内分泌生殖系统教学课件：男性生殖系统.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Chapter 8,Male Reproductive System,Contents,Introduction,Histology and Spermatogenesis,Androgen,Diseases and disorders,INTRODUCTION,Section I,31-,4,Male and female reproductive systems,Function together to produce offspring,Female reproductive system nurtures developing offspring,Produce important hormones,5,Similarities and differences between males and females,but same goal:new life,Primary sex organs:,gonads,Testes,in males,Ovaries,in females,produce the,gametes,(sex cells),Sperm,in males,Ovum,(egg)in females,Endocrine function:secretion of hormones,Accessory sex organs,Internal glands and ducts,External genitalia,Male Reproductive System:,Hormones,Hypothalamus,Gonadotropin-releasing hormone,(GnRH),Stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH,Pituitary,Follicle-stimulating hormone,(FSH)initiates spermatogenesis,Luteinizing hormone,(LH)stimulates interstitial cells in the testes to produce testosterone,Testis,Testosterone,Secondary sex characteristics,Maturation of male reproductive organs,Inhibin and avtivin,Case:Unexpected Fracture 1,John Smith,25 year old man,Tripped while crossing the road and fallen awkwardly,Had severe chest pain over the site of the impact,History,lived with his wife and worked as a chef,Had bee attempting to have a baby for 2 years,with no success,Nothing else is special,Case:Unexpected Fracture 2,Physical Examination,Tall with long arms and legs,Swelling of breast tissue,Lower ribs was very tender and was bruising over the skin,Scanty body,pubic and axillary hair,Testes were very small,Case:Unexpected Fracture 3,Chest Radiography,Several fracture in the right lower ribs because of a trivial fall,The doctor concerned about,The finding on clinical examination,Severity of the fracture despite the relatively trivial fall.,Case:Unexpected Fracture 4,Blood Test,LH,35 U/L(normal 10 U/L),FSH,65 U/L(normal 10 U/L),Testosterone,4 nmol/L(normal 9-41 nmol/L),Sperm count,Very low,HISTOLOGY AND SPERMATOGENESIS,Section 2,Histology and Spermatogenesis,Histology of the,testis,Spermatogenesis,Anatomy of the Testis,鞘膜,白膜,Seminiferous Tubules,（细精管）,Seminiferous tubules,Transverse Section of Seminiferous Tubules,支持细胞,Spermatogenesis(,精子发生）,65 70 days in human,Three stages,12-21 days for the transportation of sperms in ducts,epididymis -deferent duct-ejaculatory,1,st,stage:formation of spermatocytes,Spermatogonia,（精原细胞）,are stem cells,Least differentiated,Lie in basal lamina,（基底层）,Divide continuously by mitosis(result 2n or diploid):daughter cells A(remains a stem cell)or B(goes on),When start to undergo meiosis are called,spermatocytes,（精母细胞）,17,Blood-testis Barrier,Blood-testis barrier,Sertoli cell(sustentacular cell),Tight junction,Sperm surrounded by,Sertoli,*(sustenacular)cells:tight junctions,Prevents escape of unique antigens seen as foreign,These would activate the immune system,Autoimmune response would cause sterility,The barriers may be disrupted,result in the exposure of sperms to the immune system.,And thus the production of antibody,2,nd,stage:meiosis I,Each primary spermatocytes(2n)undergoes meiosis I to become 2 secondary spermatocytes:,Each secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis II to become 2 spermatids,4 total spermatids from each spermatogonium,21,3,rd,stage:spermiogenesis,(,精子形成）,22,Head contains,Nucleus with chromatid(genetic material),Acrosome,（顶体）,with enzymes for penetrating egg,Midpiece:mitochondria spiraled around the core of the tail,Tail is an elaborate flagellum(allows sperm to swim),Epididymis,（附睾）,Efferent ductules(,输出小管）,Duct of the epididymis(,附睾管）,fferent,uctules,At the head of epididymus,Lined by simple columnar epithelium,Cilia and smooth muscle in wall help move sperm along,Empty sperm into duct of the epididymus,Duct of epididymis,Highly coiled 6m long duct,Pseudostratified,（假复层）,columnar epithelium,Sperm mature (20 days),Sperm gain ability to swim,Sperm stored in,the tail of the epididymis in preparation for ejaculation.,Maximal:for several months,Pseudostratified columnar epithelium,Ducts Deferens,（输精管）,45 cm,Thick layers of smooth muscle,Stores and transports sperm during ejaculation,固有层,27,Prostate,（前列腺）,Size&shape of a chestnut,（栗子）,Encircles 1,st,part of urethra,（尿道）,3 types of glands,Secrete citric acid,（柠檬酸）,and acid phosphatase,Contribute to semen,（精液）,(milky fluid and enzymes),PSA,measured as indicator of prostate cancer,(“prostate specific antigen”),Fibromuscular stroma,28,Sperm Pathway,The Sperm Pathway,Ducts Deferens,（输精管）,Expulsion,from the body,Testes,Sperm,Epididymis,（附睾）,Seminal vesicles,（精囊）,Ejaculatory duct,（射精管）,Prostate gland,Urethra,Sperm,Sperm A Health Man Produces,From puberty to old age,200 million every day,Several trillion over a lifetime,Seman Analysis,（精液检查）,Sperm Count,Sperm Morphology(Size,Shape,Appearance),Sperm Motility,Chemical and Biochemical Semen Characteristics(pH,Color and Turbidity,Liquefaction,Viscosity.),Sperm Penetration Assays,Post Coital Tests and Sperm-Cervical Mucus Interaction,Antisperm Antibodies(Sperm Allergy),HORMONAL REGULATION,Section 3,Hormones Secreted by the Hypothalamus and Their Effects on Anterior Pituitary,33,Endocrine Cells in Testes,Leydig Cell,Testosterone,Sertoli,Cell,Inhibin,（抑制素）,Activin,（激活素）,Metabolism of Testosterone,芳香化酶,Physiology Effect of Testosterone,Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Testes Axis,The Relationship between GnRH and Testosterone in Lifetime in Male,Testosterone Production Throughout the Life in Male,DISEASES AND DISORDERS,Section 4,Content,Hypogonadism,Primary,Secondary,Tertiary,Therapeutic and abuse uses of androgens,Declining sperm counts,Hypogonadism,Primary Hypogonadism,Caused by the disorder of testicular function itself,Secondary Hypogonadism,Caused by the pituitary gland,Tertiary Hypogonadism,Failure of GnRH secretion from hypothalamus,Kallmanns syndrome,（卡尔曼综合征）,Primary Hypogonadism,Disease,Klinefelters syndrome,Chromosomal abnormality that result in small testes and failure of secondary sex characteristics,Mumps orchites(,腮腺炎性睾丸炎）,Cryptorchidism(,隐睾症）,Testicular damage from radiation or chemotherapy,Treatment,Steroid replacement,To maintain secondary sex characteristics and sexual function,The infertility is not reversible,Case:Unexpected Fracture 1,John Smith,25 year old man,Tripped while crossing the road and fallen awkwardly,Had severe chest pain over the site of the impact,History:,lived with his wife and worked as a chef,Had bee attempting to have a baby for 2 years,with no success,Nothing else is special,Case:Unexpected Fracture 2,Physiological Examination,Tall with long arms and legs,Swelling of breast tissue,Lower ribs was very tender,（,osteoporosis,，骨质疏松症,),Scanty body,pubic and axillary hair,Testes were very small,Chest Radiography,Several fracture in the right lower ribs because of a trivial fall,Case:Unexpected Fracture 3,Blood Test,Lutinizeing hormone(LH),35 U/L(normal 10 U/L),Follicle stimulating hormone(FSH),65 U/L(normal 10 U/L),Testosterone,4nmol/L(normal 9-41 nmol/L),Sperm count,Very low,Therapeutic and Abuse Uses of Androgens,Therapeutic use,Treat the symptoms of hypogonadism,Abuse,Teenagers:Improve the body image,body-builders:Improve body mass,Athlete,improve muscle mass,enhance aggression,improve endurance,faster recovery from injury,Side-effect of Abuse Uses of Androgens,Men:Infertility -,the testes will shrink and stop producing testosterone and sperm,Women,Virilization(,女性男性化）,amenorrhoea,（闭经）,and liver cancer,海蒂,格里克,1966-1997,安得利斯,1997-,Declining Sperm Counts,Feminization,（雌性化）,of male wildlife populations caused by,Chemicals in the environment that have oestrogenic effect,Including,pesticides,Various organochlorides,Excreted oestrogens in sewage effluent,For human?,