圆明园全英介绍.pptx

The Location of Old Summer The Location of Old Summer PalacePalaceItislocated8kilometres(5.0mi)northwestofthewallsoftheImperialCityandwasbuiltinthe18thandearly19thcenturyastheplacewheretheemperorsoftheQingdynastyresidedandhandledgovernmentaffairs(theForbiddenCitywasusedforformalceremonies).TheOldSummerPalacewasknownforitsextensivecollectionofgardenandbuildingarchitecturesandotherworksofart(apopularnameinChinawastheGardenofGardens,simplifiedChinese:万园之园万园之园;traditionalChinese:萬園之園萬園之園;pinyin:wnyunzhyun).TheImperialGardensattheOldSummerPalaceweremadeupofthreegardens:GardenofPerfectBrightnessproper(simplifiedChinese:圆明园明园;traditionalChinese:圓明園圓明園;pinyin:YunmngYun)GardenofEternalSpring(simplifiedChinese:长春园春园;traditionalChinese:長春園長春園;pinyin:ChngchnYun)ElegantSpringGarden(simplifiedChinese:绮春园春园;traditionalChinese:綺綺春園春園;pinyin:QchnYun)InitialconstructionoftheOldSummerPalaceInitialconstructionoftheOldSummerPalacebeganin1707duringthereignoftheKangxibeganin1707duringthereignoftheKangxiEmperor.ItwasintendedasagiftfortheEmperor.Itwasintendedasagiftfortheemperorsfourthson,PrinceYong(theemperorsfourthson,PrinceYong(thefutureYongzhengEmperor),whowouldgreatlyfutureYongzhengEmperor),whowouldgreatlyexpandtheImperialGardensin1725.TheexpandtheImperialGardensin1725.TheYongzhengEmperoralsointroducedtheYongzhengEmperoralsointroducedthewaterworksofthegardens,creatinglakes,waterworksofthegardens,creatinglakes,streamsandpondstocomplementtherollinghillsstreamsandpondstocomplementtherollinghillsandgrounds,andnamed28scenicspotswithinandgrounds,andnamed28scenicspotswithinthegarden.thegarden.Period IDuringtheQianlongEmperorsreign,thesecondexpansionwaswellunderwayandthenumberofscenicspotsincreasedto50(theemperorpersonallydirectedtheconstructionprocess).ThesplendorsofthepalaceandthegroundsweredepictedintheFortyViewsoftheYuanmingyuan,analbumproducedin1744bytheQianlongEmperorscourtpainters.Period IIThelastEuropeanappearanceintheOldSummerPalaceinthecontextoftraditionalChineseimperialforeignrelations,wasadiplomaticmissionin1795representingtheinterestsoftheDutchandDutchEastIndiaCompany.TheTitsinghdelegationincludedIsaacTitsingh,theDutch-AmericanAndreasEverardusvanBraamHouckgeest,andtheFrenchmanChrtien-Louis-JosephdeGuignes.Bothpublishedcomplementaryaccountsofthemission.TitsinghdiedbeforehecouldpublishhisversionoftheeventsPeriod IIILooting of the Old Summer Palace by Looting of the Old Summer Palace by Anglo-French forces in 1860 during Anglo-French forces in 1860 during theSecond Opium War.theSecond Opium War.The process of invadingThe process of invadingIn 1860,duringtheSecondOpiumWar,BritishandFrenchexpeditionaryforces,havingmarchedinlandfromthecoastatTianjin(Tientsin),arrivedinBeijing(Peking).In mid-September,twoenvoys,HenryLochandHarryParkswentaheadofthemainforceunderaflagoftrucetonegotiatewithPrinceYiandrepresentativesoftheQingEmpireatTongzhou(Tungchow).On the night of 6 October,FrenchunitsdivertedfromthemainattackforcetowardstheOldSummerPalace.On October 18,LordElgin,theBritishHighCommissionertoChina,retaliatedagainstthetortureandexecutionsbyorderingthedestructionoftheOldSummerPalace.In1873,theteenageTongzhiEmperorattemptedtorebuildtheOldSummerPalace,onthepretextofturningitintoaplaceofretirementforhistwoformerregents,theempressdowagersCianandCixi.However,theimperialcourtlackedthefinancialresourcestorebuildthepalace,andattheurgingofthecourt,theemperorfinallyagreedtostoptheprojectin1874.Duringthe1880s,anadjacentimperialgardens,theGardensofClearRipples(thepresent-daySummerPalace)wasrestoredfortheuseofEmpressDowagerCixiasanewsummerresort,albeitonasmallerscale.