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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,生物专业英语,BIOLOGICAL ENGLISH,生命科学学院 张小乐,1/103,1,一、教学目标及要求,（一）教学目标（,Purpose,）,1.,To gain sufficient fundamental understanding of life science,and to be able to communicate in English the principles that underlie the properties and function of living material;,了解生物学基础知识和基本理论，学习用英语交流生物学基本原理和现象；,2/103,2,2.,To gain knowledge and skills of English relevant to careers either in biological sciences or in careers that utilize the informational content of,or are impacted by,research in biology;,掌握与生命科学相关英语知识和技能，为以后学习和工作服务；,3.,To be able to use this information to analyze,evaluate and report new progress in research.,能够用英语来分析、评价和写作研究汇报。,3/103,3,专业英语教学主要目标是培养学生科技文件阅读能力和初步科技论文写作能力。其教学重点即,阅读,与,写作,。,4/103,4,（二）教学要求（,Requirement,）,1.,Covers the fields of General Biology,Biochemistry and Molecular,课程内容涵盖普通生物学、生物化学、细胞生物学以及分子生物学等内容；,2.,Focuses on being familiar with biological terms in the above areas;,重视加强学生在以上领域对生物学词汇熟悉；,5/103,5,3.,Introduces common scientific terms;,介绍普通科技英语词汇；,4.,Gives a brief look at the composition of scientific papers;,介绍科技论文写作基本规律；,5.,Offers the opportunity to practice literature searching and writing scientific paper.,练习科技文件检索和科技论文写作。,6/103,6,二,、,专业英语特点,（一）专业英语词汇特点：,专业英语词汇特点表现在：,(1)技术词汇多,(2)二次技术词汇多,(3)特用词多,(4)功效词如：介词，连词，短语，代词多,专业词汇构词法中以派生词最多，合成词其次，有一定量转换词。,7/103,7,Photosynthesis(光合作用),microtubule(微管),microfilament(微丝),Electrophoresis(电泳),DNA（deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸）,CoA（Coenzyme A）,UV（Ultra-violet）,AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome),8/103,8,生物学专业词汇（词根）,1,、表示数量词根,2,、表示颜色词根,3,、表示方位和程度词根,4,、表示摄食词根,5,、表示动物不一样器官和组织词根,9/103,9,1.表示数量词素,1）haplo,mono,uni 单，一，独,haploid 单倍体；,monoxide 一氧化物；,monoatomic 单原子；,2）bi,di,dipl,twi,du 二，双，两，偶,bicolor 双色；,dichromatic 双色；,diplobacillus 双杆菌；,dikaryon 双核体；twin 孪生；,dual 双重；,10/103,10,3）tri 三，丙,triangle 三角；,triacylglycerol 三酰甘油；,tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环；,4）quadri,quadru,quart,tetr,tetra 四,quadrilateral 四边；,quadrivalent 四价；,quadruped 四足动物；,tetrode 四极管；,tetracycline 四环素；,11/103,11,5）pent,penta,quique 五,pentose 戊糖；,pentagon 五角形；,pentane 戊烷；,quintuple 五倍；,pentomer 五邻粒；,6）hex,hexa,六,hexose 已糖；,hexapod 六足动物；,hexapoda 昆虫纲；,hexamer 六聚体；,12/103,12,7）hepta,sept(i)七,heptane 庚烷；,heptose 庚糖；,heptoglobin 七珠蛋白；,8）oct 八,octpus 章鱼；,octagon 八角形；,octane 辛烷；,octase 辛糖；,13/103,13,9）enne,nona 九,nonapeptide 九肽；,enneahedron 九面体；,10）deca,deka 十,decapod 十足目动物；,decahedron 十面体；,decagram 十克；,14/103,14,11）hecto 百,hectometer 百米；,hectoliter 百升；,hectowatt 百瓦；,12）kilo 千,kilodalton(KD)千道尔顿；,kilobase 千碱基；,kiloelectron volt 千电子伏特；,15/103,15,13）deci 十分之一，分,decimeter 分米；,decigram 十分之一克；,14）centi 百分之一,15）milli 千分之一，毫,millimole 毫摩（尔）；,milliliter 毫升；,centipoise 百分之一泊(粘度单位),16/103,16,16）micro 百万分之一，微，微小，微量,microgram 微克；,microogranism 微生物；,microecology 微生态学；,micropipet 微量移液器；,17）nano 十亿分之一，毫微，纳,nanosecond 十亿分之一秒；,nanometer 纳米；,17/103,17,18）demi,hemi,semi 半,demibariel 半桶；,hemicerebrum 大脑半球；,semiopaque 半透明；,semi-allele 半等位基因；,semi-conductor 半导体；,19）holo 全，整体，完全,holoenzyme 全酶；,holoprotein 全蛋白；,holocrine 全（质分）泌；,18/103,18,20）mega 巨大，兆，百万,megaspore 大孢子；,megabasse 兆碱基；,megakaryocyte 巨核细胞；,megavolt 兆伏；,megalopolitan 特大城市；,21）macro 大，巨大，多,macrophage 巨噬细胞；,macrogamete 大配子；,macroelement 常量元素；,macromolecular 大分子；,19/103,19,polyacrylate 聚丙烯酸酯；,polymerase 聚合酶；,multichain 多链；,multinucleate 多核；,multicistronic mRNA 多顺反子mRNA；,multicopy 多拷贝；,22）poly,multi,mult 多，复合,20/103,20,2.表示颜色词素,1）chrom 颜色,chromophore 生色团；,chromosome 染色体；,chromatography 色谱法；,2）melan,melano,nigr 黑,melanoma 黑素瘤；,melanin 黑色素；,melanophore 黑色素细胞；,21/103,21,3）xantho,flavo,fla,flavi,lute 黄,xanthophyl 叶黄素；,xanthous 黄色，黄色人种；,xathine 黄嘌呤；,flavin(e)黄素；,flavone 黄酮；,lutein 黄体素，叶黄素；,flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD),黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸；,22/103,22,4）erythro,rub,rubrm,ruf 红,erythrocyte 红细胞；,erythromycin 红霉素；,erythropoitin(EPO)促红细胞生成素；,5）chloro,chlor 绿，氯,chlorophyll 叶绿素；chloride 氯化物；chloramphenicol 氯霉素；,23/103,23,6）cyan,cyano 蓝，青紫色，氰,cyanophyceae 蓝藻纲；cyanobacteria 蓝细菌；cyanide 氰化物；,7）aur,glid,chrys 金色,aureomycin 金霉素；,chrysose 金藻淀粉；,chrysanthemum 菊花；,glid stone 金沙石；,glid 镀金；,24/103,24,leucine 亮氨酸；,leukaemia=leucosis 白血病；,bleaching powder 漂白粉；,albomycin 白霉素；,8）leu,leuco,leuk,leuko,blan,alb,无色，白色,25/103,25,3.表示方位和程度词素,1）endo,ento 内，在内,endocrine 内分泌；,endocytosis 胞吞作用；,endogamy 近亲繁殖；,endolysin 内溶素；,entoderm 内胚层；,26/103,26,2）ec,ect,exc,extra 外，外面，表面,ectoblast 外胚层；,ectoparasite 外寄生生物；,extract 抽取，浸出；,3）meso 中，中间,mesosphere 中圈，中层；,mesoplast 中胚层质；,27/103,27,4）intra,intro,inter 在内，向内,intra-allelic interaction 等位基因内相互作用；intracellular （细）胞内；,Interurban 城市之间,5）centri,centro,medi,mid,中心，中央，中间,centrifuge 离心；,centriole 中心粒；,centrosome 中心体；,centrogeng 着丝基因；,28/103,28,6）epi,peri 上，外，旁,epidermal growth factor(EGF)表皮生长因子；,epibranchial 上鳃；,perilune 近月点；,7）sub,suc,suf,sug 下，低，小,suborder 亚目；,submucosa 粘膜下层；,subclone 亚克隆；,subcellular 亚细胞；,subsection 小节，分部；,29/103,29,8）super,supra 上，高，超,superconductor 超导体；,superfluid 超流体；,superoxide 超氧化物；,supramolecular 超分子；,9）hyper 超出，过多,hypersensitive 过敏；,hyperelastic 超弹性；,hypertension 高血压；,hyperploid 超倍体；,30/103,30,10）hypo 下，低，次,hypoglycaemia 低血糖；,hypotension 低血压；,hypophysis 脑下垂体；,11）iso 等，相同，同,iso-osmotic 等渗；,isopod 等足目动物；,isotope 同位素；,31/103,31,12）oligo，olig 少，低，寡，狭,oligohaline 狭盐性；,oligogene 寡基因；,oligomer 寡聚体；,oligophagous 寡食性；,oligarchy 寡头政治；,13）eury 多，宽，广,eurythermal 广温；,euryhaline 广盐性；,eurytopic species 广幅种；,32/103,32,14）ultr 超,ultra-acoustics 超声学；,ultra-structure 超微结构；,ultroviolet 紫外线；,15）infra 下，低，远,infralittoral 远岸；,infrahuman 类人生物；,infrared 红外线；,infrastructure 基础结构，基本结构；,33/103,33,4.表示摄食词素,1）vore 食动物，-vorous食动物,algivore 食藻动物；,carnivore 食肉动物；,herbivore 食草动物；,omnivore 杂食动物；,2）-phage吃（食）食生物（体）,-phagous吃（食）,phage 噬菌体；,phagocyte 吞噬细胞；,zoophage 食肉动物；,saprophage 腐食者；,34/103,34,5.表示动物不一样器官和组织词素,1）cephal,capit,cran 头，头颅,2）cyte 细胞,3）carn,my,mya,myo 肉，肌肉,4）haem,haemat,hem,aem,sangul 血,5）soma,corp 体，身体,6）some,plast 体，颗粒,35/103,35,7）hepa,hepat 肝,heparin 肝素；,hepatopancreas 肝胰腺；,hepatocyte 肝细胞；,hepatoma 肝癌；,8）ren,nephr 肾,adrnal 肾上腺；,nephridia 肾管；,nephron 肾单位；,36/103,36,9）card,cord 心,cardiotoxin 心脏毒素；,cardiovascular center 心血管中枢；,electrocardiogram 心电图；,concord 一致，友好；,10）ophthalm,ocell,ocul 眼,ophthalmology 眼科学；,ophthalmia 眼炎；,ophthalmologist 眼科教授；,37/103,37,11）branchi 鳃,filibranch 丝鳃；,lamellibrnch 瓣鳃；,sencondary branchium 次生鳃；,12）brac,brachi 腕，手臂,brachiolaria 短腕幼虫；,brachionectin 臂粘连蛋白；,bracelet 手镯；,38/103,38,13）dent,odont 牙齿,dentin 牙质；,odontphora 齿舌；,odontoblast 成牙质细胞；,14）plum 羽,plumatus 羽状；,plumule 绒毛；,plumage （鸟）羽毛；,follicle 滤泡；,foiling 叶形；,foliage 叶子；,foliose 多叶；,15）foli,foil 叶,39/103,39,主要表达科技英语特点（语言精练，逻辑性强，描述客观，其中语言精练是其格调，描述客观是其本质）。,Because most plants are able to undergo photosynthesis,they do not depend on other organisms for energy.,（,二,）,专业英语语法特点：,40/103,40,（1）长句多（可使句意表示严谨）,Biology is such a broad field,covering the minute chemical reactions inside our cells,to broad scale concepts of ecosystems and global climate change.,41/103,41,英语长句分析,造成长句原因,1、修饰语过多,2、并列成份多,3、语言结构层次多,42/103,42,分析方法,6、注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。,1、找出全句主语、谓语和宾语，从整体上把握句子结构。,2、找出句中全部谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句引导词。,3、分析从句和短语功效，比如，是否为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句等。若是状语，它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等。,4、分析词、短语和从句之间相互关系，比如，定语从句所修饰先行词是哪一个等。,5、注意插入语等其它成份。,43/103,43,例1.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.,行为主义者认为，假如儿童成长环境里有许多刺激原因，这些原因又有利于其适当反应能力发展，那么，儿童智力就会发展到较高水平。,44/103,44,例2.For a family of four,for example,it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home,with almost unlimited entertainment available,than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.,譬如，对于一个四口之家来说，舒舒适服地在家中看电视，就能看到几乎数不清娱乐节目，这比到外面别地方去消遣又廉价又方便。,45/103,45,长句翻译方法,1、次序法。,当英语长句内容叙述层次与汉语基本一致时，能够按照英语原文次序翻译成汉语。,46/103,46,例1.Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep，electricity is working for us，driving our refrigerators，heating our water，or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.,即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时，电仍在为我们工作：帮我们开动电冰箱，把水加热，或使室内空调机继续运转。,47/103,47,例2.But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited,and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their“expectation of life”,the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.,可是现在人们意识到，其中有些矿物质蕴藏量是有限，人们甚至还能够比较合理预计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”，也就是说，经过若干年后，这些矿物全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。,48/103,48,2、逆序法。,英语有些长句表示次序与汉语表示习惯不一样,甚至完全相反,这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。,49/103,49,例1.Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century,because nowhere in nature is it found free,owing to its always being combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen,for which it has a strong affinity.,铝总是跟其它元素结合在一起，最普遍是跟氧结合；因为铝跟氧有很强亲和力，因为这个原因，在自然界找不到游离状态铝。所以，铝直到19世纪才被人发觉。,50/103,50,例2.It therefore becomes more and more important that,if students are not to waste their opportunities,there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.,所以，假如要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)机会，就得为他们提供大量关于课程更为详尽信息，作更多指导。这个问题显得越来越主要了。,51/103,51,3、分句法。,有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词关系并不十分亲密，翻译时能够按照汉语多用短句习惯，把长句从句或短语化成句子，分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯，有时需要适当增加词语。,52/103,52,例1.The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four.,大约有1/4美国青年人没有阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信。,53/103,53,例2.Television,it is often said,keeps one informed about current events,allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.,人们常说，经过电视能够了解时事，掌握科学和政治最新动态。从电视里还能够看到层出不穷、现有教育意义又有娱乐性新节目。,54/103,54,4、综正当。,上面我们讲述了英语长句逆序法、次序法和分句法，实际上，在翻译一个英语长句时，并不只是单纯地使用一个翻译方法，而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用，这在我们上面所举例子中也有所表达。,尤其是在一些情况下，一些英语长句单纯采取上述任何一个方法都不方便，这就需要我们仔细分析，或按照时间先后，或按照逻辑次序，顺逆结合，主次分明地对全句进行综合处理，方便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实汉语句子。,55/103,55,例1.People were afraid to leave their houses,for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency,they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.,尽管警察已接到命令,要作好准备以应付紧急情况,但人们不敢出门,因为警察也和其它人一样不知所措和无能为力。,56/103,56,例2.Taking his cue from Ibsens A Dolls House,in which the heroine,Nora,leaves home because she resents her husbands treating her like a child,the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.,易卜生剧作玩偶之家中女主人公娜拉离家出走，因为她憎恶她丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示，从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己，她要生存就必须有经济上权利。,57/103,57,（2）被动语态使用频繁（描述客观）；,It has been found experimentally that the ratio of the amounts of adenine(腺嘌呤）to thymine（胸腺嘧啶）,and the ratio of guanine（鸟嘌呤）to cytosine（胞嘧啶）,are always very close to unity for deoxyribose nucleic acid（DNA）,58/103,58,（3）名词性词组多；分词使用频繁；介词短语多（可使语言精练）；,Gene therapy involves the repair or correction of the machinery。,基因治疗包含遗传系统修复或纠正,（4）专业术语多；缩略词多；合成词多；插图，表格，公式，数字所占百分比大。,59/103,59,三、生物学专业英语内容,(1)掌握构词法（派生，转换，合成），扩大词汇量。,(2)阅读英文原始文件资料，扩大知识面，掌握生物学专业英语语言规律，提升阅读，写作，翻译水平以及实际应用生物学专业英语能力。,(3)巩固英语基础知识，提升应用英语能力（大学英语教学纲领要求大学生修完大学英语基础课程后必须学习专业英语。）,60/103,60,四,、,生物学专业英语学习方法,（1）,识记专业词汇，扩大阅读范围,（2）巩固英语语法基础，掌握科技英语语言特点,（3）针对应用文体加强翻译、写作练习,61/103,61,五、生物学专业英语参考资料,新时代出版社1,BA（Biological Abstracts）；Science(USA)；Nature(GB.),英汉生物学词典（第三版）,英汉大学生物学词汇,金山词霸,On-Line Biology Book www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html,62/103,62,Scope of field in Biology,Biology：,The science of living organisms,concerned with the study of embryology(胚胎学),anatomy(,解剖学,),physiology,cytology,morphology,taxonomy,genetics,evolution,and ecology.生物学,63/103,63,Biochemistry：,The study of the chemical substances that occur in living organisms,the processes by which these substances enter into or are formed in the organisms and react with each other and environment,and the methods by which the substances and processes are identified，characterized,and measured（Chemical processes associated with living things.）生物化学,64/103,64,Anatomy：,The branch of morphology concerned with the gross(总)and microscopic structure of animal,especially humans.,解剖学,Immunology：,The division of biological science concerned with the native or acquired resistance of higher animal forms and humans to infection with microorganisms.,免疫学,65/103,65,Biophysics,：The hybrid science involving the methods and ideas of physics and chemistry to study and explain the structures of living organisms and the mechanics of living processes,.,生物物理学,66/103,66,Cytology,：,The branch of biological science that deals with the structure,behavior,growth,and reproduction of cells and the function and chemistry of cells and cell component.,细胞学,67/103,67,Ecology,：The study of the interrelationships between organisms and their environment.,生态学,Embryology,：The study of the development of the organisms and the zygote(受精卵),or fertilized egg,.,胚胎学,68/103,68,Evolution,：The processes of biological and organic change in organisms by which descendants（后代）come to differ from their ancestors,and a history of the sequence of such change.生物进化,69/103,69,Genetics,：The science concerned with biological inheritance(遗传),that is,with the causes of the resemblances and differences among related individuals.,遗传学,Histology,：The study of their structure and chemical composition of animal tissues as related to their function.,组织学,70/103,70,Molecular biology,：The branch of biology which attempts to interpret(解释)biological events in term of the molecules in the cell.,分子生物学,T,axonomy,：,The science of animal and plant classification.分类学,71/103,71,Physiology：,The branch of biological science concerned with the basic activities that occur in cells and tissues of living organisms and involving physical and chemical studies of these organisms.,生理学,72/103,72,Microbiology,：The science and study of microorganisms,especially bacteria and rickettsiae（源自哈瓦德泰勒 立克次，美国病理学家,1871-1910年）and of antibiotic substances.,Virology,：The science that deals with the study of viruses.病毒学,Mycology,：,A branch of biological science concerned with the study of fungi.真菌学,73/103,73,Botany：,The branch of biological science that focuses on the study of plants and plant life,including algae;deals with taxonomy,morphology,physiology,and other aspects.,植物学,74/103,74,Paleontology,：,The study of life in the geologic past as record by fossil remains.古生物学,Paleobotany,：,The study of fossil plants and vegetation of the geologic past.古植物学,75/103,75,Zoology,：,The science that deals with the taxonomy,behavior,and morphology of animal life.动物学,Vertebrate zoology,：A branch of zoology concerned with the taxonomy,behavior,and morphology of vertebrate animals.脊椎动物学,Invertebrate zoology,：A branch of zoology concerned with the taxonomy,behavior,and morphology of invertebrate animals.,无脊椎动物学,76/103,76,Inside the Living Cell:Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts,1.Cytoplasm:The Dynamic,Mobile Factory,细胞质：动力工厂,Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm.Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance,which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane.Organelles are suspended within it,supported by th
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