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初中名词用法归纳与练习
知识网络
考点一 名词的分类
考点二 名词的复数形式
1.规则变化
构成方法
例 词
在词尾加-s
girl-girls pen-pens
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-es
bus-buses box-boxes
watch-watches dish-dishes
以f或fe结尾的名词,变f,fe为v,再加-es
wife-wives half-halves
shelf-shelves thief-thieves
某些以f结尾的词,直接加-s
roof-roofs(屋顶)
belief-beliefs(信念)
以辅音字母+y结尾的名词变y为i再加-es
city-cities country-countries
family-families party-parties
以元音字母+y结尾的名词,直接加-s
boy-boys
day-days
以o结尾的四个词(两菜、两人)加-es,其余的都加-s
potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes
hero-heroes Negro-Negroes
zoo-zoos photo-photos
2.不规则变化
构成方法
例 词
形式不变
(单复数同形)
sheep-sheep deer-deer
Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese
变内部元音字母
foot-feet tooth-teeth goose-geese man-men mouse-mice
词尾加-en/-ren
child-children ox-oxen
3.复合名词的复数形式有两种
(1)将主体词变为复数,如:
sisterinlaw→sistersinlaw(嫂子)
boy classmate→boy classmates
(2)将复合词中两个词都变为复数,此种复合词中第一个词须是man或 woman,如:
man worker→men workers
woman teacher→women teachers
4.特殊情况
(1)有些名词只有复数形式,如:
clothes,shorts,pants,scissors(剪刀),goods,glasses(眼镜 )
(2)有些名词以s结尾,但不是复数形式,如:
news,maths,physics,politics
(3)有些物质名词或抽象名词的单、复数形式表示不同的含义,如:
room(空间)—a room(房间)
work(工作)—works(著作)
(4)不可数名词的数量表达
①不可数名词本身不可数,但可借助单位量词表示一定的数量,如:
a piece of bread/news/paper一片面包/一则新闻/一张纸
②还可用much,little,a little,a large amount of,some,any,no,lots of,plenty of等来修饰不可数名词,如:
much money,some milk
(5)数词+名词+形容词构成的复合形容词,中间的名词不能用复数形式而须用单数形式,如:
He is a fouryearold boy.他是个4岁的男孩。
(fouryearold不能说成fouryearsold)
a fivefootdeep hole一个五英尺深的洞
考点三 名词所有格
1.表示有生命的人或物的名词所有格形式,在此名词词尾加's,或直接加'。
(1)单数名词加's,如:Mary's book
(2)以s结尾的复数名词只加',不以s结尾的复数名词要加's,如:
the three girls' father 这三个女孩的父亲
the children's presents 孩子们的礼物
(3)表示几个人共有,仅在最后一个人的名字后加's;表示各自所有时,需在各个名字后加's,如:
Mary and Jane's car(她俩人共有的车)
Mary's and Jane's cars(她俩各自的车)
(4)表示店铺、住宅、公共建筑等地点时,名词所有格后面的名词习惯上省略。如:
the barber's=the barber's shop理发店
to my aunt's=to my aunt's house到我姑姑家
(5)有些指时间、距离、重量、价值、国家与城镇等无生命的名词,也可以加's构成所有格。如:
a week's time 一周的时间
China's population中国的人口
2.表示无生命的东西的所有格形式:名词+of+所有者,如:
the name of the zoo动物园的名字
3.双重所有格:即of+'s或of+名词性物主代词,如:
a book of my daughter's 我女儿的一本书
The friend of his is very kind.他的朋友非常友好。
考点四 名词的句法功能
名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、同位语、表语、状语、定语等。
名词作定语,一般用单数形式。如:
girl students(女学生) paper flowers(纸花)
名词作定语时,个别情况用复数形式。如:
sports meeting (运动会)
名词专练
一、单项选择
1. Read the ________carefully.They will help you know how to use the popper.
A.Instructions B.decisions C.results
【解析】本题考查名词在语境中的运用。instruction“说明”;decision“决定”;result“结果”。由后句“它们会帮你知道如何使用这台爆米花机”可判断本句为“认真读说明”,故instructions符合句意。
【答案】A
2.Cici enjoys dancing.It's one of her ______.
A.prize
B.prizes
C.hobby
D.hobbies
【解析】本题考查名词。one of后接名词的复数,表示“……中的一个”,故排除A、C两项;prize“奖品”,hobby“爱好”,跳舞是一种爱好,故选D项。
【答案】D
3. For my homework I have to write a(n) ________about the wonders of the world.
A.music B.picture
C.composition D.exam
【解析】本题考查名词在语境中的运用。music“音乐”;picture“图画”;composition“作文”;exam“考试”。music是不可数名词,不能用不定冠词a/an修饰,故排除A项;动词write不能与picture搭配,也应排除;家庭作业不可能是考试,D项也排除。故选C。
【答案】C
4.Boys and girls,feeling peaceful is the first step to become ________ in the exam.So please take a deep breath and calm down.
A.runners
B.winners
C.players
【解析】本题考查名词在语境中的运用。runner“跑步者”;winner“获胜者”;player“运动员”。在考试中应成为获胜者,故winners符合句意。
【答案】B
5.—I have great ________ in learning math and I'm so worried.Could you help me?
—Sure.I'd be glad to.
A.trouble B.interest
C.joy D.fun
【解析】本题考查名词的用法。have trouble/difficulty/problems (in) doing sth.“做某事有困难”。interest“兴趣”;joy“高兴,欣赏”;fun“乐趣”,均不符合题意。
【答案】A
6.—Mrs Black, could you give me some advice on how to write an application letter?
—With pleasure.Remember that the letter should be written in the formal ________.
A.value B.style C.effect D.mood
【解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。value“益处,价值”;style“风格,文体”;effect“影响,效果”;mood“情绪,心情”。由语境知“写申请信应用正式文体”。
【答案】B
7. Could you please get me some ________? I'm hungry.
A.apple B.water
C.bread D.egg
【解析】本题考查名词的用法。由第二句I'm hungry.(我饿了。)知空格处需填“吃的东西”,故排除选项B;选项A、D均为可数名词,由题干中的some判断需用可数名词复数或不可数名词,故排除A、D两项。bread“面包”,为不可数名词,符合题意。
【答案】C
8.—I'm going to the supermarket.Let me get you some fruit.
—OK.Thanks for your ________.
A.offer B.information
C.message D.order
【解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。offer“提供,提议”;information“信息”;message“口信”;order“顺序,订货,命令”。句意为“我要去超市。让我为你买些水果吧。”“好吧,谢谢你的好意。”故选A。
【答案】A
9. These natural disasters have warned us that everyone should start to protect the ________immediately.
A.amusement B.development
C.environment D.government
【解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。amusement“娱乐”;development“发展”;environment“环境”;government“政府”。句意为“这些自然灾害已经告诫我们每个人应立刻开始保护环境。”
【答案】C
10.—Mrs.Wang was sent to teach English in a poor mountain village last year.
—She said she would never forget some pleasant ________ while working there.
A.experiments B.expressions
C.experiences D.emotions
【解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。experiment“实验”;expression“表达”;experience“经历”;emotion“感情”。空格所在句的句意为“她说她永远也不会忘记在那工作时的一些美好的经历。”故选C。
【答案】C
11.—I'm sorry I went out for a smoke.I was very tired.
—There's no ________ for this while you are at work.
A.cause B.excuse
C.matter D.choice
【解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。cause“原因”;excuse“理由,借口”;matter“事情”;choice“选择”。由空格所在句的句意“当你工作时这样做是没有理由的”知选B。
【答案】B
12. John wants to be a ________, so he often helps sick people in the hospital.
A.reporter B.doctor
C.scientist D.cook
【解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。reporter“记者”;doctor“医生”;scientist“科学家”;cook“厨师”。由句意“因此他经常在医院里帮助病人”知约翰想成为一名医生,故选B。
【答案】B
13.—I have trouble learning math this term.
—You should pay more ________to your teacher's advice.
A.money
B.attention
C.time
【解析】本题考查名词的用法。pay attention to...“注意……”,是固定短语,故选B。
【答案】B
14. The two cities have reached an ________to develop science and technology.
A.education
B.excitement
C.agreement
D.invention
【解析】本题考查名词的用法。reach an agreement“达成协议”,是固定搭配,故选C。
【答案】C
15.—Could you tell me something about the boy who helped you just now?
—Sorry, I know nothing about him.We are________.
A.friends
B.neighbors
C.classmates
D.strangers
【解析】由答语前面的“对不起,我不认识他”,可知这里是指“陌生人”。
【答案】D
16. I don't think looking after children is just ________ work.
A.woman
B.woman's
C.women
D.women's
【解析】句意为“我认为照看孩子不仅仅是女人的工作。”由句意可判断此处应用名词所有格,又因为woman的复数形式是women,故选D。
【答案】D
17.—Why are you still waiting in line?
—I've missed my ________.
A.place
B.order
C.turn
D.time
【解析】句意为“你为什么仍然在排队?”“我错过了我的一次机会了。”place “地方”; order “顺序”; turn“轮到的机会”; time“时间”。通过句意可知,只有C项符合题意,故答案为C。
【答案】C
18.—I hear you have to run for half an hour every day.
—Right.It is one of the ________ in my school.
A.choices B.plans C.hobbies D.rules
【解析】句意为“我听说你每天必须跑步半小时。”“是的,这是我们学校的规则之一。”choices“选择”;plans“计划”;hobbies“爱好”;rules“规则”。所以选择答案D。
【答案】D
19. ________ mothers can't go to the meeting, because they have gone to New York on business.
A.Alice and Lily's
B.Alice's and Lily's
C.Alice's and Lily
【解析】A选项是指她们共同的母亲;B选项表示她们各自的母亲;C选项没有这种表达形式,首先排除。由后句的they可知,这里指的是她们各自的母亲,因此答案为B。
【答案】B
20.—The land in the southwest of China is in great need of ________.
—Yes, it hasn't rained for a long time there.
A.milk
B.tea
C.coffee
D.water
【解析】根据答语可知西南很需要水,故答案选D。
【答案】D
21.—How far is your home from school?
—It's about two ________ walk.
A.hour's
B.hours
C.hours'
【解析】本题考查名词所有格的用法。两小时的路程表达是“two hours' walk”, hour需要变复数后加“'”,故选C。
【答案】C
22.—I'm not sure about the meaning of the word.
—You'd better look it up in a ________.
A.letter B.dictionary
C.postcard D.notice
【解析】letter“书信”;dictionary“字典、词典”;postcard“卡片”;notice“布告”,根据题意“我不知道这个词语的意思。”“你最好查词典。”知答案选B。
【答案】B
23.—Whose computer doesn't work?
—________, I think.
A.John has B.John does
C.John D.John's
【解析】句意为“谁的计算机出毛病啦?”“约翰的,我想。”故答语应用名词所有格形式,所以答案应选D。
【答案】D
24.—Oh, my God! We have missed the last bus.What shall we do?
—I'm afraid we have no ________ but to take a taxi.
A.choice B.decision
C.reason D.idea
【解析】“have missed the last bus”与“but to take a taxi”可知是别无选择。句意是“哎,天啊,我们已经错过了最后一班车,我们应该怎么办呢?”“我想我们除了乘出租车别无选择了。”
【答案】A
25.—Good morning, madam.Can I help you?
—Sure, I'd like ________,please.
A.two cups of coffees
B.two cup of coffees
C.two cups of coffee
D.two cup of coffee
【解析】coffee 是不可数名词,不能加s,排除A与B;两杯应是two cups,排除D。故选C。
【答案】C
26.—Do you know the young lady over there?
—Yes.She's ________ mother.
A.Lily and Lucy B.Lily's and Lucy's
C.Lily's and Lucy D.Lily and Lucy's
【解析】根据空后的mother可知是两人共有的,两人共有某物时,只需要在后一个词后加's。句意是“你认识那儿的那个年轻女士吗?”“是的,她是莉莉与露西的妈妈。”
【答案】D
27. After walking for more than half an hour, we decided to take ________ rest.
A.a few minute's B.a few minutes'
C.a little minute's D.a little minutes'
【解析】minute是可数名词由a few来修饰且要用复数形式,名词以s结尾时,所有格直接加‘。句意是“走了半个多小时后,我们决定休息几分钟。”故选B。
【答案】B
28.—Where are the________?
—They are playing________ basketball on the playground.
A.man teachers; the B.men teachers; the
C.man teachers; / D.men teachers; /
【解析】man作定语时,两个名词都要变复数; 球类运动的短语中,球类之前不可用冠词,故选D。句意是“男教师在哪儿?”“他们正在操场上打篮球。”
【答案】D
29.)Betty has a silk________.She can sing very well.
A.voice
B.look
C.sound
D.noise
【解析】根据“She can sing very well.”可知她的声音很好,人的声音用voice表示。句意是“贝蒂的声音好,她可以唱得非常好。”
【答案】A
30.—Oh, there isn't enough________ for us on the bus.
—No hurry.Let's wait for the next one.
A.floor B.ground
C.room D.place
【解析】根据on the bus与答句可知是没有足够的空间够我们用了。句意是“哎呀,公共汽车上没有我们足够的空间了。”“别着急,让我们等下一趟吧。”
【答案】C
31. I saw many ________ eating grass
on the hill.
A.horse B.cow C.deers D.sheep
【解析】many后跟名词复数,A,B都不是复数,deer与sheep单复数相同,故答案选D。
【答案】D
二、根据句意及所给汉语意思写出所缺单词
1. The Great Wall of China is one of the __________(奇迹) of the world.
【解析】“奇迹”为wonder,one of后接复数名词。
【答案】wonders
2. More and more ______________(外国人)come to visit China.
【解析】“外国人”为foreigner;more是many的比较级,后接名词的复数。
【答案】foreigners
3. After three ________(星期) holiday, we came back to work.
【解析】本题考查名词所有格的用法。以s结尾的复数名词的所有格在s后加“'”。
【答案】weeks'
4. To our great ________(惊讶), Tom failed to pass the graduation exam.
【解析】to one's surprise“使某人惊讶的是”。
【答案】surprise
5.He can't see the blackboard clearly, so he needs a pair of ________(眼镜).
【解析】a pair of glasses“一副眼镜”。
【答案】glasses
6.We should pay attention to our behavior and try to be good________(公民).
【解析】由主语we知,要填复数形式citizens。
【答案】citizens
7. They have planted about five ________(千) trees in and around the town in the past few years.
【解析】英语中的hundred,thousand,million,billion等词如果前面有基数词修饰,一律用单数,故填原形thousand。
【答案】thousand
8. The camera was one of the greatest ________(发明) in the 19th century.
【解析】根据空前的“one of the greatest”可知用名词的复数。句意是“照相机是十九世纪最伟大的发明之一。”
【答案】inventions
9. How many times do you brush your________(牙齿) every day?
【解析】tooth的复数形式是teeth。
【答案】teeth
10. Please tell me the________(胜利者) telephone number.I want to interview him.
【解析】句意是“请告诉我胜利者的 号码,我想采访他。”胜利者是winner,其所有格在其后加's。
【答案】winner's
11. There are many fresh________(土豆) in the supermarket.
【解析】因句中有many, many后接名词的复数,potato的复数是potatoes。
【答案】potatoes
12. Thank you very much for your________(邀请).But I'm so sorry that I can't come to your party tomorrow.
【解析】空白处前有your修饰,故要用名词形式,而invite的名词是invitation。
【答案】invitation
13. Take a short rest after two________(小时) hard work, and you won't feel too tired.
【解析】前面有two,所以应该用hour的复数形式hours的名词所有格。
【答案】hours'
14. Great________(变化) have taken place in our hometown.
【解析】句中的谓语动词是have taken place,因此主语要用复数形式。
【答案】changes
15. A powerful earthquake hit Wenchuan in ________(西南方), China's Sichuan Province on May 12th.
【解析】表示“偏方向”时,先说南北,再说东西,故西南方为southwest。
【答案】southwest
三、根据句意及所给首字母补全单词
1. A ________is the fourth month of the year.
【解析】一年的第四个月份是April。
【答案】April
2. My h________ is collecting stamps.I have collected thousands of stamps.
【解析】集邮是一种爱好,故填hobby。
【答案】hobby
3. Mark Twain was born in the USA and English was his mother t ________.
【解析】mother tongue“母语”。由句意“马克·吐温出生于美国,英语是他的母语。”可知答案。
【答案】tongue
4.My mother is a nurse.She works in a famous h ______.
【解析】由常识知护士工作的地点是医院。
【答案】hospital
5. If you are in danger, remember to dial(拨) the telephone n ________110 at once.
【解析】句意为“如果你遇到危险,记住立刻拨 号码110。”故填number。
【答案】number
6.—Do you know what the p______ of China is now?
—It's over 1.3 billion.
【解析】由答语知,上句是问现在中国的人口是多少,故填population。
【答案】population
7. New Year is a traditional f________ for Chinese people.
【解析】根据New Year与traditional可知是节日。句意是“新年对中国人来说是传统的节日。”
【答案】festival
8. Tomorrow is my cousin's birthday.I'm going to buy a g________ for her.
【解析】根据“my cousin's birthday”可知想买生日礼物。句意是“明天是我堂妹的生日,我将给她买一件礼物。”
【答案】gift
9. If there's something wrong with your teeth,you'd better go to see a d________.
【解析】根据“something wrong with your teeth”可知要看牙医。句意是“如果你的牙齿出毛病了,你最好去看牙医。”
【答案】dentist
10. W________ is the coldest season of the year.
【解析】根据“the coldest season of the year”可知是winter。句意是“冬天是一年中最冷的季节。”
【答案】Winter
11. We don't go to the c________ much for movies because we have a video.
【解析】根据movies可知是cinema。句意是“我们不经常去电影院看电影,因为我们有一个录像机。”
【答案】cinema
12. When summer comes, day becomes longer and n________ becomes shorter.
【解析】谓语动词是第三人称单数形式,故主语要用单数。
【答案】night
13.P________ are my favourite animals and they live only in China.
【解析】谓语动词是are,因此主语用复数形式。
【答案】Pandas
14. Would you like to see the movie with me? I've got two t________.
【解析】“票”的英文单词为ticket,复数为tickets。
【答案】tickets
15. Mary is such a shy girl that it's hard for her to sing in p________.
【解析】in public为固定词组,在公众场合。
【答案】public
16. Bill wants to buy a new jacket because his old one is out of s________.
【解析】根据句意可知是想买新的,是因为旧的过时了。out of style意为“过时”。句意是“比尔想买一件新夹克,因为他的旧的过时了 。”
【答案】style
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