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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,非限定动词,1/112,学好动词非限定形式对于了解阅读材料中结构比较复杂长句，对于写作得高分非常有用。,不定式,动名词,分词,分 类,2/112,动词不定式无人称和数改变,但有时态和语态改变。,不定式,3/112,时态语态,主动语态,被动语态,普通式,to write,to be written,进行式,to be writing,完成式,to have written,to have been written,完成进行式,to have been writing,4/112,1.作主语,侧重于动作详细性和未来性,To play basketball,is a great pleasure.,但为使句子平衡,惯用it 代它作主语,把它移到句子后部去.,It,is a great pleasure,to play basketball.,(二)、不定式句法功效,主语宾语 主补 修饰语,状语等,5/112,2.作宾语,A.跟不定式作宾语常见动词:,（）hope,want,expect,wish,desire,like,love,dislike,hate,plan,intend,mean,prepare,decide,determine,afford,fail,manage,try、dare,help,promise、refuse、learn、offer、agree、forget ,bother.,6/112,B.常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语动词:,tell,advise,show,teach,find out,decide,discuss,learn,explain,tell sb what to do,7/112,3.作主补,A.表示按计划和安排将要发生事情,。,He is,to marry Rose,.,B.,表示主语内容，但侧重于目标性,。,Her wish,was to become,an artist.,C.表示情态意义(应该,必须),。,The form is,to be filled,in and returned within a week.,She is,to blame,.,8/112,4.不定式作修饰语,A.普通表示将发生情况，放在名词后。,Charles Lindbergh is,the first man,to fly the Atlantic alone,.(主谓关系),She has,a good chance,to go to college.(同位关系),He has got,lots of questions,to ask.(动宾关系),9/112,注意:1.如不定式与它所修饰词有动宾关系,而这个不定式又是不及物动词,它后面应有必要介词。,There is,nothing,to worry,about,.,2.不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作所发生地点或所使用工具时,它后面要带上必要介词。,I need,a pen,to write,with,.,He is looking for,a room,to live,in.,10/112,5.不定式作宾语补足语,跟不定式作宾语补足语动词,A.let,have,make,get等表使役动词,They,made,us,go,with them.,注意:,Let/have/make,sb,.,do,;,get,sb,.,to,do,They,got,us,to go,with them.,B.ask,tell,request,order等表要求,命令动词,The chairman,requested,the members,to be silent,.,11/112,C,.allow,permit,forbid等表许可或禁止动词,The guard,forbade,me,to enter,.,D.,wish,want,expect,intend等表希望动词(hope无此使用方法),Many parents,expect,their children,to study,abroad.,E.,See，watch，notice，hear，listen to，observe，look at，feel等表感官动词,I noticed tears come into his eyes.,We often hear her sing the song at home.,注:感官动词后不定式均不带to,12/112,F.其它动词,advise,help,persuade,encourage,warn,cause,force,remind,Please,remind,me,to take,the raincoat.,13/112,6.不定式作状语,1,)不定式作目标状语,Tim sat near the fire,to get warm,.,The athletes practised hard,to win the match,.,强调,作目标状语不定式,惯用,in order(not)to，so as(not)to短语.前者可放在句首,也可放在句中;后者只能放在句中。,14/112,2).不定式作结果状语,作结果状语不定式,惯用于一些固定搭配中。如,:too to,enough to，sufficient to，only to，never to，so+形容词/副词+as to,such+名词+as to do,引导。,Would you be so kind as to step this way,please?,I tried the door,only to find it locked inside.,15/112,Practice,1(09江苏,26）Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers,almost three times the number hired last year,_ reduce unemployment pressures.,A.help B.helped,C.to help D.having helped,C,16/112,2(09全国)The children all turned _ the famous actress as she entered the classroom.,A.looked atB.to look at,C.to looking atD.look at,B,3(09山东，22)We are invited to a party _ in our club next Friday.,A.to be held B.held,C.being held D.holding,A,17/112,4(09辽宁，27)_,you need to give all you have and try your best.,A.Being a winner B.To be a winner,C.Be a winner D.Having been a winner,5.(09安徽，28)The play _ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.,A.produced B.being produced,C.tobeproduced D.havingbeen produced,B,C,18/112,时态语态,主动语态,被动语态,普通式,doing,being done,完成式,having done,having been done,(一).,动名词,语法形式,动名词,无人称和数改变,但有时态和语态改变.,二、动名词,19/112,1.动名词时态,（1）普通式。动名词普通式所表示,动作与谓语动词所表示动作同时发生,。,By reviewing the old,you can learn something new.温故而知新。,（2）完成式。假如强调,动名词表示动作在谓语动词所表示动作之前发生,，惯用动名词完成式形式。,Mary regrets having been idle when young.玛丽很后悔年轻时虚度时光。,20/112,2,.动名词被动式,（1）依据句意需要，也可用动名词被动式，其形式为,“being+过去分词”。,He narrowly escaped,being run over,.他差一点被车压着。,I cant remember,having ever been given,such a book.我记不起有谁给了我这么一本书。,（2）,在动词need,require,want,deserve后用动名词主动形式表示被动意义,。其使用方法相当于不定式被动结构。The watch needs repairing.(=The watch needs to be repaired.)这块表该修了。,21/112,3.动名词否定结构,I fancy it has done you a lot of good,not going.(,not going是动名词普通式否定形式）,There is,no denying,the fact that he is diligent.(no denying也是动名词普通式否定形式）,He was nervous from,having never before spoken,in public.(having never before spoken 是动名词完成式否定）,22/112,(二)、动名词句法功效,含有名词特征,可充当成份:,主语宾语 主补 修饰语 等,23/112,1.动名词作主语,Seeing,is believing.,Playing chess,is fun.,Its no use,waiting here.,动名词作主语,也可用it 作形式主语.但只限于下面句型:,24/112,1）,动名词在“It is no use/no good/fun/a waste of time/a good pleasure 等名词+doing”结构中作主语，it为形式主语,。,比如：,It is,no good,objecting.,反对也没有用,。,It is,no use,crying,.哭没有用。,Its,great fun,sailing,a boat.杨帆驾舟十分有趣。,25/112,2）,动名词在“It is useless/nice/good/interesting/worthwhile 等形容词+doing,”结构中作主语。比如：,It is,nice,playing,chess after supper.,It is,useless,speaking,.光说没有用。,3）动名词在“There is(was)no+doing”结构中作主语。比如：,There is no,denying,that she is very efficient.,26/112,2.动名词作主补,动名词作主补起名词作用,表示主语内容,这时动名词和主语位置有时是能够交换。,The nurses job,is,looking after the patients,.=,Looking after the patients,is,the nurses job.,Four skills of English learning,are,listening,speaking,reading and writing,.,=,listening,speaking,reading and writing,are,four skills of English learning.,27/112,补充 1,动名词和不定式都能够作主语或主补,没有太大区分。在表示,经常习惯性动作多用动名词,;在表示,详细某次动作,尤其是未来动作时,多用不定式,。,Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火危险（泛指）,To play with fire will be dangerous.玩火会发生危险。（指一详细动作）,动名词着重进程，不定式着重结果：,Seeing id believing.,To see is to believe.,28/112,3.动名词作修饰语,动名词作修饰语时，动名词和它所修饰词没有逻辑上主谓关系。,表示名词用途/目标。,a racing car=a car that is used to race,a swimming pool=a pool that is used to swim in,单个动名词作,修饰语,放在被,修饰词前;动名词短语作,修饰语,放在被,修饰词语后;,Do you know the sleeping car on show?,The boy sitting under the tree is reading.,有一些复合动名词可用作前置修饰语，,如：,Fact-finding committee 调查委员会,Peace-keeping troops 维和部队,29/112,4.动名词作宾语,1）动名词作,动词,宾语,以下动词后只能接动名词：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,cant help,mind,enjoy,require,practise,miss,escape,pardon,advise,consider,imagine,keep,appreciate,escape,permit 等（,书本p241）,I cant,imagine,marrying,a girl of that sort.,I,recommend,buying,the dictionary.,Will you,admit,having broken,the window?,30/112,有些动词短语后也要求跟动名词作宾语。常这么用动词短语有：,leave off,put off,give up,look forward to,feel like,have trouble/difficulty(in)doing,sth.devote to,get used to,pay attention to,be fond of,stick to,be worth,cant stand,cant help.,31/112,2）动名词作,介词,宾语,注意:介词除but/except 等词外，只能是动名词,不可用不定式 做介词宾语/补足成份。,Are you good,at,playing,football?,其它介词不易错,重点是介词to.因为不定式符号也是to ,所以一定要记住相关短语。,look forward to,devoteto,get used to,pay attention to,stick to,on ones way to这些短语中to都是介词(书本p226-227）。,I am used,to,watching TV,in the evening.,32/112,1.The man insisted_ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.,A.find B.to find,C.on finding D.in finding,2.Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview._ the answers ready will be of great help.,A.To have had B.Having had,C.Have D.Having,Practice,33/112,3.I really cant understand _ her like that.,you treat B.you to treat,C.why treat D.you treating,4.He got well-prepared for the job interview,for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity.,to lose B.losing,C.to be lost D.being lost,返回,34/112,三、分词,现在分词与过去分词.,充当成份:,宾语补足语,修饰语,主补,状语等.,35/112,（一）现在分词,36/112,(1).,现在分词,现在分词,无人称和数改变,但有时态和语态改变.其时态和语态改变形式与动名词相同.,时态语态,主动语态,被动语态,普通式,doing,being done,完成式,having done,having been done,37/112,(2)、,现在分词,句法功效,含有形容词和副词特征,可充当成份:主补、修饰语、宾语补足语、状语,38/112,1.现在分词作主补,现在,分词作主补起形容词作用,说明主语特征及主语所具备,动作功效。,常译为”使(令)怎样。”如:,The news,is,very,disappointing,.,His story,is,very,moving,.,(Encouraging,inspiring,exciting,interesting.),39/112,2.现在分词作修饰语,现在分词作修饰语,多放在被修饰词前，如：,She is a charming child.,也可置于它修饰词后，相当于关系分句，表一时一事。,如：,This is Mr.Smith speaking.(电话用语）,Oh,its the cake burning.噢，糕点烤焦了。,现在分词固定搭配,：,Nothing doing!不行！,For the time being,For three years running 连续三年,40/112,有现在分词与其同根adj 皆可用作修饰语,，如：,differing systems 互不相同制度,different system不一样制度,varying prices,various prices各不相同价格,由上能够看出，现在分词含有动词性质，含有,能动性,。而形容词只表示一个,品质或性能。,有时二者意义则完全不一样，如：,loving 钟爱,lovely可爱,41/112,现在分词短语皆置于其修饰名词之后（特殊情况除外），相当于that-clause，但较从句简练，故多用于笔语中。如：,A little child,learning to walk,often falls.,42/112,补充2,由一些vi变来动名词和现在分词做修饰语是有区分,，,动名词表示所修饰名词目标和作用；现在分词表示所修饰名词动作,。比较：,flying,（分词）,saucer,(a saucer that flies)飞碟,flying suit,(a suit one wears when flying)飞行服,Sleeping,(分词）,beauty,睡美人,sleeping-car,卧车,43/112,3.现在分词作宾语补足语,用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作执行者，形成逻辑上主谓关系；,A.作感官动词,宾补,如:see,look at,watch,notice,find,observe,listen to,hear,smell taste,feel 表示正在进行意义,We,found,them,reading,in the classroom.,44/112,B.作使役动词,宾补,如:have,get,keep,send,leave,catch表示”使进行/处于(某种状态)”,强调动作或状态连续性.,Can you,keep,the clock,going,?,45/112,补充3,比较：,1)He saw her,coming up the street,.(She was coming up the street),He saw two men,enter the bar,(They enter the bar),2)I didnt notice,you carrying a bag,.(You were carrying a bag.),I didnt notice,you come in,(You came in),现在分词表示动作正在进行，而不定式表示动作完成。,46/112,现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、条件、结果,让步、伴随,或方式,等状语。,4.现在分词作状语,47/112,1)作时间状语,能够表示三个时间概念,A.表示和谓语动作同时发生,相当于“as soon as”引导时间状语从句,Hearing the good news,he jumped up with joy.,=As soon as he heard the good news,he,=On/Upon hearing the good news,he,48/112,B.谓语动词动作发生在分词动作过程中,表示”在做某事期间”相当于由when/while 引导时间状语从句。,Walking in the street,I came across an old friend.,=,When,/While,I was walking in the street,I came across an old friend.,=,When/While,walking,in the street,I came across,49/112,C.假如分词动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。如:,Having done,his homework,the boy went out to play.,Having written,his composition,he began to do his Maths homework.,2)作原因状语,相当于由because/as 引导原因状语从句。,50/112,A.和谓语动词动作同时发生,Being ill,he didnt go to school.,=,Because,/,As he was ill,he didnt go,Not knowing,what to do next,he went to his teacher for advice.,=,Because,/,As he didnt know,what to do next,he went to,51/112,B.假如分词动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。,Having seen,the film many times,he didnt go to see it last night.,3)作条件状语,相当于由 if 引导条件状语从句,(If)Using,your head,you will find a way.,=,If you use,your head,you will find,52/112,4)作让步状语,相当于由 although/though 引导让步状语从句,Although/Though,getting up,early,he was late for the meeting.,=,Although/Though he got up,early,he was late for the meeting.,53/112,5)作伴随状语(方式状语),表示同谓语动作同时发生,相当于由并列连词连接两个并列动作。,They,sat,there on the stone,talking,with each other.,=They,sat,there on the stone,and talked,with each other.,注意:只有现在分词普通式才可作伴随状语,且常放于主句后。,54/112,6)作结果状语,现在分词动作,同谓语动词动作几乎同时发生。,The mother died,leaving,five children behind.,They fired at the enemy,killing,two.,现在分词不论作何种状语,它逻辑主语必须是句子主语,句子 主语可能是分词动作执行者,句子 主语也可能是分词动作承受者。,55/112,但在一些表示说话者态度固定表示方式中,分词短语逻辑主语和句子主语是不一致,可看作句子,独立成份,。这种结构常见有:,1)generally/strickly/+speaking,2)Judging from,3）talking of说到,4）allowing for/Considering 考虑到,5)Assuming/supposing 假定.,6)Counting 算上,7)barring除去,(薄冰语法p345),56/112,注意：现在分词作状语几个特征。,时间性,。与谓语动词同时发生，用普通时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。,语态性,。与句子主语之间关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。,人称一致性,。分词逻辑主语就是句子,主语。,57/112,1._ the program,they have to stay there for another two weeks.,A.Not completing B.Not completed,C.Not completing D.Not having completed（原因状语）,Practice,58/112,2The manager,_ it clear to us that he didnt agree with us,left the meeting room.（时间或伴随状语）,Awho has made Bhaving made,Cmade Dmaking,3The storm left,_a lot of damage to this area.（结果状语）,Acaused Bto have caused,Cto cause Dhaving caused,59/112,4_from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.（原因状语）,ABeing separated,BHaving separated,CHaving been separated,DTo be separated,60/112,（二）过去分词,61/112,(1).,过去分词,语法形式,过去分词,无人称和数改变,也没有时态和语态改变。(done),(2)、过去分词句法功效,含有形容词和副词特征,可充当成份:,主补，修饰语语,宾语补足语,状语,62/112,1.,过去分词,作主补,过去分词,作主补,相当于一个形容词,说明主语状态。如，,He is,gone,.,The glass is,broken,.,He was,lost,in thought.,They were deeply,moved.,63/112,注意:被动结构与系表结构区分,这两种结构形式都是,be+,过去分词。,这两种结构主要区分是:被动语态强调所发生,动作,而系表结构表示是主语,特点或状态,。,The cup was broken by my little brother.(被动结构),The cup is broken.(系表结构,),64/112,2.,过去分词,作修饰语,过去分词,作修饰语,它逻辑主语就是它所修饰词,有以下三个特点:,A.及物动词,过去分词作修饰语和它逻辑主语关系是被动。所表示时间概念是完成。,The building,built last year,can hold 1,000 people=The building,that was built last year,can,65/112,B.不及物动词,过去分词作修饰语只表示动作完成。,与它所修饰名词没有,被动,关系。,fallen,leaves=leaves,that have fallen,a,retired,worker=a worker,who has retired,the,risen,sun=the sun,that has risen,惯用这一类词有：fallen,faded,returned,retired,risen,grown up等,66/112,C.有些表示,心理活动,过去分词作修饰语,表面是修饰它后面名词,但实质是说明当事者心理状态。所以过去分词与它所修饰名词没有,被动,关系,。,The,surprised,look,showed that he hadnt expected this.,=(He was surprised and his look showed his surprise),67/112,The fathers loud voice made a,frightened look,appear on his daughters face.,(The fathers daughter was frightened and her face showed her fright.),68/112,3.过去分词作宾补,过去分词作宾补,过去分词和宾语关系是被动关系,说明宾语状态,表示动作完成。惯用来,作感官动词,如:see,look at,watch,notice,find,observe,listen to,hear,smell taste,feel,和使役动词,如:have,get,keep,send,leave,catch,宾补,69/112,When I walked home,I,saw,a man,caught,by the police.,He,kept,himself,covered,with a blanket.,70/112,4.过去分词作状语,过去分词,可在句中,作时间、条件、原因,、让步,方式或伴随情况等状语。,过去分词,不论作何种状语,它逻辑主语必须是句子主语,而且存在着逻辑上被动关系.,71/112,1)做时间或条件状语,通常放在句首。,Seen,from the top of the hill,the town,looks even more beautiful.,=,If,the town is seen from the top of the hill,the town,=,When,the town is seen from the top of the hill,the town,72/112,2)作,原因状语,Deeply,moved,by the story,the children began to cry.,=,As/Because,they were deeply moved by the story,the children.,3),作,让步状语,Seriously,wounded,he still kept on fighting.,=,Although/Though,he was seriously wounded,he still kept.,73/112,4)作,方式或伴随情况,状语,She walked out of the house,followed,by her little daughter.,=She walked out of the house,and,was followed by her little daughter.,He sat there,lost,in thought.,=He sat there,and,was lost in thought.,74/112,_ more attention,the tree could have grown better.（条件状语）,A.Given B.To give,C.Giving D.Having given.,2.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century（定语）,A.having written B.to be written,C.being written D.written,Practice,75/112,3._ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.（原因）,A.Losing B.Having lost,C.Lost D.To lose,4.The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be,done to change it.（条件）,begins B.having begun,C.beginning D.begun,76/112,一、分析句子结构,解题步骤,77/112,1._many times,but he still couldnt understand it.A.Having been told B.To be toldC.He was told D.Though he was told,分析：,用连词but 引导并列句子，所以，前面也是个独立句子，故选C。,78/112,2._many times,he still couldnt understand it.A.Having been told B.To be toldC.He was told D.Though he was told,分析：,句中用逗号隔开，且无连词引导，所以，前面不是句子结构，只是句子一个成份，故选A，用非限定动词作状语。,79/112,二、分析逻辑主语,动词非限定形式虽不能作谓语，但仍含有动词特点，其逻辑上动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子真正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上自己逻辑主语。,80/112,1._no buses,we have to walk home.,2._Sunday,I shall have a quiet day at home.,A.There being B.It were C.There were D.It being,分析：句1.表示“没有公共汽车”，应用“there be”结构，即逻辑主语是“the buses”，故选A。句2.同理选D。,81/112,三、分析语态,分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非限定动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。,82/112,1._from space,the earth looks blue.2._from space,we can see the earth is blue.A.Seen B.Seeing C.To see D.See,这两个题选项中非谓语动词都没有加自己逻辑主语,所以其逻辑主语就是句子主语。,分析：句1.“地球被看”，表被动，故选A，用过去分词表被动。句2.我们“主动看”即表主动，故选B。,83/112,四、分析时态，,在选定了主动或被动后，还要考虑动作发生时间问题，即时态。,84/112,1.The building _now will be a gym.2.The building _next year will be a gym.3.The building _last year is a gym.
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