浙江省绍兴县杨汛桥镇中学七年级数学上册有理数市名师优质课比赛一等奖市公开课获奖课件.pptx

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para modificar el estilo de ttulo del patrn,Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto del patrn,Segundo nivel,Tercer nivel,Cuarto nivel,Quinto nivel,*,Haga clic para modificar el estilo de ttulo del patrn,Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto del patrn,Segundo nivel,Tercer nivel,Cuarto nivel,Quinto nivel,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,1.2 有理数,第1页,月球表面白天气温可高达,123,，夜晚可低至,233,.图中阿波罗11号宇航员登上月球后不得不穿着既防寒又御热太空服。,上面,123,和,233,这两个量分别表示什么吗？,经过上节课学习，我们知道了在人类生活和生产实践中产生了自然数和分数。伴随人类进步和实践需要，又会产生什么样数呢?请看下面材料：,第2页,在日常生活和生产实践中，我们经常会碰到含有相反意义词，如：,温度有,“零上”,和,“零下,”,旅程有,“向东”,和,“向西”,水位改变有,“升高”,和,“降低”,经营情况有,“盈利”,和,“亏损”,你留心了吗?,第3页,含有相反意义量,汽车向东行驶3千米和向西行驶3千米,温度零上10和零下5,收入500元和支出237元,水位升高1.2米和下降0.7米,注：,相反意义量特征：,A.意义相反 B.同一个量 C.与数值大小无关,相反与相异区分：,如向东走3米与向北走3米就不是含有相反意义量,第4页,为了表示含有相反意义量，我们,把一个意义量要求为正，用过去学过数（零除外），如,123，15，3.14,等来表示，这么数叫做,正数,。正数前面可加正号“,”来表示（“+”常省略不写）；,把另一个与之意义相反量要求为负，用过去学过数（零除外）前面放上负号“,”来表示，,这么数叫做,负数。,尤其注意：“,”不能够省略！,专心了解！,第5页,记住啦！,我们学过数中又来新组员了：,尤其提醒：零既不是正数，也不是负数！,第6页,试一试,填空:,1.要求盈利为正,某企业去年亏损了2.5万元,记作_万元,今年盈利3.2万元,记作_万元;,2.要求海平面以上海拔高度为正.新疆乌鲁木齐市高于海平面918米,记作海拔_米;吐鲁番盘地最低点低于海平面155米,记作海拔_,米,.,2.5,+3.2,918,155,第7页,练一练:,(1)汽车在一条南北走向高速公路上行驶，要求向北行驶旅程为正。汽车向北行驶75km，记做_km（或_km），汽车向南行驶100km，记做_km;,(2)假如向银行存入50元记为+50元，那么30.50元表示_；,(3)要求增加百分比为正，增加25%记做,_,，,12%表示_。,填空：,75,+75,100,从银行取出30.50元,25%,降低12%,第8页,正整数、零、负整数统称,整数,；,正分数、负分数统称,分数,。,整数,和,分数,统称,有理数。,正整数,零,负整数,正分数,负分数,有理数,整数,分数,自然数,知识梳理：,第9页,有理数分类你清楚了吗？,你还能够怎么把有理数分类呢？,提醒：能够按有理数正负分,第10页,还能够这么分类,有理数,正整数,负整数,负分数,正,有理数,负有理数,正分数,说明：分类标准不一样，结果也不一样；分类 结果应无遗漏、无重复；零是整数，但零既不是正数，也不是负数.,零,第11页,例 以下给出各数，哪些是正数？哪些是负数？哪些是整数？哪些是分数？哪些是有理数？,-8.44，22，+，0.33，0，-，-9,第12页,2、判断表中各数分别是什么数，在对应空格内打“”。,正整数,整数,分数,正数,负数,有理数,-4.9,0,-12,我能处理！,第13页,想一想,1.零是整数吗?自然数一定是整数吗?自然数一定是正整数吗?整数一定是自然数吗?,零是整数；自然数一定是整数；自然数不一定是正整数，因为零也是自然数；整数不一定是自然数，因为负整数不是自然数。,第14页,想一想,2.假如一个数不是负数，那么这数,可能是_.,3.假如一个是不是正数，那么这个,数可能是_.,正数或零,负数或零,记住啰,：零和正数统称为非负数！,第15页,课堂小结,1、正数与负数都来自于实际生活；用正、负数能够表示实际问题中,含有相反意义,量，比如,2、小学里学过数除0外都是正数；正数前面添上“,”号数是负数；,0,既不是正数，也不是负数，它表示正、负数界限。,3、有理数分类方法不是唯一，能够按,整数,和,分数,分成两大类，也能够按,正有理数,、,零,、,负有理数,分成三大类。,第16页,星期小店,一,二,三,四,五,六,日,结余,甲,512,630,551,-4,200,805,1200,-200,-702,乙,801,-3050,620,882,-150,1560,800,1463,依据上表回答以下问题：,(1)说出“甲店”这一行中512，-4200，,1200各数实际意义。,(2)说出星期五这一列中805，-150实际意义,(3)说出“结余”一列中,-702,1463实际意义.,挑战自我,1.甲乙两家小店分别统计了一周中各天收支情况，以下表（记,收入为正,，单位：元）：,第17页,1.下面关于“,0,”说法正确是 （）,A.是正数，也是有理数 B.是整数，但不是自然数,C.不是正数，不过自然数 D.不是整数，不过有理数,2.汽车向南行驶3km，记作+3km；那么向,方向行驶5km，可记作5km。,3.东、西为两个相反方向，假如4米表示一个物体向西运动4,米，那么2米表示_，物体原地不动记作_。,C,北,向东运动2米,0米,补充练习：,第18页,4.按要求填空,（1）某厂去年亏损2.5万元，记作2.5万元；则今年盈,利4.1万元，记作,.,（2）若向东走100m，记作+100m；那么70m表,示,.,（3）若+3表示体重增加了3kg，那么2表示体,重,.,+4.1万元,向西走70m,减小了2kg,第19页,探索与思索：,1、文具店、小明家和书店依次座落在一条东西走向大街上，文具店在小明家西边200m处，书店位于小明家东边100m处，小明从家里出发向东走了40m，接着又向西走了60m，此时小明 在哪里？,2、研究下面一组数规律后填空：,1，3，5，9，,（1）依据你研究，处数应该是,。,（2）想一想，第8个数应该是,，第个数是,。,第20页,