资源描述
Key to Exercise
Unit 1 Chemical Industries
1. the Industrial Revolution
2. organic chemicals
3. the contact process
4. the Haber process
5. synthetic polymers
6. intermediates
7. artificial fertilizers
8. pesticides
9. synthetic fibers
10. pharmaceutical
11. research and development
12. petrochemical
13. computers
14. capital intensive
Some Chemicals Used In Our Daily Life
Food
artificial fertilizers, pesticide, veterinary products
Health
antibiotics, β-blockers
Clothing
synthetic fibers (e.g. polyesters, polyamides),
synthetic dyes
Shelter
synthetic polymers (e.g. urea-formaldehyde, polyurethanes),
plastics
Leisure
plastics and polymers (e.g. nylon)
Transport
additives (e.g. anti-oxidants, viscosity index impovements),
polymers, plastics
Unit 2 Research and Development
1. R&D
2. ideas and knowledge
3. process and products
4. fundamental
5. applied
6. product development
7. existing product
8. pilot plant
9. a emerging case
10. environmental impact
11. energy cost
12. technical support
13. process improvement
14. effluent treatment
15. pharmaceutical
16. sufficiently pure
17. Reaction
18. unreacted material
19. by-products
20. the product specification
21. Product storage
Unit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers
1. Mechanical
2. electrical
3. civil
4. scale-up
5. commercial-size
6. reactors
7. distillation columns
8. pumps
9. control and instrumentation
10. mathematics
11. industry
12. academia
13. steam
14. cooling water
15. an economical
16. to improve
17. P&I Drawings
18. Equipment Specification Sheets
19. Construction
20. capacity and performance
21. bottlenecks
22. Technical Sales
23. new or improved
24. engineering methods
25. configurations
Unit 4 Sources of Chemicals
1. inorganic chemicals
2. derive from
3. petrochemical processes
4. Metallic ores
5. extraction process
6. non-renewable resource
7. renewable sources
8. energy source
9. fermentation process
10. selective
11. raw material
12. separation and purification
13. food industry
14. to be wetted
15. Key to success
16. Crushing and grinding
17. Sieving
18. Stirring and bubbling
19. Surface active agents
20. Overflowing
Unit 5 Basic Chemicals
1. Ethylene
2. acetic acid
3. Polymerization
4. Polyvinyl acetate
5. Emulsion paint
High-volume sector
Low-volume sector
Production scale
tens to hundreds of thousands tons per year
tens to a few thousands tons per year
Products / a plant
single product
multi-products
Operation manner
continuous
batch
Price or profit
fairly cheap
very profitable
Usage
intermediates
end-products
Challenges
reduced demand,
environment pollution
Products in the sector
sulphuric acid,
phosphorus-containing compounds,
nitrogen-containing compounds,
chlor-alkali,
petrochemicals,
commodity polymers
agrochemicals,
dyestuffs,
pharmaceuticals,
speciality polymers
Unit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes
1. Ammonia
2. ammonia absorber
3. NaCl & NH4OH
4. Carbon dioxide
5. NH4Cl
6. Rotary drier
7. Light Na2CO3
8. Water
Product
Raw material
Major steps or
Principal reactions
Uses
Soda-ash
brine,
limestone
ammoniating,
carbonating,
precipitating,
filtering,
drying,
calcining
raw material for
glassmaking,
sodium silicate;
as an alkali
Chlorine
brine
2Na+ + 2Cl - +2H2O → NaOH +Cl2 +H2
as water purification, bleaching of wood pulp; production of
vinyl chloride, solvents, inorganic chlorine-containing products
Caustic soda
brine
2Na+ + 2Cl - +2H2O → NaOH +Cl2 +H2
for paper-making, manufacture of inorganic chemicals,
syntheses of organic chemicals,
production of alumina and soap
Sulfuric acid
elemental sulphur
S +O2 → SO2
SO2 + O2 → SO3
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4
feedstock for fertilizers; production of ethanol, hydrofluoric acid, aluminum sulphates
Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea
1. kinetically inert
2. some iron compounds
3. exothermic
4. conversion
5. a reasonable speed
6. lower pressures
7. higher temperatures
8. capital
9. energy
10. steam reforming
11. carbon monoxide
12. secondary reformer
13. the shift reaction
14. methane
15. 3:1
1787
C. Berthollet
discovers the composition of ammonia
1903
Fritz Haber
synthesizes ammonia
1909
Fritz Haber
drives the optimum reaction conditions
1909-1914
C. Bosch, A. Mittasch
scale-up the process
1913
in BASF
build a pilot plant
1919
Fritz Haber
receives the Noble price
1920s
in Britain and America
Introduce the Haber process
1931
C. Bosch
receives the Noble price
Unit 8 Petroleum Processing
1. organic chemicals
2. H:C ratios
3. high temperature carbonization
4. crude tar
5. pyrolysis
6. poor selectivity
7. consumption of hydrogen
8. the pilot stage
9. surface and underground
10. fluidized bed
11. Biotechnology
12. sulfur species
Unit 9 Polymers
Abbreviation
Name of polymer
LDPE
Low density polyethylene
低密度聚乙烯
HDPE
High density polyethylene
高密度聚乙烯
LLDPE
Linear low density polyethylene
线性低密度聚乙烯
PET or PBT
Poly ethylene terephthalate (PET)
Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯
聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯
PVC
Poly vinyl chloride
聚氯乙烯
PS
Polystyrene
聚苯乙烯
POM
Polyoxymethylene
聚甲醛
PP
Polypropylene
聚丙烯
PC
Polycarbonate
聚碳酸酯
PPO
Polyphenylene oxide
聚苯醚
PTFE
polytetrafluoroethylene
聚四氟乙烯
PF
phenol-formaldehyde resins
酚醛树脂
PMMA
poly (methyl methacrylate)
聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯
UF
urea-formaldehyde resins
脲醛树脂
Name of polymer
Company or Inventor
Year introduced
Phenol-formaldehyde resin
Baekland
1909
Urea-formaldehyde resin
1929
Alkyd resin
late 1920s
Poly(styrene-butadiene)
Germany
Poly (acrylonitrile-butadiene)
Germany
Poly (vinyl chloride)
Germany
Polystyrene
Germany
polyethylene
ICI
1938
Nylon
Du pont
1941
Polyacrylonitrile
Du pont
1948
Terylene
ICI
1949
Epoxy resins
Du pont
1955
polypropylene
Montecatini
1956
LLDPE
late 1970s
Unit 10 What Is Chemical Engineering
Microscale (≤10-3m)
l Atomic and molecular studies of catalysts
l Chemical processing in the manufacture of integrated circuits
l Studies of the dynamics of suspensions and microstructured fluids
Mesoscale (10-3－102m)
l Improving the rate and capacity of separations equipment
l Design of injection molding equipment to produce car bumpers made from polymers
l Designing feedback control systems for bioreactors
Macroscale (>10m)
l Operability analysis and control system synthesis for an entire chemical plant
l Mathematical modeling of transport and chemical reactions of combustion-generated air pollutants
l Manipulating a petroleum reservoir during enhanced oil recovery through remote sensing of process data, development and use of dynamic models of underground interactions, and selective injection of chemicals to improve efficiency of recovery
Course
Course content
Science and Math.
Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Material Science, Mathematics, Computer Instruction
Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics, Kinetics, Catalysis,
Rector Design and Analysis, Unit Operations, Process Control, Chemical Engineering Laboratories, Design / Economics
Other Engineering
Electrical Engineering, Mechanics, Engineering Drawing
Humanities and Social Science
Understand the origins of one’s own culture as well as that of others
Unit 12 What Do We Mean by Transport Phenomena?
1. density
2. viscosity
3. tube diameter
4. Reynolds
5. Eddies
6. laminar flow
7. turbulent flow
8. velocity fluctuations
9. solid surface
10. ideal fluids
11. viscosity
12. Prandtl
13. fluid dynamics
Unit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering
1. physical
2. unit operations
3. identical
4. A. D. Little
5. fluid flow
6. membrane separation
7. crystallization
8. filtration
9. material balance
10. equilibrium stage model
11. Hydrocyclones
12. Filtration
13. Gravity
14. Vaccum
Unit 14 Distillation Operations
1. relative volatilities
2. contacting trays
3. reboiler
4. an overhead condenser
5. reflux
6. plates
7. packing
8. stripping section
9. rectifying section
10. energy-input requirement
11. overall thermodynamic efficiency
12. tray efficiencies
13. Batch operation
14. composition
15. a rectifying batch
Sieve plate
Bubble-cap plates
Valve plates
Cost
1
3
2
Capacity
3
1
2
Operating range
3
1
2
Efficiency
same
same
Same
Pressure drop
1
3
2
1 < 2 < 3
Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption
1. a liquid solvent
2. solubilities
3. leaching
4. distillation
5. extract
6. raffinate
7. countercurrent
8. a fluid
9. adsorbed phase
10. 400,000
11. original condition
12. total pressure
13. equivalent numbers
14. H+ or OH–
15. regenerant
16. process flow rates
17. deterioration of performance
18. closely similar
19. stationary phase
20. mobile phase
21. distribution coefficients
22. selective membranes
23. synthetic
24. ambient temperature
25. ultrafiltration
26. reverse osmosis (RO).
Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying
1. concentrate solutions
2. solids
3. circulation
4. viscosity
5. heat sensitivity
6. heat transfer surfaces
7. the long tube
8. multiple-effect evaporators
9. vacuum
10. condensers
11. supersaturation
12. circulation pump
13. heat exchanger
14. swirl breaker
15. circulating pipe
16. Product
17. non-condensable gas
18. barometric condenser
Dryer type
General features
Application
Tray dryers
Batch operation,
Close control of drying conditions and product inventory
Drying valuable products
Conveyor dryers
Continuous circulation,
High drying rates,
Good product-quality,
High thermal efficiencies,
High initial and maintenance cost
Drying materials that form a bed with an open structure
Rotary dryer
Continuous operation,
High throughput,
High thermal efficiency,
Low capital cost and labor costs
Non-uniform residence time,
Dust generation,
High noise levels
Drying free-flow granular materials
Fluidized bed dryers
Continuous or batch operation,
Rapid and uniform heat transfer,
Short drying times,
Good control of the drying conditions,
Low floor area requirements;
High power requirements
Drying granular and crystalline materials
Pneumatic dryers
Short contact times,
Low thermal efficiency
Drying fine and heat sensitive materials
Spray dryers
Short contact times,
Good control of the product particle size, bulk density and form,
High heat requirements
Drying liquid and dilute slurry feeds as well as heat sensitive materials
Rotary drum dryers
An alternative choice to spray dryers
Drying liquid and dilute slurry feeds
Unit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering
1. design
2. optimization
3. control
4. unit operations (UO)
5. many disciplines
6. kinetics
7. thermodynamics,
8. fluid mechanics
9. microscopic
10. chemical reactions
11. more valuable products
12. harmless products
13. serves the needs
14. the chemical reactors
15. flowchart
16. necessarily
17. tail
18. each reaction
19. temperature and concentrations
20. linear
Unit 18 Chemical Engineering Modeling
1. optimization
2. mathematical equations
3. time
4. experiments
5. greater understanding
6. empirical approach
7. experimental design
8. differing process condition
9. control systems
10. feeding strategies
11. training and education
12. definition of problem
13. mathematical model
14. numerical methods
15. tabulated or graphical
16. experimental data
17. information
1. the preliminary economics
2. technological changes
3. pilot-plant data
4. process alternatives
5. trade-offs
6. Off-design
7. Feedstocks
8. optimize
9. plant operations
10. energy
11. bottlenecking
12. yield and throughput
13. Revamping
14. new catalyst
Problem
Unexpected results
Possible cause
Water as impurity
Kill a catalyst, or modify the performances of catalyst
Steam leak
Determination of explosive limits
Explosions
Narrower limits in small-scale equipment
Storage of unstable materials
Explosions and fires
Lower heat removal rate in commercial units
Unit 19 Introduction to Process Design
1. a flowsheet
2. control scheme
3. process manuals
4. profit
5. sustainable industrial activities
6. waste
7. health
8. safety
9. a reactor
10. tradeoffs
11. optimizations
12. hierarchy
Unit 20 Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
1. the producing species
2. nutrient medium
3. fermentation step
4. biomass
5. biomass separation
6. drying agent
7. product
8. water
9. biological purification
Materials areas
Research activities
Polymer
Probe the microscale dynamics of macromolecules
Develop improved processes,
Create new materials
Polymer Composites
Microstructural reinforcement
Advanced Ceramics
Produce specific micro structures
Application research
Ceramic Composites
Engineering the chemical reactions related
Composite Liquids
Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment
1. Atmospheric chemistry
2. stratospheric ozone depletion
3. acid rain
4. environmentally friendly products
5. biodegradable
6. harmful by-product
7. efficiently
8. power plant emissions
9. different plastics
10. recycled or disposed
11. acidic waste solutions
12. organic components
13. membrane technology
14. biotechnology
15. microorganisms
Frontier
Research activities or problems faced
In-site processing
Field tests;
Uncertainties of the process,
Adverse environment impacts
Process solids
Improve solids fracture processes,
Research on the mechanics of pneumatic and slurry transport,
Understand the chemical reaction processes,
Equipment design and scale-up
Separation process
Research on:
membrane separations,
chemical selective separation agents,
shape-selective porous solids,
traditional separation methods
Materials
Find construction materials,
Develop new process-related materials,
Develop less energy intensive materials
Design and scale-up
Complexity, Lack of basic data,
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