lucy,China,the Great Wall,the Great Hall of the People,普,通,名,词,个体名词,表示个体的人或事物的词,dictionary,pencil,chair,win-,dow,table,book,bike,ball,dog,集体名词,表示一群人或一些事物的,词,family,police,class,group,team,物质名词,表示构成各种物体的物质,或材料的词,rice,glass,water,porridge,pa-,per,air,wool,wheat,steel,抽象名词,表示状态、品质、行为、,感情等抽象概念的词,knowledge,danger,health,love,二、常考名词,在中考中,对于名词的考查多集中在具体语言环境下名词词义的辨析上。综合,分析这几年的中考真题,总结出一些常考的名词。具体如下:,A,activity活动address地址advertisement广告,advantage优势advice建议attention注意,athlete运动员,B,balance平衡bottom底部business商业,生意,C,challenge挑战chance机会change变化,collection收集物contribution贡献choice选择,competition比赛;竞争cause原因custom风俗,courage勇气,D,decision决定,design设计,difference不同,discussion讨论duty责任;义务,distance距离,description描述director导演;负责人,direction说明;方向,E,education教育,effort努力,energy能量;精力,experiment实验,expression表达environment环境,excuse借口,exhibition展览,experience经验;经历,explanation解释;说明,F,feeling感觉fun乐趣,H,habit习惯hobby业余爱好honour荣誉,I,information信息,interest兴趣,importance重要性,invention发明,interview面试;访谈,influence影响(力),instruction说明;指示,invitation邀请,M/N,mood心情,noise噪音,O,offer提议,opinion意见,看法,opportunity机会,organization机构;组织,P,protection保护,praise表扬patient病人,progress进步,problem问题,promise承诺,pride骄傲,R,reason理由;原因,relation关系,result结果,report报告research研究;调查,S,service服务,shape形状;外形stranger陌生人,sight视力;景象,style样式;款式support支持,success成功,suggestion建议sense感觉,T,technology技术tourist游客,tradition传统,traffic车辆;交通trouble困难,V,voice嗓音,volunteer志愿者visitor游客,value价值,考点二名词的数,名词的数,在英语中,普通名词按照其所表示的事物性质可分为可数名词与不可数名词。,1.可数名词的单复数,可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。可数名词单数变复数的变化如下:,(1)名词复数的规则变化,变化,例词,一般情况下在词尾直接加-s,mapmapsparkparks,以s,x,sh,ch结尾的,在词尾加-es,busbusesboxboxesbrushbrusheswatchwatches,部分以f,fe结尾的,把f,fe变成v,再加-es,有些直接在词尾加-s,knifekniveswifewivesroofroofsbeliefbeliefs,以辅音字母加y结尾的,变y为i,再加-es,familyfamiliesbabybabies,以字母o结尾的,有时加-s,有时加-es,photophotosheroheroes,(2)名词复数的不规则变化,注意:可用下列单词或短语修饰可数名词的复数。如:,some,(a)few,a lot of,lots of,plenty of,many,变化,例词,ooee,footfeettoothteethgoosegeese,ae,manmenwomanwomen,词尾加-ren,childchildren,特殊变化,mousemice,不变化,sheepdeerJapaneseChinese,2.不可数名词的数量表达,不可数名词表示数量可用a lot of,much,little,a little,some,no等修饰。要表示,一定的数量,可借助单位词(piece,pair,bowl等)表达。如:,a cup of tea一杯茶a piece of paper一张纸,a piece of news一则新闻a glass of water一杯水,three cups of coffee三杯咖啡five kilos of meat五公斤肉,注意:一些可数名词也可加单位词来表达。如:,a box of matches一盒火柴,four pounds of tomatoes四磅西红柿,3.名词作定语时的单复数,名词作定语时一般用单数形式,但以下情况例外:,(1)用复数作定语。如:,sports meeting运动会talks table谈判桌,(2)man,woman等作定语时,其单复数形式以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如:,men workers男工人women teachers女教师,(3)“数词+名词”组成复合形容词作定语时,该名词一般用单数形式。如:,a two-day holiday一个两天的假期,名词,可数,不可数,名词,可数,不可数,glass,玻璃杯,玻璃,orange,橙子,橙汁,room,房间,空间,fish,鱼,鱼肉,time,次数;倍数,时间,paper,报纸;试卷,纸,纸张,chicken,小鸡,鸡肉,work,作品,工作,experience,经历,经验,life,生命,生活,4.常见的同一名词作可数名词与不可数名词的不同意义见下表:,5.分辨可数名词和不可数名词的口诀,可数不可数好分辨,名词所示物分两半。,如每半不能叫原名,那该词可数最公平。,每半还能把原名叫,不可数名词就遇到。,有的名词是两面堵,意变不可数为可数。,如:bike(自行车),如果把一辆自行车分成两半,每半只能叫自行车的一部分,不能,再叫自行车,所以bike是可数名词。,water(水),如果把一杯水分成两杯装,每杯仍可叫水,因此,water是不可数名词。,orange(橙汁),如果把一瓶橙汁分成两瓶,每瓶还可以叫橙汁,故orange(橙汁)为不,可数名词;但意为“橙子”时,是可数名词。,考点三名词所有格,1.名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式:一种是,s所有格,另,一种是of所有格。如:,Beijing is China,s capital./Beijing is the capital of China.,北京是中国的首都。,2.用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系,这时只在最后一个名词后加-,s。如:,This is Mary and her sister,s bedroom.,这是玛丽和她姐姐的卧室。,Lily and Lucy,s mother is a nurse.,莉莉和露西的妈妈是位护士。,用and连接两个并列名词,表示分别拥有各自的物品时,两个名词都在词尾加-,s,表示所有关系。如:,These are Tom,s and Mary,s bags.,这些是汤姆和玛丽的包。,Wei Hua,s and John,s licenses are missing.,魏华和约翰的许可证都丢了。,3.以-s结尾的名词,在s后加“,”;不以-s结尾的词,在词尾加-,s。如:,Children,s Day儿童节Teachers,Day教师节,4.of所有格常用来表示无生命的东西。如:,the door of the room房间的门,5.双重所有格有两种形式:of+名词所有格;of+名词性物主代词。如:,He is a friend of my brother,s.,他是我哥哥的一个朋友。,Is she a daughter of yours?,她是你的女儿吗?,6.表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加上-,s代表全称。如:,at the doctor,s在诊所,7.一些具有名词性质的复合不定代词,如someone,everybody等和else连用时,-,s,应加在else后。如:,somebody else,s pencil别人的铅笔,8.表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以在词尾加“-,s”或“,”来构成所有格。如:,(1)用于时间,an hour,s ride 骑车一小时的路程,two weeks,time 两个星期的时间,(2)用于度量,thirteen tons,weight 13吨的重量,five hundred metres,distance 五百米的距离,(3)用于价值,a hundred,yuan,s order一百元的订货单,a hundred pounds,note一百英镑的钞票,(4)用于天体,the earth,s satellite地球卫星,(5)用于国家,Belgium,s capital 比利时的首都,(6)用于城市,the Ural,s industry 乌拉尔的工业,Changchun,s agriculture 长春的农业,9.双重所有格与of所有格的区别。如:,He is a friend of your father,s.,他是你父亲的一个朋友。(强调你父亲的朋友不止一个),He is a friend of your father.,他是你父亲的朋友。(强调他对你父亲的友好),一、选词填空,1.(2019河南)For his son,s birthday,Steven is taking him to the new movie as a,treat,.(task/treat/choice/visit),2.(2019天津)The,purpose,of this activity is to raise money for a new hospital.,(silence/purpose/culture/language),3.(2019江苏南京)Tomorrow is Mum,s birthday.Let,s buy some flowers for,her.,OK.I know she likes,roses,best.(dresses/rings/handbags/roses),中考题组,4.(2019重庆)One,page,of the book is missing,so I can,t learn the whole story.,(copy/page/writer/reader),5.(2019山西)To keep our city beautiful,the,cleaners,are always very busy in,the streets.We shouldn,t throw rubbish everywhere.(policemen/cleaners/drivers),6.(2019湖北武汉)Dad,what is the loudspeaker saying?,It is to the,passengers,.The flight to Wuhan is boarding now.(customers/pas-,sengers/members/tourists),7.(2019江西)My daughter helps me cook,but she isn,t old enough to be left alone,in the,kitchen,.(bedroom/classroom/lab/kitchen),8.(2019福建)What should we do for the camping trip?,We,d better make a,list,of things like foods,drinks,medicine and so on.(list,/card/report),9.(2019安徽)You can see the,pride,in our faces when we talk about the great,achievements in the past 70 years.(doubt/pride/regret/ability),10.(2019河北)I like this song.It,s by one of my favorite,singers,.(singers/,dancers/painters/writers),11.(2019四川成都)Sally,s favorite,color,is orange.,I see.That,s why all her sweaters are orange.(fruit/color/juice),12.(2019山东青岛)Lucy,how about going to the,library,?,Sounds great!Reading books can give us much pleasure.(library/cinema/museum,/concert),13.(2019浙江温州)Sir,did you enjoy your stay in our,hotel,?,Yes,I slept well and I like the breakfast.(hotel/school/factory/company),14.(2019黑龙江哈尔滨)Tim got four,toys,from his relatives on Children,s,Day.(toy/toys/toies),15.(2019甘肃天水)After playing football for more than half an hour,the students,took,a few minutes,rest.(a few minute,s/a little minute,s/a few minutes,/a,little minutes,),16.(2019江苏苏州)Keep quiet,son!I need complete,silence,when I,m,working.,Sorry,Dad.I won,t make any noise again.(trust/silence/control/strength),17.(2018河南)It,s useless to regret what has been done.Don,t make those mis-,takes again.,I won,t.That,s a(n),promise,.(order/decision/promise/agreement),18.(2018天津)Her smile made me feel warm and lively.It was like a hidden,treasure,.(competition/interview/treasure/tradition),19.(2018江苏南京)Do you have this T-shirt in a small,size,?,I,m afraid not.It only comes in medium.(size/colour/material/taste),20.(2018河北)Did you hear the,news,?A scientist will visit our school.(advice/,news/praise/choice),21.(2018广东)The three,rooms,upstairs are too small to have enough,room,for a double bed.(room;room/room;rooms/rooms;room/rooms;rooms),22.(2018湖北武汉)Kate,I,m going shopping.Anything to buy for you?,Yes,that will save me a,trip,.(hand/trip/visit/bill),23.(2018重庆)I have a bad cold.,Sorry to hear that.You,d better go to see a,doctor,at once.,(doctor/cook/writer/farmer),24.(2018安徽)What is the,secret,of your excellent spoken English?,Practice makes perfect!(result/influence/duty/secret),25.(2017河南)If you fight hard,know who you are,and are proud of who you are,you,ve got a good,chance,of winning.(choice/chance/decision/direction),二、语篇填空,(2020河南中考预测),阅读短文,从方框中选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空,使短文通顺、意思完,整。每空限填一词,每词限用一次。,hewriteexcellentonegetdieasyearlateruntil,The life of Mao Dun,This year marks the 120th anniversary of Mao Dun,s birth.He is one of the most,famous novelists of modern China.,Mao Dun was born in 1896.He began his career as a,1,in 1916.In 1920,he trans-,lated,The,Constitution,of,the,Communist,Party,of,the,Soviet,Union,into Chinese.,One year,2,in Shanghai,Mao Dun became the,3,writer to join the Commu-,nist Party of China.He was China,s first minister of culture and was elected chair-,man of the Chinese Writers Association(中国作家协会)in 1978.On March 27,198,1,he,4,of illness in Beijing.,During the period from 1974,5,his death,Mao Dun lived in Beijing and finished,writing his reminiscences(回忆录).,During the last year of his life,Mao Dun had difficulty,6,around and did most,of his reading and writing in his bedroom.A single bed,a pillow,a sheet and a quilt,remain positioned,7,they were before his death.Some books that he often read,during his last,8,are piled on a bedside table.Mao kept pens and paper beside,him at night so that he could write down,9,thoughts as he woke up at midnight,for reading.On his deathbed,he donated royalties(版税)of 250,000,yuan,to the,Chinese Writers Association as a fund to establish the Mao Dun Literature Awards,(茅盾文学奖)as a way to encourage,10,Chinese novelists.,1.,writer,2.,later,3.,first,4.,died,5.,until,6.,getting,7.,as,8.,year,9.,his,10.,excellent,一、选词填空,1.(2019河南郑州外国语中学一模)Jennifer takes a lot of exercise every day and,she is always full of,energy,.(knowledge/energy/change/courage),2.(2019河南新乡一模)It sounds like a good idea.But who is going to give the,speech?,I think Emily is the best,choice,.(plan/goal/chance/choice),3.(2019河南洛阳一模)I do believe friendship requires,trust,or it will break,easily.(trust/trouble/solution/suggestion),模拟题组,4.(2019河南开封一模)Did you go to the,concert,last night?,Yes.The music fans screamed and cheered when Avril Lavigne appeared on the,stage.(museum/cinema/concert/library),5.(2019河南安阳一模)There,s a huge,difference,between thinking about,something and actually doing it.Try to choose properly.(development/decision/dis-,covery/difference),6.(2019河南焦作一模)His,excuse,for being late was that he had missed the,train,but it was not true.(introduction/explanation/reason/excuse),7.(2019河南平顶山一模)Mom,I have tried it many times but still didn,t suc-,ceed.I really want to give up.,My dear son,I believe that as long as you have a strong,will,your dream,will come true one day.(wish/will/feeling/order),8.(2019河南许昌一模),National,Treasure,quickly rose to the top television rating,ranks(收视率)after it was played on CCTV.It means a growing,interest,in tradi-,tional culture among China,s young people.(interest/introduction/direction/habit),9.(2019河南商丘一模)He and his wife are of the same,mind,.They both want,their son to go to college.(heart/spirit/mind/direction),10.(2019河大附中一模)What a great,decision,you,ve made!,Yes,I avoided an accident by changing the direction.(agreement/decision/instruc-,tion/mistake),11.(2019河南中原名校中考第一次大联考)How can I learn English well?,You can try to remember some new words every day.And listening to tapes is,also a good,choice,.(choice/suggestion/message/advantage),12.(2019河南中原名校中考第二次大联考)Friends can have a great,influence,on teenagers,so try to stay away from those friends with bad habits.(time/differ-,ence/influence/discussion),13.(2019河南百校联盟大联考)How far is it from Chongqing to Guiyang?,It,s about two,hours,ride by high-speed train.(hour/hour,s/hours/hours,),14.(2019河南郑州二模)My father,s old car needs too much,attention,so he is,going to sell it.,(information/attention/condition/pollution),15.(2019河南新乡二模)The,gesture,is a movement of part of your body,espe-,cially your hands,to show what you mean.(method/gesture/expression/measure),16.(2019河南平顶山二模)It,s fine today,Linda.How about going for a run?,Sorry.This is not the right,moment,to invite me.I have to do my homework.,(moment/situation/place/chance),17.(2018河南开封一模)How do the British people usually start a(n),conversation,?They start it with subjects like weather or holiday.,(conversation/discussion/introduction/instruction),18.(2018河南新乡一模)Meeting the,standard,of a strict teacher may be hard,but if you have got used to it,you will find how much you are improving.(agree-,ment/standard/ability/experience),19.(2018河南安阳一模)David made up a silly excuse for his,absence,from,the meeting again.,He always talks a lot and does little.(silence/absence/courage/position),20.(2018河南许昌一模)A good way to break the,habit,of eating too quickly is,to put your knife and fork down after each mouthful.(tradition/use/habit/custom),21.(2018河南焦作一模)Mario got a job in my company because of his,experience,as an engineer.(relation/energy/friendship/experience),22.(2018河南平顶山一模)Could you read the French,instruction,on the,medicine bottle for me?,Sure,let me try.(meaning/picture/instruction/document),23.(2018河南郑州一模)Being good at reading,expressions,on people,s faces,Bob gets on well with his workmates.(attention/expressions/suggestions/direction),24.(2018河南洛阳二模)Everyone knows that knowledge is the most valuable,treasure,for human beings.,Yes.As a student,we should study hard.(standard/treasure/invention/instruction),二、语篇填空,(2020河南中考原创),阅读短文,根据语篇要求填空,使短文通顺、意思完整。每空限填一词。,After finishing their shopping at the mall,a couple discovered that their new car,was stolen.They were very worried.,1,they called the police at once.,But the next day,to,2,surprise,the car was returned.There was a note in it that,said:“I,m sorry for it but my wife,3,having a baby and I had to send her to,the hospital.Please forget the trouble that I brought.There are two tickets to tonight,s concert.”,The couple chose to forgive the thief.They attended the concert.But,4,they re-,turned home,they found that their house had been ransacked(洗劫).On the bath-,room mirror,there was another note that read:“I have to pay,5,my kids,fu-,ture education,sorry again!”,1.,So,2.,their,3.,was,4.,when,5.,for,
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