高三英语阅读理解专题三---议论文带答案.doc

高三英语阅读理解专题三------议论文1
文体特点：
写法一：正方（甲方），反方（乙方），我认为……
写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题 写法三：论点，理由（证据），重申论点。
这是高考中常考的体裁，内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。
解题方法：
1.把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。
2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点；或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。
3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。
主旨大意题解题方法：
一、题型解读及思维导向：主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中常考的题型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括文章或段落大意以及选择标题等形式出现。主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题，能够拉开考生的分数差距，所以此类题目在高考试题中具有很好的选拔作用，属于能力型题目。
主旨大意题一般分为三类，即标题归纳类、文章大意类和段落大意类。
二、命题区间及读文关注点
1．文首、段首、段尾句：一般来说，阅读文章中第一段首句往往是强开弱收型文章中心思想的表达处；第二段首句或第一段尾句往往是转开弱收型文章的主题句所在；而有时每段的段首句、段尾句是该段的段落主题句。因此，解答主旨大意题时要对这些地方多加关注。
2．转折信息点处：尤其是段首的语义转折处，常是考点。因为转折后面的内容往往是作者真实的基本观点或写作目的，而这又是文章中心思想的所在。
3．因果结论信息点处：因果结论句也可以表现出作者的写作目的、观点或文章的主题，因此要特别关注。表示因果关系的常用词汇有：reason, because, since, for, as, therefore, consequently, result in, due to, based on等，有时作者也通过先提出问题(why ...)而后给予回答的方式阐释文章主题。
4．文尾结论句：弱开强收型文章有明确的全文结论句，作者在文尾给出文章鲜明的观点和主题，因此这类文章的文尾是我们把握文章主题的必读之处。
主旨大意题正确选项的特征：(1)涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
(2)确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
(3)精确性强，能恰当地表达原文的主题和中心思想。
主旨大意题干扰选项的特征
(1)覆盖面太大、太笼统，大大超出了短文论述的范围。
(2)覆盖面偏窄，在内容上只涉及短文的某一部分或若干要点；仅为短文的某一要点甚至某一细节，即以偏概全。
(3)与短文有部分交集，但偏离文章或段落主题，有重叠但不重合。
[示例]　(2015·江苏高考阅读C)Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.
64．What is the best title of the passage?
A．How to Get People to Volunteer　　　　B．How to Study Volunteer Behaviors
C．How to Keep Volunteers’ Interest　　　　D．How to Organize Volunteer Activities
分析：首先，根据题干可以确定此题为主旨大意题。文章首段就表明了大意。首段末句说到两个方面：为什么人们从事志愿工作，是什么让他们将从事这项工作的兴趣保持下去。
A项内容包含了这两方面内容，故选A项。C项只是文章后半部分的大意，无法涵盖本文的主题。
B、D两项只是文章的细节。
体验高考：
A（2015全国卷1）
Conflict is on the menu tonight at the café La Chope. This evening, as on every Thursday night, psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France’s favorite pastimes, coffee drinking and the “talking cure”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isn’t always easy. The customers-some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 (plus drinks) per session are quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论)，slow to open up and connect. “You are forbidden to say ‘one feels,’ or ‘people think’,”Lehane told them. “Say ‘I think,’ ‘Think me’.”
A café society where no intellectualizing is allowed? It couldn’t seem more un-French. But Lehanne’s psychology café is about more than knowing oneself: It’s trying to help the city’s troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle-longer working hours, a fast food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology, history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening.
The city’s psychology cafes, which offer great comfort, are among the most popular places. Middle-aged homemakers, retirees, and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about lover, anger, and dreams with a psychologist. And they come to Lehance’s group just to learn to say what they feel. There’s a strong need in Paris for communication, says Maurice Frisch, a cafe La Chope regular who works as religious instructor in a nearby church. “People have few real friends. And they need to open up” Lehanne says she’d like to see psychology cafes all over France. “If people had normal lives, these cafes would’t exist”, she says,”If life weren’t a battle, people wouln’t need a special place just to speak.” But then, it wouldn’t be France.
1. What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope?
A. Learn a new subject B. Keep in touch with friends.
C. Show off their knowledge. D. Express their true feelings.
2. How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes?
A. They are less frequently visited. B. They stay open for longer hours.
C. They have bigger night crowds. D. They start to serve fast food.
3. What are theme cafes expected to do?
A. Create more jobs. B. Supply better drinks.
C. Save the cafe business. D. Serve the neighborhood.
4. Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris?
A. They bring people true friendship. B. They give people spiritual support.
C. They help people realize their dreams. D. They offer a platform for business links.
实战演练：
B
The question of whether our government should promote science and technology or the liberal arts(文科) in higher education isn’t an either/or proposition(命题)，although the current emphasis on preparing young Americans for STEM（science, technology, engineering, maths）-related fields can make it seem that way.
The latest congressional report acknowledges the critical importance of technical training, but also states firmly that the study of the humanities and social sciences must remain central components of America’s educational system at all levels. Both are critical to producing citizens who can participate effectively in our democratic society, become creative leaders, and benefit from the spiritual enrichment that the reflection on the great ideas of mankind over time provides.
Parents and students who have invested heavily in higher education worry about graduates’ job prospects as technological advances and changes in domestic and global markets transform professions in ways that reduce wages and cut jobs. Under these circumstances, it’s natural to look for what may appear to be the most “practical” way out of the problem． “Major in a subject designed to get you a job” seems the obvious answer to some, though this ignores the fact that many disciplines in the humanities characterized as “soft” often, in fact, lead to employment and success in the long run. Indeed, according to surveys, employers have expressed a preference for students who have received a broadly-based education that has taught them to write well, think critically, research creatively, and communicate easily.
Moreover, students should be prepared not just for their first job, but for their 4th and 5th jobs, as there’s little reason to doubt that people entering the workforce today will be called upon to play many different roles over the course of their careers. The ones who will do the best in this new environment will be those whose educations have prepared them to be flexible. The ability to draw upon every available tool and insight—picked up from science, arts, and technology—to solve the problems of the future, and take advantage of the opportunities that present themselves, will be helpful to them and the United States.
5. What does the latest congressional report suggest?
A. STEM-related subjects help students find jobs in the information society.
B. Higher education should be adjusted to the practical needs of society.
C. The liberal arts in higher education help enrich students’ spiritual life.
D. The humanities and STEM subjects should be given equal importance.
6. What kind of job applicants do employers look for?
A. Those who have a strong sense of responsibility. B. Those who are good at solving practical problems.
C. Those who are likely to become innovative leaders.D. Those who have received an all-round education.
7. What advice does the author give to college students?
A. Seize opportunities to explore their potential. B. Try to take a variety of practical courses.
C. Adopt a flexible approach to solving problems.
D. catch as many chances as possible to change their jobs.
C
Not all towns are desperate to attract young people
　　Nationally, an ageing population is a problem. But locally it can be a boon. The over-50s control 80% of Britain's wealth, and like to spend it on houses and high-street shopping. The young “generation rent”, by contrast, is poor, distractible and liable to shop online.
　 People aged between 50 and 74 spend twice as much as the under-30s on cinema tickets. Between 2000 and 2010 restaurant spending by those aged 65-74 increased by 33%, while the under-30s spent 18% less. The pension pots liberated by George Osborne's budget earlier this year will likely pour into property. And while the young still struggle to find work, older people are retiring later. During the financial crisis full-time employment fell for every age group but the over-65s, and there has been a rash of older entrepreneurs. Pensioners also support the working population by volunteering: some 100 retirees help out as business mentors(顾问).
　　Even if they wanted to, most small towns and cities could not capture the cool kids. Mobile young professionals cluster(聚集), and greatly prefer to cluster in London. Even supposed meccas (圣地) like Manchester are ageing: clubs in that city are becoming members-only, and there are an increasing number of places, as one resident puts it, that “a 19-year-old wouldn't be seen dead in”. Towns that aim too young, like Bracknell and Chippenham, can find their high streets full of closed shops. Outside Britain's capital, high concentrations of youth are commonly tied to high unemployment rates.
　　　Companies often lag behind local authorities in working this out. They are London-obsessed, and have been slow to appreciate the growing economic heft of the old—who are assumed, often wrongly, to stick with products they learned to love in their youth. But Caroyln Freeman of Revelation Marketing thinks Britain could be on the verge of a marketing surge(激增) directed at the grey pound, “similar to what we saw with the pink”. The window will not remain open forever: soon the baby boomers ( people born during a period when a lot of babies were born , especially in the 1950s) are ageing, and no one else alive today is likely to have such a rich retirement.
　　Meanwhile, with the over-50s holding the purse strings, the towns that draw them are likely to grow more and more pleasant. The lord mayor of Manchester, Sue Cooley, notes that decent restaurants and nice shops spring up in the favoured places of the old. Latimer House, a furniture store full of retro (复古) clothing would not look out of place in Hackney.
8. By 'But locally it can be a boon", the author means ______ .
A. the ageing population is contributing to the weak British economy
B. the ageing population is having a strong effect on the young
C. some towns are benefiting a lot from the ageing population
D. old people control most of Britain's wealth
9. What can be learnt from Paragraph 2?
A. Job-hunting for the young is difficult because of the liberated pension pots
B. Both the old and the young enjoy watching films at a cinema.
C. The financial crisis had little effect on over-65s employees.
D. Pensioners are trying hard to help young people find jobs.
10. Why is Manchester referred to as a 'supposed Meccas"?
A. Because it has a high unemployment rate. B. Because it is assumed to attract many young people.
C. Because young employees used to gather around there.
D. Because its members-only clubs attract few young people.
11. It can be inferred from the passage that ______ .
A. old wealthy retirees prefer living in towns to living in cities
B a lively market aiming at baby boomers is waiting to be developed
C. old people tend to stick with what they loved while they were young
D. companies in big cities are trying their best to attract old people's attention
D
Do you ever “back door brag” about being a perfectionist? _______A________
Unlike other obsessions (痴迷) and addictions, perfectionism is something a lot of people celebrate, believing it’s wealth. But true perfectionism can actually get in the way of productivity and happiness.
_______B________
Taken to the extreme, perfectionism becomes a disorder. Burns shares the wild example of an attorney who became obsessed with getting his hair “just right.” He spent hours in front of the mirror with his scissors and comb making adjustments until his hair was just an eighth of an inch long. Then he became obsessed with getting his hairline exactly right and he shaved it a little more every day until his hair receded back so far he was bald. He would then wait for his hair to grow back and the pattern continued again. Eventually his desire to have the perfect hair led him to cut back on his legal practice in order to continue his obsession.
This is an extreme example to be sure, but there are less severe ways in which our own perfectionism leads us to major in minor activities? Have you ever obsessed over a report when your boss said it was already plenty good enough? Have you ever lost an object of little importance but just had to keep looking for it? Do colleagues often tell you, “Just let it go”?
Aiming for “perfect” instead of “good enough” can seriously backfire. This happened to me recently when I was asked to teach a workshop to the leaders of a prominent technology company. I took the time to understand their needs and personalize the materials to their specifications. And I already had materials I had taught scores of times with great results to pull from. But my obsession for making it perfect led me to scrap all of that the night before, and as a result I was unprepared and exhausted. I felt jumbled and my slides distracted from the main message. If I had shot for average instead of perfect, I would have been able to focus more on the client in the moment and things would have turned out very differently.
_________C_______
Overachievers have such high expectations of themselves that their “average” might be another person’s “really good.” So instead of pushing yourself to give 100% (or 110%, whatever that means) you can go for giving 75% or 50% of what you usually might offer. This idea is captured clearly by the mantra, “Done is better than perfect” — which Facebook has plastered (涂抹)all over the walls of their Menlo Park headquarters. That’s not to excuse shoddy work. Rather, the idea is to give engineers permission to complete cycles of work and learn quickly instead of being held hostage （人质）by an unattainable sense of perfection.
The word “perfect” has a Latin root; literally, it means “made well” or “done thoroughly.” Another translation would be “complete.” And yet today, we use it to mean flawless. If you must pursue perfection, at least use the former definition rather than the latter(unattainable).
If you are a perfectionist, overachiever or workaholic you are probably used to taking on big challenges. The nature of the obsession makes it easy to do what is hard. Paradoxically（反常地）, it may be harder at first to try to be average.
To understand why, we need to understand the role of fear in perfectio