微量元素在不同地质体中的分布与分配.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,微量地球化学,Trace Element Geochemistry,“,Geochemistry really is for everyone!”,By Fersman(1958),1,4.,微量元素在各主要地质体中的分布,矿物,岩石,地质体,地球化学储库,2,主要造岩矿物,橄榄石,单斜辉石,斜方辉石,石榴石,尖晶石,斜长石,3,earthref.org/,4,橄榄石,5,Kd Database Search Results,Rock Type,Mineral,Z,Element,Value,Kd Type,Reference,Basalt,Olivine,3,Li,0.35,Experimental,Nikogosian&Sobolev 1997,Basalt,Olivine,12,Mg,6.6,Experimental,Kloeck&Palme 1988,Basalt,Olivine,22,Ti,0.007,Experimental,Nikogosian&Sobolev 1997,Basalt,Olivine,24,Cr,0.73,Experimental,Nikogosian&Sobolev 1997,Basalt,Olivine,26,Fe,1.85,Experimental,Kloeck&Palme 1988,Basalt,Olivine,27,Co,3.1,Experimental,Paster et al.1974,Basalt,Olivine,28,Ni,12.2,Phenocrysts-Matrix,Bougault&Hekinian 1974,Basalt,Olivine,30,Zn,0.86,Phenocrysts-Matrix,Bougault&Hekinian 1974,Basalt,Olivine,37,Rb,0.04,Phenocrysts-Matrix,Villemant et al.1981,Basalt,Olivine,39,Y,0.009,Experimental,Nikogosian&Sobolev 1997,Basalt,Olivine,40,Zr,0.06,Phenocrysts-Matrix,Villemant et al.1981,Basalt,Olivine,56,Ba,0.03,Phenocrysts-Matrix,Villemant et al.1981,Basalt,Olivine,57,La,0.0004,Calculated,McKenzie&ONions 1991,Basalt,Olivine,58,Ce,0.01,Experimental,Paster et al.1974,Basalt,Olivine,59,Pr,0.0008,Calculated,McKenzie&ONions 1991,Basalt,Olivine,62,Sm,0.0013,Calculated,McKenzie&ONions 1991,Basalt,Olivine,63,Eu,0.0016,Calculated,McKenzie&ONions 1991,Basalt,Olivine,65,Tb,0.0015,Calculated,McKenzie&ONions 1991,Basalt,Olivine,66,Dy,0.007,Experimental,Nikogosian&Sobolev 1997,Basalt,Olivine,67,Ho,0.0016,Calculated,McKenzie&ONions 1991,Basalt,Olivine,69,Tm,0.009,Phenocrysts-Matrix,Frey 1969,Basalt,Olivine,70,Yb,0.021,Experimental,Nikogosian&Sobolev 1997,Basalt,Olivine,71,Lu,0.018,Phenocrysts-Matrix,Frey 1969,Basalt,Olivine,72,Hf,0.04,Phenocrysts-Matrix,Villemant et al.1981,Basalt,Olivine,73,Ta,0.03,Phenocrysts-Matrix,Villemant et al.1981,Basalt,Olivine,79,Au,0.7,Experimental,Kloeck&Palme 1988,橄榄石,6,Zanetti et al.2004,7,橄榄石,0.001,0.01,0.1,1,10,100,1000,10000,Li7,P31,Sc45,Ti49,V51,Cr53,Co59,Ni60,Cu63,Ga71,Rb85,Sr88,Y89,Zr90,Nb93,Cs133,Ba137,La139,Ce140,Pr141,Nd143,Sm147,Eu151,Gd155,Tb159,Dy163,Ho165,Er166,Tm169,Yb173,Lu175,Hf179,Ta181,Pb208,Th232,U238,含量（,ppm,）,8,0.0001,0.001,0.01,0.1,1,10,Li,Sc,V,Cr,Co,Ni,Cu,Ga,Rb,Sr,Y,Zr,Nb,Cs,Ba,La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu,Hf,Ta,Pb,Th,U,原始地幔归一化值,9,Kd Database Search Results,Rock Type,Mineral,Z,Element,Value,Kd Type,Reference,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,3,Li,0.26,Phenocrysts-Matrix,Matsui et al.1977,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,22,Ti,0.786,Phenocrysts-Matrix,Matsui et al.1977,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,24,Cr,4.22,Phenocrysts-Matrix,Matsui et al.1977,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,28,Ni,1.1,Experimental,Mysen 1978,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,30,Zn,0.41,Phenocrysts-Matrix,Matsui et al.1977,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,37,Rb,0.0006,Calculated,McKenzie&ONions 1991,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,38,Sr,0.002,Phenocrysts-Matrix/Exp,Keleman&Dunn 1992,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,40,Zr,0.02,Phenocrysts-Matrix/Exp,Keleman&Dunn 1992,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,41,Nb,0.003,Phenocrysts-Matrix/Exp,Keleman&Dunn 1992,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,56,Ba,0.0035,Phenocrysts-Matrix,Matsui et al.1977,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,57,La,0.0005,Phenocrysts-Matrix/Exp,Keleman&Dunn 1992,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,58,Ce,0.001,Phenocrysts-Matrix/Exp,Keleman&Dunn 1992,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,59,Pr,0.0048,Calculated,McKenzie&ONions 1991,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,60,Nd,0.382,Phenocrysts-Matrix,Matsui et al.1977,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,62,Sm,0.01,Calculated,McKenzie&ONions 1991,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,63,Eu,0.013,Calculated,McKenzie&ONions 1991,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,64,Gd,0.82,Phenocrysts-Matrix,Matsui et al.1977,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,65,Tb,0.019,Calculated,McKenzie&ONions 1991,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,66,Dy,0.022,Calculated,McKenzie&ONions 1991,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,67,Ho,0.026,Calculated,McKenzie&ONions 1991,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,68,Er,0.03,Calculated,McKenzie&ONions 1991,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,69,Tm,1.09,Phenocrysts-Matrix,Matsui et al.1977,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,70,Yb,0.049,Calculated,McKenzie&ONions 1991,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,71,Lu,0.06,Calculated,McKenzie&ONions 1991,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,72,Hf,0.01,Calculated,McKenzie&ONions 1991,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,82,Pb,0.0013,Calculated,McKenzie&ONions 1991,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,90,Th,0.013,Phenocrysts-Matrix,Matsui et al.1977,Basalt,Low Calcium Pyroxene,92,U,0.017,Phenocrysts-Matrix,Matsui et al.1977,斜方辉石,10,0.0001,0.001,0.01,0.1,1,10,100,1000,10000,Li,Sc,V,Cr,Co,Ni,Cu,Ga,Rb,Sr,Y,Zr,Nb,Cs,Ba,La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu,Hf,Ta,Pb,Th,U,含量（,ppm,）,斜方辉石,11,0.001,0.01,0.1,1,10,100,Li,Sc,V,Cr,Co,Ni,Cu,Ga,Rb,Sr,Y,Zr,Nb,Cs,Ba,La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu,Hf,Ta,Pb,Th,U,原始地幔归一化值,12,Rock Type,Mineral,Z,Element,Value,Kd Type,Reference,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,4,Be,0.047,Experimental,Hart&Dunn 1993,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,5,B,0.036,Experimental,Hart&Dunn 1993,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,19,K,0.0072,Experimental,Hart&Dunn 1993,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,21,Sc,0.808,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,22,Ti,0.229,Experimental,Sobolev et al.1996,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,23,V,1.81,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,24,Cr,1.66,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,25,Mn,1.6,Experimental,Paster et al.1974,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,27,Co,1.3,Experimental,Paster et al.1974,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,28,Ni,2.6,Experimental,Mysen 1978,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,29,Cu,0.36,Experimental,Hart&Dunn 1993,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,30,Zn,0.49,Experimental,Paster et al.1974,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,31,Ga,0.74,Experimental,Hart&Dunn 1993,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,38,Sr,0.082,Experimental,Sobolev et al.1996,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,39,Y,0.245,Experimental,Sobolev et al.1996,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,40,Zr,0.046,Experimental,Sobolev et al.1996,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,41,Nb,0.004,Experimental,Johnson 1994,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,55,Cs,0.0058,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,56,Ba,0.002,Experimental,Sobolev et al.1996,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,57,La,0.032,Experimental,Sobolev et al.1996,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,58,Ce,0.057,Experimental,Sobolev et al.1996,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,59,Pr,0.277,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,60,Nd,0.129,Experimental,Sobolev et al.1996,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,61,Pm,0.462,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,62,Sm,0.211,Experimental,Sobolev et al.1996,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,63,Eu,0.27,Experimental,Paster et al.1974,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,64,Gd,0.41,Experimental,Paster et al.1974,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,65,Tb,0.711,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,66,Dy,0.256,Experimental,Sobolev et al.1996,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,67,Ho,0.66,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,68,Er,0.259,Experimental,Sobolev et al.1996,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,69,Tm,0.633,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,70,Yb,0.214,Experimental,Sobolev et al.1996,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,71,Lu,0.223,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,72,Hf,0.23,Experimental,Johnson 1994,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,73,Ta,0.0102,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,82,Pb,0.014,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,90,Th,0.0127,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Clinopyroxene,92,U,0.06,Experimental,Benjamin et al.1978,单斜辉石,13,0.001,0.01,0.1,1,10,100,1000,10000,Li,Sc,V,Cr,Co,Ni,Cu,Ga,Rb,Sr,Y,Zr,Nb,Cs,Ba,La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu,Hf,Ta,Pb,Th,U,含量（,ppm,）,单斜辉石,14,单斜辉石,0.000,0.001,0.010,0.100,1.000,10.000,Li,Sc,V,Cr,Co,Ni,Cu,Ga,Rb,Sr,Y,Zr,Nb,Cs,Ba,La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu,Hf,Ta,Pb,Th,U,原始地幔归一化值,单斜辉石,15,Kd Database Search Results,Rock Type,Mineral,Z,Element,Value,Kd Type,Reference,Basalt,Garnet,21,Sc,2.62,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,22,Ti,0.688,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,23,V,1.48,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,24,Cr,2.01,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,28,Ni,0.19,Experimental,Yurimoto&Ohtani 1992,Basalt,Garnet,38,Sr,0.0099,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,39,Y,2.8,Experimental,Johnson 1994,Basalt,Garnet,40,Zr,2.12,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,41,Nb,0.0538,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,56,Ba,0.0007,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,57,La,0.0164,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,58,Ce,0.065,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,60,Nd,0.363,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,62,Sm,1.1,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,63,Eu,2.02,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,66,Dy,4.13,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,68,Er,3.95,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,70,Yb,3.88,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,71,Lu,3.79,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,72,Hf,1.22,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,82,Pb,0.00012,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,90,Th,0.00137,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,Basalt,Garnet,92,U,0.00588,Experimental,Hauri et al.1994,石榴石,16,0.01,0.1,1,10,Li,Sc,V,Cr,Co,Ni,Cu,Ga,原始地幔归一化值,Rb,Sr,Y,Zr,Nb,Cs,Ba,La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu,Hf,Ta,Pb,Th,U,石榴石,17,0.001,0.01,0.1,1,10,100,Li,Sc,V,Cr,Co,Ni,Cu,Ga,Rb,Sr,Y,Zr,Nb,Cs,Ba,La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu,Hf,Ta,Pb,Th,U,原始地幔归一化值,尖晶石,Kd=2.49-3.75(Horn et al.,1994),18,19,斜长石,20,石英,21,22,23,问题,1,如果亏损地幔由,Ol+Opx+Cpx+Gt+Sp,组成，那么：,元素,Yb,主要分布在哪些种矿物中？,元素,La,主要分布在哪些种矿物中？,元素,Ni,主要分布在哪些种矿物中？,元素,Zr,主要分布在哪些种矿物中？,24,问题,2,榴辉岩主要由,Cpx+Gt,组成，那么：,元素,Yb,主要分布在哪种矿物中？,元素,La,主要分布在哪种矿物中？,元素,Ni,主要分布在哪种矿物中？,元素,Zr,主要分布在哪种矿物中？,如果该榴辉岩中除了,Cpx+Gt,以外，还发现少量磷灰石，那么上述元素的分布情况如何？,25,问题,3,如果某麻粒岩由,Cpx+Opx+Pl,组成，那么：,元素,Yb,主要分布在哪种矿物中？,元素,La,主要分布在哪种矿物中？,元素,Ni,主要分布在哪种矿物中？,元素,Sr,主要分布在哪种矿物中？,如果该麻粒岩中除了,Cpx+Opx+Pl,以外，还发现少量,Gt,，那么上述元素的分布情况如何？,26,主要基性岩石,大洋中脊玄武岩（,MORB,）,洋岛玄武岩（,OIB,）,大陆溢流玄武岩（,CFB,）,岛弧玄武岩（,IAB,）,27,28,Hofmann,1997,Nature,29,Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts(MORB),30,Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts(MORB),Figure 13-1.,After Minster et al.(1974)Geophys.J.Roy.Astr.Soc.,36,541-576.,31,MORB Petrogenesis,Decompression partial melting,associated with near-adiabatic rise of mantle due to plate separation.,N-MORB,melting initiated 60-80 km depth in upper depleted mantle where it inherits depleted trace element and isotope signatures.,32,From Niu,J Petrol.(1997),38(8):1047-1074,33,34,Hoffman,2003,35,Hofmann,1997,Nature,36,Strong depletions in highly incompatible trace elements(REE,LILE)indicating“depleted”mantle source.,No depletion in HREE indicating relatively shallow melting depths(70 km).Why?,MORB Chemistry,37,MORB,特征,MORB,主要是橄榄石拉斑玄武岩，具有明显偏低的,K2O(80 km),，,Why,？,OIB Chemistry,46,47,OIB Chemistry,OIB,主量元素组成既有橄榄石拉斑玄武岩，也有碱性玄武岩，以相对高,TiO,2,P,2,O,5,和,Na,2,O,K,2,O,含量为特征；,相对于,MORB,，除了,HREE,外，,OIB,中的其他不相容微量元素,(,如,LREE,K,Rb,Cs,Ba,Pb,Sr,Th,U,Ce,Zr,Hf,Nb,Ta,and Ti),都是富集的；,OIB,中,HREE,相对于,MORB,显示亏损特在；,相对于,MORB,，,Sr,、,Nd,同位素也显示富集特征，指示了未亏损（原始）或,/,和富集地幔源区。,48,OIBs:,87,Sr/,86,Sr=0.7035 to 0.710 and,Nd,=+5 to-5,primitive and/or enriched mantle source(s),Figure 14-6.After Zindler and Hart(1986),Staudigel et al.(1984),Hamelin et al.(1986)and Wilson(1989).,49,OIB Petrogenesis,Adiabatic decompression melting associated with deep upwelling of anomalously hot(+100-200,C)mantle.,Partial melting initiated 100 km depth well within garnet stability field(explains common HREE depletion).,Relatively enriched trace element and isotope signatures indicate enriched mantle source components.,50,Anderson 2006(,Tectonophysics,416:722,51,52,Sobolev et al.2007,53,DM,OIB,Continental,Reservoirs,EM and HIMU from crustal sources(subducted OC+CC seds),OIB Petrogenesis,54,Continental Flood Basalts(CFB),Large Igneous Provinces(LIPs),Oceanic plateaus,Some rifts,Continental flood basalts(,CFBs,),Columbia River Basalts at Hat Point,Snake River area.Cover of Geol.Soc.Amer Special Paper 239.Photo courtesy Steve Reidel.,55,56,Tectonic Setting of CFBs,Continental hot spots,Columbia River Plateau Yellowstone,Deccan Traps,Continental rifting,Parana-Entendeka,CAMP (Central Atlantic Magmatic Province),57,58,CFB Chemistry,Strong enrichments in highly incompatible trace elements(REE,LILE)indicating enriched mantle source(s),No depletion in HREE indicating relatively shallow melting depths(70 km),59,Distinctive ernirchments in Ba and Pb and depletions in HFSE(Nb,Ta)compared to OIB.,Hofmann,1997,Nature,60,CFB Chemistry,CFB,主要是拉斑玄武岩，类似于,OIB,；,Incompatible trace elements and isotopes are enriched,like OIB BUT show much more variability toward more enriched compositions.,Distinctive enrichments of the most highly incompatible elements(K,Ba,Rb,Th,Pb,and LREE)over typical OIB.Noticeable depletions in HFSE(Nb,Ta)compared to OIB.,Sr and Nd isotope ratios overlap with OIB,but extend to more enriched compositions(higher 87Sr/86Sr and lower,Nd,).,B,61,62,CFBs:,87,Sr/,86,Sr=0.7035 to 0.713 and,Nd,=+5 to-10,enriched mantle source(s),63,CFB Petrogenesis,Basically OIB,petrogenesis,+added components from continental lithospheric mantle and crust,64,Figure 15-14.,Diagrammatic cross section illustrating possible models for the development of continental flood basalts.DM is the depleted mantle(MORB source reservoir),and the area below 660 km depth is the less depleted,or enriched OIB source reservoir.Winter(20010 An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.Prentice Hall.,65,66,Ocean-ocean,Island Arc,(IA),Ocean-continent,Continental Arc,or,Active Continental Margin,(ACM),Figure 16-1.,Principal subduction zones associated with orogenic volcanism and plutonism.Triangles are on the overriding plate.PBS=Papuan-Bismarck-Solomon-New Hebrides arc.After Wilson(1989)Igneous Petrogenesis,Allen Unwin/Kluwer.,岛弧玄武岩,(IAB),67,68,Structure of an Island Arc,Figure 16-2.,Schematic cross section through a typical island arc after Gill(1981),Orogenic Andesites and Plate Tectonics.Springer-Verlag.HFU=heat flow unit(4.2 x 10,-6,joules/cm,2,/sec),69,The Subduction Factory,Raw materials,Oceanic material,Mantle material,Products,Magma/Volcanoes,Volatiles,Continental crust,Residues,Chemically modified slab,Delaminated lower crust,70,Material Recycling in the Earth Interior,71,Subduction Products,Characteristic,igneous,associations,Distinctive patterns of,metamorphism,Orogeny,and mountain belts,Complexly,Interrelated,72,Major Elements and Magma Series,Tholeiitic,(MORB,OIT),Alkaline,(OIA),Calc-Alkaline,(restricted to SZ),73,Kelemen and Hanghj,2003,74,75,地球化学储库,76,77,78,79,大陆总地壳,(BCC),By Rudnick and Gao(2003),80,81,82,83,84,Comparison of continental crust and various basalts,(Hoffmann,1997),85,Continental crust,La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu,1,10,100,Rock/Chondrite,Gao et al.(1998;Eu/Eu*=0.80),Wedepohl(1995;Eu/Eu*=0.83),Rudnick Eu/Eu*=0.98),Taylor Eu/Eu*=1.00),Total Continental Crust,86,87,88,La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu,1,10,100,Rock/Chondrite,La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu,1,10,100,Rock/Chondrite,La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu,1,10,100,Rock/Chondrite,La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu,1,10,100,Rock/Chondrite,Mantle,New crustal,additions,L