高三语法复习.doc

高三英语语法复习（一）
名 词
编写者：周颖青 吴丽莹
一、 可数名词
1. 集合名词
(1)people, cattle, police, folk, personnel（人员）（作主语谓语动词用复数）
(2)class, government, committee, enemy, crowd, family, crew, group, team, public, audience, staff, couple, troop, association, party, union, band（帮，伙）（强调整体时，谓语动词用单数，强调成员时用复数）
(3)mankind, man(人类),humanity(作主语谓语动词用单数)
2. 个体名词
(1)复数的构成
A：一般在名词后加s
B: 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词的后加es，但stomach－stomachs
C: 以-f或-fe结尾的名词：
a: leaf, life, thief, wolf, knife, half, shelf, loaf, self, wife －ves
b: proof, roof, belief, chief, gulf, safe, reef, cliff, cuff（袖口）, brief－s
c: handkerchief, scarf－s/ves
D: 以辅音字母加y结尾，把y改成i+es；以元音字母加y结尾，直接加s
E: 以o结尾的名词一般加s但以下单词加es:
Echo, negro, potato, tobacco, hero, tomato
但Zero, volcano, mosquito, tornado, motto可加s或es.
F: 不规则变化：
Foot－feet goose－geese mouse－mice child－children
Ox－oxen medium－media analysis－analyses woman－women
Man－men tooth－teeth phenomenon－phenomena
Criterion－criteria（标准） bacterium－bacteria（细菌）
Axis－aces（轴心） German－Germans
G: 单复数同形：
Deer, fish, specie, works, means, series, sheep, bison, Swiss, Chinese
（1） 复合名词的复数
A: 有中心词的在中心词后加复数
B: 无中心词的在最后一个单词后加复数
C: 含有woman和man 的两个都变复数
D: 含有sports, customs, arms, clothes, sales和accounts等构成的复合名词不可省去”s”
a sports car赛车 a customs officer海关官员
arms production武器生产 a clothes shop服装店
（2） 下列词组中常用复数
A：成双成对的名词
compasses, pants, shorts, trousers, glasses, cross-roads, jeans, socks, gloves, shoes, scissors, tweezers（镊子）
B: 以－ing结尾的名词
Belongings, earnings, doings, findings, surroundings
（4）有些词组中名词常以复数形式出现
be/ make friends with与…友好 take pains下功夫
make preparations for为…做准备 make arrangements做安排
give respects to向…致攻、敬意 give regards to向…问候
shake hands with 与…握手 best wishes
take turns轮流 as follows如下
in rags衣襟褴褛 change buses/ trains换车
sing the praises of赞颂　 in high spirits情结高昂

（5） 有些学科名词虽然以－s结尾，但是单数
mathematics, physics, politics, statistics, economics

二、 不可数名词
1. 不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，它一般只有单数，其数量常用量词来表示。
a piece of paper a block of stone a bowl of rice
a cup of tea a slice of meat a flash of lightning
a burst of laughter a bottle of beer a article of clothing
2. 不可数名词也有复数形式，或加a/ an
(1) 表示种类 (2) 表示份数 (3) 表示具体事物
3. 下列名词加复数意义产生变化
air空气－airs傲气 arm－arms武器 cloth－clothes
pain(疼痛）－pains(努力) paper－papers（文件） work－works（著作）
water－waters(水域) sand－sands(沙滩) spirit(精神)－spirits(兴致)
manner－manners hair－hairs good－goods
green－greens iron－irons（脚镣手铐）time－times
custom－customs(海关) brain－brains(智慧) look－looks(外表)
damage－damages(赔偿费) force－forces(军队) wood－woods
compass－compasses(圆规) green－greens(青菜)
三、 专有名词
单个的专有名词一般不加冠词，而由多上普通名词构成的专有名词常常要加the

四、 名词的所有格
1. of一般与无生命的名词连用
表同位关系 the month of September
表整体与部分关系some of the students
表动宾关系 love of our country, study of a globe
表所属关系 the gate of our school
2. ‘s常常与有生命的名词连用 my father’s pictures
‘s也可与无生命的名词（时间，距离，国家，天体）连用
（1）所有格’s的构成形式：the teachers’ office Jones’s car Tom’s father
（2）双重所有格：表很多中的其中之一，或感情色彩
a friend of my father’s the car of Mary’s
（3）直接接所有格表示某某家、教堂或与某一职业相关的场所
I’ll go to Mary’s tomorrow. St Paul’s
（3） my mother’s and my father’s house与my mother and my father’s house
五、 名词作定语：用单数表示时间、地点、原料
a shoe shop a table lamp afternoon tea
当定语是有生命的名词时则用所有格形式children’s hospital, men’s clothing shop

练习
1. The Whites are ____.
A. my father and my mother’s friends B. my father’s and my mother friends
C. my father’s and my mother’s friends D. my father and my mother friends
2. It will take me ____ to get to Shanghai.
A. two days time B. two day’s time C. two day time D. two days’ time
3. We had worked out the plan and now we must put it into ____.
A. face B. reality C. practice D. deed
4. My father’s ____ is grey, but my mother has a few grey ____.
A. hair, hair B. hairs, hairs C. hairs, hair D. hair, hairs
5. He gained his ____ by printing ____ of famous writers.
A. wealth, work B. wealths, works C. wealths, work D. wealth, works
6. Here’s my card. Let’s keep in ____.
A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friendship
7. He dropped the ____ and broke it.
A. cup of coffee B. coffee’s cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup
8. The ____ of the buildings are covered with lots of ____.
A. roofs, leaves B. rooves, leafs C. roof, leaf D. roofs, leafs
9. Hearing the news that thy would go outing, everyone in the class was ____.
A. in high spirit B. in high spirits C. on high spirit D. on high spirits
10. We will never lose ____ whatever difficulties we meet.
A. hearts B. a heart C. our heart D. heart
11. What ____! Where did you get them?
A. a big fish B. big fish C. a piece of fish D. a piece of big fish
12. I saw ____ running about at the foot of the mountain.
A. cattle B. two cattle C. much cattle D. a head of cattle
13. －Few children are as bright as he is, and also, he works very hard.
－It’s not ____ he always gets the first plave in any examination.
A. question B. doubt C. problem D. wonder
14. －Where’s your brother? －At ____.
A. Mr Green’s B. Greens C. The Mr Greens D. the Greens
15. Mr. Smith has two ____, both of whom are teachers in a school.
A. brother-in-law B. brother-in-laws C. brothers-in-laws D. brothers-in-law
Keys:
ADCDD ADABD BDDAD

冠 词
编写者：邹艳 徐小林
冠词是一种虚词，本身不能独立使用，也没有词义，通常放在名词之前帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词分为定冠词和不定冠词。
一、不定冠词：
不定冠词有a和an两种形式。a放在辅音音素开头的词前，an放在元音音素（而不是元音字母）开头的词前。如：a one-eyed camel，a European friend，a university student，a useful animal；an hour，an honest boy，an X-ray等。
1． 不定冠词泛指人或物。如：
Have you got an Email address?
I work as a teacher.
2. 不定冠词用于首次提到的人或物。如：
Long long ago, there was a mountain here.
An old cock is sitting in a tall tree.
3. 不定冠词用在单数普通名词前泛指一类人或事物。如：
A child needs love.
A horse is a useful tool.
4. 不定冠词用于表示时间，速度，价格等意义的名词之前，
表示单位，有“每一”之意，相当于every。 如：
He works ten hours a day.
This cloth is 10 yuan a metre.
5. 不定冠词表示数量，用在可数名词前，有“一”之意，相当于“one”。如：
Rome was not built in a day.
Daniel has a brother and two sisters
6. 不定冠词用在某些抽象名词或描写自然现象的名词前，表示一阵、一场、一种、
一例、一次、一份等。如：
It’s a great pleasure to talk with you.
A shower came.
7. 不定冠词用在so(as、too、how)加形容词之后。如：
He is so good a boy that he is liked by all.
It’s too difficult a book for you to read.
8. 不定冠词用于说明事物的同一性质、特征、程度和大小，有“相同”之意，相当于“the same”。如：
They are all of a size.
We are nearly of an age.
9. 不定冠词用于人名前，表示说话者对此人不认识，或表示与某名人有类似性质的人或事物。如：
A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out.
He wishes to become a Newton.
10. 不定冠词用于某些固定词组中。如：
a few, a little, a long time, many a, as a rule(通常)，in a hurry, in a word, in a short while, once upon a time, It’s a pity that… 等
二、定冠词：
定冠词the与this和that同源，有这个和那个的意思。可和一个名词连用表示某个或某些特定的人或事物，以区别于同类中其它的人或事物。
1． 定冠词表示特定的，或上文已提到的人或事物。如：
What do you think of the film?
Would you mind my opening the window?
2. 定冠词表示世界上独一无二的东西。如：
the world ,the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth, the universe, the atmosphere,
the Pacific Ocean等。
3. 定冠词用在可数名词前，表示“一类人或事物”。如：
The dog is a useful animal.
The computer is a wonderful machine.
4. 定冠词用在某些形容词前，表示“一类人或事物”。如：
the poor, the rich, the youth, the old, the blind, the deaf, the living,
the dead, the sick, the wounded, the middle-aged, the new等。
5. 定冠词用在形容词和副词最高级前。如：
Who sings the best in your class?
Monday is my busiest day.
6. 定冠词用在序数词前。如：
He is the last one to leave.
It is the biggest classroom in our school.
7. 定冠词用在姓氏的复数前表示“一家人或夫妇俩”。如：
The Smiths are at table.
The Greens have opened a boutique.
8. 定冠词用在某些专有名词前。如：
the United States, the Union, the People’s Republic of China, the Titanic,
the Communist Party of China, the United Kingdom等。
9．定冠词用在表示西洋乐器（而不是中国乐器）的名词前。如：
play the piano, play the guitar, play the violin等。
10．定冠词用在方向名词前或某些表示时间的词组或习惯用语中。如：
in the west(east, south, north), on the right(left),in the (morning, afternoon, evening),in the daytime, in the middle of, in the end, on the other hand, by the way等。
11．定冠词用在地理名称前及江、河、湖、海、海峡、海湾、山脉、运河、岛屿等。如：
the Changjiang River, the Pacific (Ocean), the Tian-shan Mountain, the Red Sea, the Alps, the Philippines, the English Channel等。
（注意：但以Mout开头的山和一些湖不加定冠词。如：Mout O Mei, Mout Tai等）
12．定冠词用在逢十的复数数词前，表示世纪的某个年代。如：
In the 1870’s, when Marx was already in his fifties, he found it important to study the situation in Russia.
13. 定冠词用在有些国家和民族的形容词前，泛指这个国家和民族全体人员，这类形 容词一般以sh、ch、ese结尾。如：the English, the Chinese, the Scotch等。
14．定冠词用在某些建筑物、报纸、会议前。如:
the Great Wall, the Peace Hotel, the Capital Theatre, the People’s Daily,
the 11th Party Congress等。
15．定冠词用在以festival组成的节日前(但以day组成的节日前不加定冠词)。如：the Spring Festival, the Mid-autumn Festival, the Latern Festival,
National Day, May Day, Christmas Day, New Year’s Day等。
16. 定冠词用在发明物的单数名词前。如：
Who invented the telephone?
The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.
17．定冠词用在下列固定句式中：
wound／bite／beat／pat／take等 +sb+介词+the+部位
表示伤及某人某部位或拍、打、拉某人某部位。
三、不使用冠词（也可叫零冠词）：
1． 在复数可数名词前表示一类人或事物，一般不使用冠词。如：
Horses are useful animals.
Dogs are human beings’ friends.
2. 在某些表示人名、地名、国名、节日、季节、月份、星期等专有名词前，
一般不使用冠词。
如：Tom, Hangzhou, China, National Day, Autumn, March, Wednesday等
3. 在抽象名词和物质名词前，一般不使用冠词。
如：love, business, life, air, snow, tea, death等。
4. 在表示职位、身份、头衔的名词前，一般不使用冠词。如：
Tom became monitor of our class.
He was appointed ambassador.
5. 在一日三餐的名词前，一般不使用冠词。如：
What do we have for supper?
I will have lunch with my mother today.
6. 在一些体育名词前，如球类、棋类、游戏等名称前，一般不使用冠词。如：
He likes playing football.
I like riding and fishing.
7. 在与by连用的表示交通工具的名词前。一般不使用冠词。如：
by bike, by bus, by train, by ship, by sea, by land, by air(plane)等。
8. 在表示学科、疾病、颜色和感官名词前，一般不使用冠词。如：
Economics is different from politics.
Grandpa died of cancer ten years ago.
9． 在某些杂志、大学、街名、广场及公园前，一般不使用冠词。如：
Tsinghua University, Wang Fu Ching Street, Bei Hai Park等。
10． 在以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时，一般不使用冠词。如：
father and son, husband and wife, day and night, sun and moon, pen and ink, master and servant等。
11． 在某些固定词组前一般不使用冠词。如：
at table, in prison, go to work, face to face, hand in hand, in time, at night, on earth, on foot等。
特别要注意：
(1) 用定冠词与不定冠词的区别，如：
the second student(第二个学生)--a second student(又一个学生)；
the most interesting book(最有趣的书)--a most interesting book(一本非常有趣的书)；the world(世界)--a better world(一个更好的世界)；
play the piano(弹钢琴)一buy a piano(买一台钢琴)。
(2)用零冠词与不定冠词的区别，如：
Mr Li(李先生)--a Mr Li(一个自称姓李的先生)；
have lunch(吃中餐)--have a rich lunch(吃一顿丰盛的中餐)；
wind(风)一a strong wind(一阵大风)；
play basketball(打篮球)--buy a basketball(买一个篮球)；
New York(纽约)一a New York in China(在中国的纽约)；
have words with sb(与某人争吵)--have a word with sb(与某人谈话)；
help(帮助) --a help(帮手)。
success(成功) -a success(成功的人或事)
experience(经验)- an experience(一次经历)
(3)用零冠词与定冠词的区别，如：
Shanghai(上海)--the Shanghai you see today(你今天所见的上海)；
history(历史)--the history of Qing Dynasty(清朝历史)；
in bed(躺在床上)--on the bed(在床上)；
in hospital(住院)--in the hospital(在医院)；
in front of(在……前面)--in the front of(在……前部)；
at most=at the most(至多)；
at least=at the least(至少)。

练 习
1. John is _______ university student.
A. some B. any C. a D. an
2. We are going to learn _________ next week.
A. Lesson Twelve B. Lesson Twelfth
C. Twelfth Lesson D. the Lesson Twelfth
3. There' s _____ dictionary on _____ desk by your side.
A, a; the B. a; a C. the; a D. the; the
4. Summer in _____ south of France are for _____ most part dry and sunny.
A. /; a B. the; / C. /; / D. the; the
5. A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in _____ leg.
A. a B one C. the D. his
6. The cakes are delicious. He'd like to have _____ third one because _____ second one is rather too small.
A. a; a B. the; the C. a; the D. the; a
7. The sign reads "In case of _____ fire, break the glass and push _____ red button.
A. /; a B. /; the C. the; the D. a; a
8. I earn 10 dollars _____ hour as _____ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.
A. a; an B. the; a C. an; a D. an; the
9. It is not rare in _____ that people in _____ fifties are going to university for further education.
A. 90s; their B. the 90s; / C. 90s; . D. the 90s; their
10. Children usually go to _______ school at _______ age of six.
A. /: the B.a; an C. a;/ D. the;the
11.__________ Himalayas is _________ highest mountain in _______ world.
A./;the;/ B.The;the;the C.A;a;a D./;/;/

12. They each have_______ book. Lihua’s is about ______ writer. Wang lin’s
is on _________ science.
A.a;a;/ B.the;/;the C./;the;/ D.a/the/a
13.They were having ________ supper then. It was ______ delicious one.
A.a;the B./;/ C./;a D.a;a
14.Alexander Braham Bell invented _________ telephone in 1876.
A,/ B. a C.the D.one
15.I want to have ______ word with Jack,2but he wasn’t at ______ home.
A.the;a B.the; the C.a;/ D.a;a
16.He did it in ______________.
A.so a short time B.a so short time C.so short a time D.time so short
17.His father died in _______ spring of 1976.
A./ B. the C. ａ D.an
18.__________ elephant is _______ useful animal to human beings.
A.An;an B.A;a C. The;an D. An;a
19.Of all the stars _______ sun is __________ nearest to us.
A.the;/ B.an;the C.the;the D. an;a
20.Such books poison _______ minds of _______ young.
A,the;the B.the;a C,/;the D./;/
21.Tom likes playing ______basketball while his sister likes playing_____piano.
A./;/ B.the;the C./;the D.the;/
22.If you go by _______ train,you can have a comfortable journey, but make sure you get ______ fast one.
A.the;the B./;a C.the;a D,/;/
23.I knew ________ John Lennon, but not ______ famous one.
A./;a B.a;the C./;the D.the;a
24.After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson ________ ride to _______Capital Airport.
A.the;a B.a;the C./;a D./;the
25.He found it difficult to make _______ living in those days.
A.a B.an C.the D./

Keys:
CAADC /CBCDA / BACCC/ CBDCA / CBBBA

高三英语语法复习（二）
动 词（上）
编写者：许可佳 李媛媛
动词的时态与语态
动词的时态
时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。做题时要注意题干中给出的时间状语和谓语动词的时态，连接词and ,but ,although等所引出的句子关系以及准确地把握句子的隐含的意义。
一 一般现在时
1) 表示经常性习惯性动作，表示现在的状态，特征和真理。
Every four years athletes from all over the world
take part in the Olympic Games.
2）表示已经预先计划安排的肯定将要发生的动作，句中带有表将来时间的状语。动词有come,go,start,begin,leave，sto