中考英语冲刺之写作中考书面表达体裁及套路.doc

中考写作要求辅导讲义
主 题
中考书面表达体裁及套路
教学内容

写作要求
根据广州市英语课程标准〔2021年版〕规定：初中毕业时〔五级〕，学生应能根据图示与表格写出简单段落或操作说明，使用常见连接词表示顺序与逻辑关系、能简单描述人物或事件。
作文评价根本要求

Elements〔要素〕
Level〔档次〕
Content〔内容〕〔6分〕
Relevance to topic〔切合题意，表达要点〕
6

5
4
3
2
1

0
Development of topic〔题材有所发挥〕
Accuracy〔准确性〕〔6分〕
Grammar〔语法〕
6

5
4
3
2
1
0

Vocabulary〔词汇〕
Mechanics〔机械性，指大小写与拼写等格式错误〕
Fluency〔流畅性〕〔3分〕
Organization〔构造〕
3

2

1

0

Cohesion〔连贯性〕

作文评价要求与作文评卷标准一致。英语作文评卷一般都采用通读一遍，然后根据评分标准及文章语言构造进展总体评分。中考英语书面表达题具体要求是：切题，能正确表达思想；意义连贯，文章根本通顺；无重大语言错误。总来说，考生要做到构造完整、意思连贯、表达清晰、语言正确，评分主要按照上图所示内容、准确性、流畅性这三方面进展评分。
试题所提供情景一般都会考虑到考生年龄特点与能力范围。同学们只要根以上要求写出80词左右短文，便可获得高分。
例如：
Write at least 80 words about the topic “Things I Hate to Do〞． 〔以“我不喜欢……〞为题写一篇不少于80个词短文。〕
Use the following points as a guide. 〔短文必须包含以下要点。〕
- What are the things that you hate to do
- What do you hate most Why (Give at least two reasons.)
I love people and enjoy life. However, there are still things that I hate to do…
第一篇
I hate to drink wine and waste time. But I hate smoking most！ Smoking is not harmful to our health but also harmful to other people's health. There are many people die of smoking every year. If we stop smoking, our health will become better and better. So we must do our best to stop smoking. Then our world will become more and beautiful.
点评： 该文章根本切题，除了第四句有语法错误以外，全文意义比拟连贯，表达也比拟清楚。但是，文章句式比拟单一，用词不够丰富，缺少变化，理由只举了一个，没有展开。
第二篇
I hate to keep pets and tell lies. And the thing that I hate most is smoking. As we all know, smoking is unhealthy and can cause diseases. It is not only bad for smokers but also harmful to others. Whenever my father smokes,I feel sick and start coughing. Besides, smoking wastes a lot of money. Most people never plan to spend a lot of money on cigarettes, but once you're addicted to it,stopping is very difficult. So if you smoke, you're actually setting fire to piles of money. Just think of what you could buy with that money at the mall! What's more, people who smoke smell bad. The unpleasant smell stays on hair, clothing and skin.Then there is the bad breath. Therefore,I hate smoking most.
点评： 该文章紧扣主题，意思表达清晰；文章层次清楚、理由充分( harmful to smokers
and others，waste a lot of money，smell bad)、构造完整；用词标准、准确，富有变化；上下文衔接合理、意义连贯。
两篇文章一比照，孰优孰劣十清楚显。要想在考试中写出好文章并得到高分毋庸置疑，主要取决于平时所下功夫与语言积累，需要在学习中多读多记，勤练勤写。但是，掌握英语文章体裁与写作套路也可以起到事半功倍效果。
初中阶段作文考题，由于受到时间与字数限制，多为一段成文，当然也可以分为两到三段。这种段落式短文是围绕一个主题思想〔通常由主题句来表示〕而展开一系列相关旬子。由于英语民族思维是直线型，所以英语段落特征也是按照一条直线展开，即由主题句、开展句与结尾句组成。段落中每一个句子按照单一性〔紧紧围绕主题句〕与连贯性〔句子之间互相衔接、层次清楚〕原那么，对段落主题进展解释、说明与论证，构成一篇完整段落短文。
每一篇文章都有一个写作对象。这个对象可以是人、是物、是景，也可以是一种观点或一种现象。所以，在拿到写作题时，首先要认真审题，搞清楚文章主旨，然后再决定文章体裁，按照考题要求写出一篇切合题意文章。如果不明确写作对象与文章主旨，乱写一气，不管辞藻多么华美，都是没有意义。

记叙文
记叙文是以表达为主要表达方法，按照一定时间或者空间顺序记录生活中经历与
事物开展过程。
记叙文通常有两大类：侧重于写人称为人物记叙文；侧重于叙事称为叙事记叙文。
在记叙文中，人与事实际上很难分开，因为人生活在社会里，总是与所做事情联系在一起。
写人必然要表达有关事；叙事也必然要涉及有关人，但是由于写作目不同，侧重点
会有所不同。
记叙文要求抓住主题，然后使用相关细节加以说明。记叙文一般有六大要素：时间、地
点、人物、事件、原因与结果。写人时要交代清楚人物、时间、地点与事件；叙事时要讲清楚事情前因后果与开展过程。
记叙文常用来表达往事，因此谓语动词常使用过去时态。
记叙文中还可以适当地进展描写，使得人物、场景生动活泼，增加文章感染力。
一、写人
写人要写出个性，所谓个性是指人脾气性格、兴趣爱好与思想品质等方面特点。
脾气性格涉及：热心( warm-hearted)、大方(generous)、耐心(patient)、热情
(enthusiastic)、淘气(naughty)、没耐心(impatient)等；
兴趣爱好涉及：足球迷(a football fan)、影迷(a movie fan)、喜欢吃意大利食品(a fan
of Italian food)、喜欢跳舞(like dancing)、喜欢打篮球(like playing basketball)等；
思想品质涉及：善良( kind)、老实(honest)、忘我(selfless)、不老实(dishonest)、狡猾(cunning)、自私(selfish)等。
人物个性不能一两句话泛泛而谈，必须通过具体事情反映出来，这样内容就会充
实，才令人信服。常用方法是通过一件事情反映一个人特点；也可以列举几个事例反映
一个人一个或者几个特点。
通过一件事反映一个人特点，以作文题“Our Monitor〞为例：
(1) Our monitor's name is Linda. (2) She is very kind and helpful. (3)1 0nce caught a bad cold and got a high fever. (4) The doctor told me to stay in bed for several days before I fully recovered. (5)I missed the lessons on Chinese, math and English, and l was having a lot of trouble. (6) When l was worried about my studies, Linda came to see me and brought her lesson notes to me. (7) She helped me to deal with the missed lessons.(8) With her help,I managed to catch up. (9) Linda is really a good monitor!
该短文通过作者由于生病缺课，得到班长帮助一事，反映了班长乐于助人良好品质。
短文由三个局部组成。第一局部(PI)介绍人物，确定主题；第二局部(PⅡ)具体描写人物，交代事件过程；第三局部(PⅢ)重复第一局部主题思想，起到强调作用。
写作套路1：
PI S(1)介绍人物
S(2)确定主题，说明作者对人物看法
PⅡ S(3)事件背景
S(4)细节说明1
S(5)细节说明2
S(6)人物行为
S(7)细节说明1
S(8)细节说明2
PⅢ S(9)重复作者对人物看法
列举几个事例反映一个人特点，以作文题“My Mother〞为例：
(1) My mother is a teacher at a secondary school. (2) She is a kind woman and busy with her work. (3) As a teacher, she loves her students. (4) If they have any difficulty with their studies, she will help them patiently. (5) She is never tired of answering their questions. (6) As a mother, she takes good care of me. (7) Every morning she is always the first to get up and prepares breakfast for me. (8) When I am in trouble, she tries to cheer me up and says it's not the end of the world. (9) My mother seems to be busy all the year round. (10) She goes to work in the morning and comes home late in the afternoon. (11) Then she does all the housework and puts everything in order. (12) She is praised and respected by everyone.
文章由三局部组成。第一、二句为第一局部，介绍人物并且确定主题思想。第二局部列
举了三个事例说明妈妈特点(She is a kind woman and busy with her work.)：作为教师热爱学生，作为母亲关心我，以及一年到头忙忙碌碌。最后局部是作者对妈妈评价，与主题思想首尾相顾。这种方法也可用来描写一个人身上多种特点，每个事例针对一个特点加以说明，给读者留下一个比拟鲜明、有血有肉形象。
写作套路2：
PI S(1)介绍人物
S(2)确定主题，说明作者对人物看法
PⅡ S(3)事例I
S(4)细节说明1
S(5)细节说明2
S(6)事例Ⅱ
S(7)细节说明l
S(8)细节说明2
S(9)事例Ⅲ
S(10)细节说明1
S(11)细节说明2
PⅢ S(12)作者评价
在写人时候可以采用以上两种套路。它们最大特点是构造严密、安排合理、层次清楚，内容丰富、语句连贯、容易操作。
二、叙事
这类作文要求考生表达生活中有意义或者印象深刻一件事情。写作应以空间顺序
或者时间顺序为根本线索展开。这些表示空间或者时间词语都是理顺文章条理信号词，要特别注意。
使用空间顺序法叙事，以作文题“A Visit to Nanpu Bridge〞为例；
(1) Last week we visited Nanpu Bridge over the Huangpu River. (2) It's a great destination for visitors because of all the attractions. (3) In the blue sky above the bridge,I saw little white clouds and flying birds. (4) They enjoyed freedom high up in the sky. (5) On the bridge,I saw a lot of cars and trucks. (6) The traffic was moving steadily and without difficulty. (7) The highlight of the trip came when we walked across the bridge and looked down at the Huangpu River. (8) From there we got a wonderful view of Shanghai along the river. (9) The river ran through the city and was sparkling in the sun. (10) Many ships were passing under the bridge. (11) This visit was really impressive!
这篇文章按照从上到下空间顺序进展表达。方位词语“above the bridge, on the bridge, across the bridge, under the bridge〞运用，使得文章条理十分清晰。文章从第7句开场表达游览最精彩局部，所以相关细节就更加充实。
写作套路4：
PI S(1)介绍人物、时间与地点
S(2)确走主题，说明作者对事件态度
PⅡ S(3)位置I
S(4)细节
S(5)位置Ⅱ
S(6)细节
S(7)位置Ⅲ
S(8)细节1
S(9)细节2
S(10)细节3
PⅢ S(ll)作者评价
使用时间顺序法叙事，以作文题“What a Day!〞为例：
(1) Yesterday we had a math exam and I had the worst sort of luck. (2)I had prepared my lessons well the night before and didn't go to bed until 12 o'clock. (3)I didn't forget to set the alarm clock and hoped it would call me at half past six m the morning. (4) But when l woke up the next morning, it was already seven. (5)I immediately put on my clothes and rushed to the bus stop. (6)Luckily,it didn't take me long to get on the bus. (7)Shortly after l got on the bus,I found I got on the wrong one. (8) So I got off and took a taxi to the school. (9) It never rains but it pours. (10) When I hurried into the classroom, to my surprise,I found I had left my schoolbag on the taxi. (11) What a day!
文章按照时间顺序展开。第一句交代了事件背景与文章主题(I had the worst sort of luck.)。表达从考试前一天晚上开场，一直到作者冲进教室后发现忘了拿书包时完毕，生动
描写了作者运气坏透了一天。时间词语运用，使得文章时间节点非常清晰，表达非常
流畅。
写作套路5：
PI S(1)介绍背景与主题
PⅡ S(2)时间节点I
S(3)细节
S(4)时间节点Ⅱ
S(5)细节1
S(6)细节2
S(7)时间节点Ⅲ
S(8)细节1
S(9)细节2
S(10)时间节点Ⅳ
PⅢ S(ll)作者评价
说明文
说明文是对事物进展解释与介绍一种文章体裁，目是使人们对所说明事物有一
个清楚认识与了解。说明性是说明文根本特征。说明时要有条理，可以采用时间顺序
法，也可以采用列举法，以列举具体事例进展说明。科学性与客观性是说明文另一文体
特征，文章一般不带感情色彩。
使用列举法说明，以作文题“How to Cross the Road Safely〞为例：
(1) When we cross the road, we must be very careful and do the following.
(2) First, we must stop and find a safe place to cross. (3) We can use a zebra crossing because it gives us the right to cross before cars, buses and trucks. (4) Once we have found a suitable place, we must look both ways. (5) We must look left first, then right, then left again. (6) Or we can look at traffic lights. (7)A red light means we must stop while a green light means "go." (8) We must not cross the road when the traffic light is red. (9) It is dangerous. (10) When it is safe, we can walk straight across but keep looking and listening. (11) We must do this in case a car appears
suddenly.
(12) If we keep these points in mind, we can cross the road safely.
文章第一局部明确主题。第二局部逐一介绍平安过马路四个要点，每一个要点后
面都有细节支撑，做进一步说明。最后局部重复主题思想，起到强调作用。
写作套路6：
PI S(1)明确主题
PII S(2)要点I
S(3)细节
S(4)要点Ⅱ
S(5)细节
S(6)要点Ⅲ
S(7)细节1
S(8)细节2
S(9)细节3
S(10)要点Ⅳ
S(11)细节
PⅢ S(12)重复主题
议论文
议论文通过摆事实、讲道理来说明自己观点与见解，目是影响与说服读者。与说明
文不同，议论文有着很强主观性。
在议论文中，作者首先说明自己观点，即论点；然后提出可信依据，即论据来证明自己观点；最后，作者对所述内容进展归纳，得出结论。
写议论文可以使用列举法与比拟对照法。
使用列举法议论，以作文题“Early Rising〞为例：
(1) Early rising is good for us in many ways.
(2) First, it helps to keep us fit. (3) The air in the morning is fresh and healthy. (4) If we are early risers, we can get rid of stale air and breathe fresh air.
(5) Second, early rising helps us to plan our work for the day. (6) Every morning we decide what we should do and arrange everything. (7) We cannot work well without a good plan.
(8) Third, early rising helps us in our studies. (9) Mornings are the most productive time. (10) In the morning, we learn more quickly and we find it easier to remember what we learn.
(11) Fourth, if we rise early, we actually have time for breakfast. (12) We all know that breakfast is one of the most important meals of the day. (13) Without breakfast, we're so hungry until lunch time and cannot focus on our studies.
(14) In a word, early rising is a healthy lifestyle.
本文采用了列举法。第一句说明论点，后面各句通过“first, second, third〞等词语逐一
列出令人信服论据。每一个层面都是先有一个主题句，然后再添加相关细节。这样，条理
比拟清晰，内容也比拟充分。
写作套路7：
PI S(1)提出论点
PII S(2)论据I
S(3)细节1
S(4)细节2
S(5)论据Ⅱ
S(6)细节1
S(7)细节2
S(8)论据Ⅲ
S(9)细节1
S(10)细节2
S(11)论据Ⅳ
S(12)细节l
S(13)细节2
PⅢ S(14)结论
此类体裁文章也可以不使用“first, second, third〞等表示列举词语。只要文章条
理清晰、层次清楚就可以了。
以作文题“My Favorite Season"为例：
(1)I love summer! (2) It's so much nicer than other seasons. (3)I love summer because I can go to the countryside for a holiday and have a happy time. (4)I love the hot
air and the feeling of the sun on my face, (5)I enjoy wearing less, and I love to get a nice
tan! (6)I love the smell of flowers and fresh grass and the songs of birds in the mornin_g.
(7)I also love to swim and catch fish in rivers and go into the curious insect world. (8)I
like to catch grasshoppers and run after butterflies flying from flower to floweT. (9)I find
endless pleasure in this season!
本文也采用了列举法。文章第一句说明作者观点。第二句给予进一步说明，也可以省略。第三句提出论据，后面句子列举与论据有关细节。最后一句进展归纳，作者对夏天喜爱溢于言表。
写作套路8：
PI S(1)提出论点
S(2)进一步说明
PII S(3)提出论据
S(4)细节1
S(5)细节2
S(6)细节3
S(7)细节4
S(8)细节5
PⅢ S(9)结论
使用比拟对照法议论，以作文题“Studying Abroad〞为例：
(1) Studying abroad has both advantages and disadvantages. (2) One of the advantages is that we can study and research in good schools. (3) Second, we can travel widely, and there is no better time to spread our wings and experience a new culture in a new world. (4) Third, we can use English in our daily life and improve our language skills. (5) But studying abroad does have some disadvantages. (6) One problem is that we will have difficulty in adapting to a new culture. (7) Another problem is the loneliness and homesickness because we will miss our parents and friends. (8) Furthermore, the cost of studying abroad is much higher than that in the home country. (9) To sum up, given an opportunity to study abroad, we must look at it from both sides before making the decision．
这篇文章以比拟对照法展开。第一句说明主题。第二句至第四句讲是出国好处，第五句至第八句讲那么是出国害处。最后一句明确表达作者本人观点。
写作套路9：
PI S(1)提出论点
PⅡ S(2)好处〔论据〕1
S(3)好处〔论据〕2
S(4)好处〔论据〕3
S(5)转折过渡
S(6)害处〔论据〕1
S(7)害处〔论据〕2
S(8)害处〔论据〕3
PⅢ S(9)结论
应用文
应用文是人们在日常生活、学习与工作中常用一种文体，有较为固定模式。初中所
学应用文主要有书信〔电子邮件〕、日记、便条与通知等四种。写作时可以采用记叙文、说明文或议论文套路。
一、书信〔电子邮件〕
英文书信一般由四个局部组成。
1．信头
信头指发信人地址与发信日期，一般写在信纸右上角。先写发信地址，顺序是由小
到大。发信日期接在她址下一行写，为单独一行。日期普遍写法是：月、日、年〔日与年之间要有逗号隔开〕，例如July 8，2021。如果信是写给熟悉人，往往只写日期。
2．称呼
左起顶格写，独立成行，末尾用逗号。英文称呼写法根据写信人与收信人之间关系
而定。最常见是“Dear+头衔+姓〞或者“Dear+名〞，例如Dear Professor Smith，Dear
Mr. Wei，Dear David等。如果是家庭成员或者是好朋友，一般用“My Dear+名〞或者直呼
其名，例如My Dear Helen，Russ等。如果不清楚收信人性别，可以称Dear Sir or Madam。
3．正文
正文从称呼下一行开场写，每一段第一行往右缩进五个字母。正文可以先用一两
句话说明写信目，然后再谈具体事情。如果正文内容不多，也可以一段写完。
4．完毕语
完毕语要自成一段，表达写信人对收信人良好祝愿或期盼。完毕语内容要与正文
内容相照应。常用完毕语如下：
Best wishes．
With best regards.
Thank you.
Please take care.
Please remember me to Tom.
Write soon.
I hope to hear from you soon.
I'm looking forward to meeting you.
5．结尾谦称与署名
结尾谦称指结尾客套话，单独成行，从与正文有两三行距离中间偏右地方开场。
第一个单词首字母要大写，末尾用逗号。完毕语一般用“Yours+副词〞构成。注意，不要
把Yours写成Your。完毕语可根据写信人与收信人之间关系有所不同。下面是一些常用写法：
1)写给亲属或密友：Yours，Always yours，Yours ever．Love，With love，Your loving daughter，Sincerely…
2)写给上级或长者：Yours respectfully，Yours gratefully...
3)写给关系一般人：Yours truly，Yours sincerely...
署名低于结尾谦称一行，从缩后于结尾谦称一半地方写起。出于礼貌与负责原因，
即使信件是打印稿，写信人都要亲笔署名。
书信范例：
假设你是David，想参加一个俱乐部使你周日闲暇时间过得愉快。写一封信给俱乐部
负责人，介绍你爱好与兴趣并希望了解有关规定。
86 Zaoyang Road
Shanghai，200062
P．R．China
July 18，2021
Dear Sir or Madam，
I am writing to ask to join your club. My name js David. I have many hobbies and interests.I like music and photography. I like collecting stamps, planting flowers and climbing mountains. Painting is also something that I really enjoy doing. I'm busy with my work, but I can keep my Sundays free.1 want to be a member of your club and enjoy my free time. Would you please let me know your requirements
I'm looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely，
David
写作套路10: