翻译理论与实践教案.doc

翻译理论与实践
电子教案

专业名称： 商务英语专业

课程名称： 《翻译理论与实践》

主导教材：冯庆华《实用翻译教程》 (英汉互译)

所属教研室： 英语专业教研室

任课教师：

适用年级： 商务英语专业本科三年级

Teaching Plan for Translation (1)

#Title of Lesson: A Brief Introduction to Translation
Week 1
#Time Needed：Two periods（40 minutes per period）
#Teaching Objectives：
1． Help the students achieve a basic understanding of translation: its nature, classification, evaluation criteria, the role of translator, etc.
2． Briefly introduce to the students the development of translation in China.
#Key Teaching Points：
1． The nature and evaluation criteria of translation.
2． The difficulties involved in translating process.
#Teaching Contents:
I. Discussion:
l What is translation?
l What is a successful translation?
l What difficulties might occur in translating process?
A. What is translation?
1. Key words:
source language(SL) / receptor language / target language(TL); reproduce; message / information; equivalence / correspondence
2. Nature of translation (Eugene A. Nida):
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
3. Classification of translation:
a. Oral interpretation / written translation
b. Human translation / machine translation
c. Literary / scientific / political / commercial translation
d. Domestication (naturalization) / foreignization (estrangement, alienation)
e. Literal translation / free translation
B. What is a successful translation?
1. 严复：信、达、雅 (faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance)
2. 傅雷：以效果而论，翻译应当象临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似
3. 钱钟书：诱、讹、化
4. Eugene A. Nida: natural / close; dynamic/functional equivalence
C. What difficulties might occur in translating process?
1. Language / Cultural Barriers
Translatability is lower when (1) the work to be translated is quite distant both in time and space; (2) its form is very much unique; (3) the content is not shared in the two cultures.
→ Betrayal: Loss / Distortion
2. Example analysis:
a. 东边日出西边雨，道是无晴却有晴。
b. 纵一苇之所如，凌万顷之茫然
c. The whole sky spangled gay twinkling stars, and the Milky Way is as distinct as though it had been washed and rubbed with snow for holiday.
——整个天空点缀着繁星，快活地眨着眼。天河那么清楚地显现出来，就好像有人在过节以前用雪把它擦洗过似的。
d. He made you a highway to my bed;
But I, a maid, die maiden-widowed.
— Romeo and Juliet
译文1：他要借你做牵引相思的桥梁
可是我却要做一个独守空闺的怨女而死去。
译文2：他本要借你做捷径，登上我的床；
可怜我这处女，活守寡，到死是处女。
3. In the long run there is a tendency: translation itself can convert intranslatability into translatability.
e.g. crocodile’s tears; science / democracy

II. The Role of Translator:
The craft of translator is … deeply ambivalent; it is exercised in a radical tension between impulses to facsimile and impulses to appropriate recreation.
— George Steiner
译者的技艺是一个深刻的矛盾体。这种技艺是在两种冲动的极度张力之间形成的：一方面是依样画葫芦的冲动，另一方面又有适当再创作的冲动。
A. Metaphors for translator:
1. A courier of the human spirits （普希金）
2. A sculptor who tries to recreate a work of painting
3. A straitjacketed dancer
4. A musician / an actor
5. Traduttori-traditori (Translators are traitors.)
B. Responsibility of translator:
1. Competent linguistic ability & bicultural knowledge
2. Being as transparent as possible
3. Being a good negotiator

III. The Development of Translation in China:
翻译史上的三个高峰期：
1. 汉至唐宋佛经的转译：支谦；鸠摩罗什；道安；玄奘
2. 明清以后西欧科技文化的引进：徐光启；严复；林纾；（译才并世数严林－康有为）
3. 五四之后的现代阶段：郭沫若；鲁迅；瞿秋白；傅雷；钱钟书

IV. Homework:
People will be amazed by her stunning beauty at the first sight. Simple as she is, nature endows her with an inherent attractiveness, which is polished and brought out by sophisticated modern technology and superlative craftsmanship. In this way, innovation sustains the nature's art of creation while ingenuity whets people's desire.

Reference translation:
她的美，令人一见惊艳。她原本生来资质俏丽，再加上现代科技的修饰及极品手艺的打造。如此一来，她既有天生的美感，又有人工的魅惑。

#Title of Lesson: Contrast between English and Chinese (1)
Week 2
#Time Needed：Two periods（40 minutes per period）
#Teaching objectives：
1． Introduce to the students some basic differences between English and Chinese.
2． Briefly analyze the influence of these differences on translating.
#Key Teaching Points：
The difference of language embodies the difference in thinking styles.
#Difficult Teaching Points:
The embodiment of different syntactic features in translating process
#Teaching Contents:
I. Thinking Style and Diction
A. Insubstantial（虚）vs. Substantial（实）
1. Embodiment
e.g. In this new year, we face momentous uncertainties: war (or wars), a weak economy.
译：这新的一年里，我们面临着战争（乃至连续的战争）、经济低迷等一系列重大的不确定因素。
2. Visualization
e.g. utterly quiet鸦雀无声
e.g. In 1966 the North Korean team made it to the quarter finals.
译：1966年，北朝鲜队成功地踢进了四分之一决赛。
B. Static（静）vs. Dynamic（动）
Examples:
1) Compare the following two sentences and decide which one is better:
a) The pop star appeared on the stage, which caused the audience to stand up and applaud.
b) The pop star’s presence on the stage brought the audience to their feet in applause.
2) Translate the following sentence:
They are the employers of managers as much as they are the employers of workpeople.
译：他们不仅雇佣工人也雇佣经理。

II. Thinking Style and Syntax
A. Hypotaxis（从属结构）vs. Parataxis（并列结构）
e.g. It is a pity, however, that Dr. Thomas seems not to have learned the real lesson that history offers us – namely, that the “great breakthroughs” in any technology are always preceded by a radical change in how we view ourselves, and how we behave. （流水句）
译：在任何技术取得“重大突破”之前，我们的行为和对自己的看法都会发生剧变——这便是历史给我们的教训。遗憾的是，托马斯大夫似乎并未真正理解这一点。 （竹节句）
B. Impersonal vs. Personal
1. Inanimate noun (无灵名词) as subject
e.g. Doubts began to creep into people’s minds about the likely success of the project.
译：人们渐渐对这项计划成功的可能性产生了怀疑。
2. Preparatory word: it
e.g. It hurts! (“it”: unspecified word 虚义词) ——好疼！
e.g. It just struck me that I still owe you for the concert tickets.
译：我忽然想起还欠你音乐会的门票钱。
3. Passive voice (hidden agent/doer)
e.g. It is generally believed that Hong Kong will continue to keep its prosperity and stability after its return to China.
译：人们普遍认为香港回归后会继续保持繁荣和稳定。
C. Subject-Prominent（主语句）vs. Topic-Prominent（主题句）
Examples:
1) We could only build one house with these materials.
译：这些材料只够我们盖一栋房子。
2) I regard it as an honor that I am invited to your wedding.
译：被邀请参加您的婚礼，我感到很荣幸。
3) Bright colors and bold strokes characterize his early painting.
译：他早期绘画的特征是色彩明亮、笔触大胆。

III. Homework
1. Now that you are in for it, you must carry on.
2. Cigarettes were the death of me.
3. If the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the City Church last Sunday evening does not wish to get into trouble, he will return the umbrella to No. 10 Broad Street.
4. If you confer a benefit, never remember it; if you receive one, remember it always.
5. Her sighs made it clear that she was unhappy.
6. They had no running water where they lived. Nor did they have any conveniences of life such as gas and electricity.
7. Theatre will be reinvented and become much freer and more imaginative.
8. Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing.
9. By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.
10. It should be noted that he and she were extremely close allies.

Reference versions:
1. 你既然沾上了手，就得干下去。（形象化）
2. 香烟断送了我的性命。（静－动）
3. 上星期日傍晚，有人曾见某君在市教堂取走雨伞一把。取伞者如不愿卷入纠纷，还是将伞送至布劳德街10号为妙。（流水句－竹节句）
4. 施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。（省略连接词）
5. 她唉声叹气，这说明她不快乐。（物称－人称）
6. 他们住的地方没有自来水，也没有煤气和电这类生活上的便利设施。（主语－主题）
7. 戏剧将脱胎换骨，变得更自由、更富想象力。（被动－主动：受事者＋动词）
8. 如今人们知道，如果食物中缺少了某些重要的成分，即使其中不含有任何有害的物质，也会引起严重的疾病。（被动句－泛称句）
9. 大战结束时，这个组织拯救了800人，但那是以200多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。（施事者直接作主语）
10. 应当指出，他和她是极为密切的盟友。（被动句－无主句）
#Title of Lesson: Contrast between English and Chinese (2) Week 3
#Time Needed：Two periods（40 minutes per period）
#Teaching Objectives：
1． Introduce to the students some basic differences between English and Chinese.
2． Briefly analyze the influence of these differences on translating.
#Key Teaching Points：
1． Lexical differences;
2． Syntactic differences.
#Difficult Teaching Points:
The embodiment of different syntactic features in translating process
#Teaching Contents:
I. Comment on the homework

II. Lexical Differences
A. Word meaning
1. Exact equivalent
e.g. the Pacific Ocean; palace (**compare with dragon)
2. No equivalent
e.g. mascon, cosplay → a tendency of translatability (e.g. bar, disco)
3. Partial equivalent
a. Polysemy（一词多义）
e.g. aunt, bird, drink, homely
e.g. to cut wheat / cake / finger-nails
e.g. to have dinner
to have a beard
to have very little Spanish
to have doubts about their loyalty
to have a letter from my cousin
to have a difficult time
b. Homonymy（同形/ 同音异义）
e.g. can; lead; bill; reed / read
c. Fixed expressions
e.g. ready money / pocket money / easy money / hard money
e.g. It’s six of one and half a dozen of the other.
B. Word order
1. Attributive modifiers
Examples:
1) something important 重要的事
2) the ancient Chinese poet中国古代诗人
3) a little, yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar一个身材瘦小的叫化子，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛，胡子拉渣的，还瘸着腿
4) a candidate with little chance of success 一个当选希望极微的候选人
2. Adverbial modifiers
Examples:
1) to develop rapidly迅速发展；extremely fast快极了/ 极快
2) With a bag of books we walked across the garden in the gray light of the dawn. 我们提着一袋书，在晨曦中穿过了花园。
3) He was quick to use self-deprecating humor to throw anyone off the scent.
为了迷惑别人，他机灵地说些自我挖苦的笑话。
4) He was born in Rome on May 27, 1980.
他是1980年5月27日在罗马出生的。/ 他于1980年5月27日出生于罗马。

III. Syntactic Differences
A. Transformation of sentence structure
1. Simple Sentence →Complex Sentence
e.g. His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free College of the City of New York.
由于在中学成绩优异，他进入了免费的纽约市立大学。
2. Complex Sentence →Simple Sentence
e.g. That he will come to the discussion is certain. 他肯定会来参加讨论的。
e.g. He doesn’t know what life means to him. 他不知道人生的意义。
3. Complex Sentence →Complex Sentence
e.g. Our men had gone quite a distance off before the enemy reinforcement troops came up. 我们的队伍已经走得很远了，敌人的增援部队才赶上来。
e.g. This place is really beautiful, and many people bring their wives and families out here to live. 这地方实在漂亮，（所以）许多人都带着家小搬来居住。
4. Inverted Order →Natural Order
e.g. Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality.
当时我确实还不太懂得战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事。
5. Passive Voice →Active Voice
e.g. He is respected by everybody. 人人都尊敬他。
e.g. I was told not to trust what I read in the newspaper. 有人告诉我不要相信报纸上读到的消息。
B. Sentence order
1. Time order
e.g. He had flown in just the day before from Georgia where he had spent his vacation basking in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction job he had been engaged in in the South.
译：他本来在南部从事一项建筑工程；任务完成之后，他就上格鲁吉亚去度假，享受高加索的阳光，昨天才坐飞机回来。
2. Logic order
a. Cause-result order
e.g. He had to stay at home yesterday owing to the bad weather.
b. Condition –result order
e.g. She will play the piano only if she is paid. 只有付给她报酬，她才愿意演奏钢琴。

IV. Homework
A. Presentation task:
PK台
– Please find the full word of PK and its original meaning. Any related information would also be appreciated.
– Make a PPT document to present what you have learned about PK stage, which should not be longer then 5 minutes.
– At the end of the PPT, put in the source of your knowledge and the names of all your group members also.

B. Translate the following paragraph:
It seemed a point scored for her side when Joanne, panicked that her father-in-law would bungle the turnoff for the Pulaski Skyway, shattered the tip of her cigarette against the back of the seat and a live ash fell on the baby’s belly. It went unnoticed for a second until Corinne screamed; then they all saw it, a little flea of fire glowing beside the perfect navel. Joanne jumped, and squealed with guilt, and flapped her hands and stamped her feet and hugged the baby against her, but the evidence could not be destroyed; a brown dot of char on the globe of immaculate skin. Corinne continued her screams, splicing them with shrill hard gasps of intake, while everyone rummaged through purses and pockets for Vaseline, butter, toothpaste – anything for an urgent. Mother had a tiny bottle of toilet water given her in a department store; Joanne dabbed some of this on, and in time Corinne, shaken by more and more widely spaced spasms of sobbing, mercifully dragged her injury with her into the burrow of sleep.

Reference version:
琼恩正以为自己领先了一分呢，忽然间她的公公在拐弯驶向普拉斯基公路时差一点要出车祸；她一惊之下，手里的烟头碰上车座靠背，发烫的烟灰（燃着的烟灰）落在了婴儿的肚子上。起初的一瞬间谁也没有注意，等到科琳大声哭了起来，大家这才看见有跳蚤那么大的一颗火星儿在那十全十美的肚脐边上闪着亮。琼恩弹（蹦）了起来，满怀罪恶感地尖叫着，又是拍手又是跺脚，把孩子紧紧搂在怀里。然而罪证是无法销毁的了，在白璧无瑕的滚圆的肚皮上，烫出了一粒棕色的圆点。科琳哭得死去活来，不时凄厉地倒抽一口气。这时大家翻钱包，摸衣兜，找凡士林，黄油，牙膏——总之，能当药膏用的就行。母亲拿出一小瓶花露水，是一家百货公司的赠品；琼恩把它轻轻地抹在孩子的伤处上。渐渐地，科琳抽噎的间歇拉长了，又过了一阵，她总算饶了他们，带着伤进入了梦乡。
#Title of Lesson: Transfer of Word Meaning Week 4
#Time Needed：Two periods（40 minutes per period）
#Teaching Objectives：
Acquaint the students with a general idea about how to transfer the wording meaning properly.
#Key Teaching Points：
1． Choice of word meaning.
2． Commendatory sense and derogatory sense
3． Amplification of word meaning
#Difficult Teaching Points:
1． Commendatory sense and derogatory sense
2． Amplification of word meaning
#Teaching Contents:
I. Representation
II. Comment on the homework
III. Choice of Wording Meanings（词义的选择）
A. Context:
The meaning and/or the word class of a polyseme can only be decided in certain context. For example:
1. cover:
a. They laid him on a stretcher and covered him with a blanket.
b. The bandages were covered in blood.
c. We covered 400km in three hours.
d. Do these parking restrictions cover residents as well as visitors?
e. The new office will cover the whole of Scotland.
f. She’s covering the American election for BBC television.
g. I’m going to the doctor’s tomorrow so do you think you could cover my shift for me?
h. Will £50 cover your expense?
i. Does your travel insurance cover you against the loss or theft of cash?
j. I think more singers have covered “Yesterday” than any other song.
k. We’ve got all the exits covered, so they’ve got no chance of escape.
Reference Version:
a. 他们把他放上担架，给他盖上毯子。
b. 绷带上浸透了血。
c. 三个小时我们赶了400公里路。
d. 这些停车限制对本地住户和外来人员同样适用吗？
e. 新的办事处业务遍及全苏格兰。
f. 她在为英国广播公司的电视台报道美国大选。
g. 明天我要去看医生，你能替我代班吗？
h. 50英镑够你花了吗？
i. 你的旅行保险金能补偿你的现金丢失或失窃吗？
j. 我想和其他他歌相比，“Yesterday”被更多的歌手翻唱过。
k. 我们封锁了所有的出口，使他们插翅难逃。

2. back:
a. She put the saddle on the horse’s back.
b. She backed the car out of the narrow road.
c. Will you back me against the others?
d. The organization is backed by the U.N.
e. Our ca