nonverbalcommunication跨文化交际.pptx

Session 5InterculturalNon-verbal CommunicationWhat will happen?l lSource:http:/nonverbal.ucsc.edu/QUESTION:What?l lEvery culture has rules about the CORRECT use of space.The proxemic(relating to the study of space)rules are unwritten and never taught-but they are very powerful l la.She will ask them to sit somewhere else.l lb.She will stare at the space invaders defiantly,but she will not move.l lc.She will leave,saying nothing to the three people who invaded her personal space.Flightl lFlight is the most common response to spatial invasions,and only 2%of the invaded people in proxemics experiments ever say anything to those who invade their personal space.The invasion is stressful for the invaded,making an early departure is almost certain.l lhttp:/nonverbal.ucsc.edu/http:/nonverbal.ucsc.edu/No gesture has the same meaning!lthere is no international language of gestures.Instead,cultures have developed systems of unique gestures,and it is almost never possible for us to understand intuitively the gestures from another culture.French gesture for I dont believe you,guess what this Iranian gesture means?l lNo.1 for me/Good luck /screw you Screw youl lThis gesture teaches an extremely important This gesture teaches an extremely important lesson.This gesture is identical to the lesson.This gesture is identical to the American/English gesture for Good Luck to you.American/English gesture for Good Luck to you.But it is an obscene(But it is an obscene(淫猥的淫猥的)gesture,and an)gesture,and an American traveling in Iran would outrage people American traveling in Iran would outrage people there if the American performed this gesture.there if the American performed this gesture.When in another culture or society,we should When in another culture or society,we should never mirror a gesture that someone presents never mirror a gesture that someone presents to us-without knowing it,we could be deeply to us-without knowing it,we could be deeply offending that person and inviting conflict.offending that person and inviting conflict.Who won the game of one-on-one basketball?l la.The man on the leftl lb.The man on the rightThe man on the rightlHe seems confident,poised and modest-all qualities that suggest he is the winner of the game.1.1.Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal CommunicationNonverbal codesNonverbal codes refer to communicative refer to communicative messages which are messages which are notnot in in wordword form.form.More than More than 55%55%messages are communicated messages are communicated nonverbally!nonverbally!People turn to believe nonverbal codes when they contradict the verbal ones!Definition:(1)l“Metacommunication(beyond the usual commmunication),paralinguistics,second-order messages,the silent language,and the hidden dimension of communication.”(Hall,1959)Definition:(2)lNonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.(Samovar and Porter,2004)Definition in Chinesel非言语交际包括在交际中认非言语交际包括在交际中认为的和环境产生的对于传播为的和环境产生的对于传播者或受传者含有潜在信息的者或受传者含有潜在信息的所有的刺激，简单地说就是所有的刺激，简单地说就是“不用语言的交际不用语言的交际”，被称作，被称作”无声的语言无声的语言“。Definition in Chinesel非语言交际在人类交际中非常重要。非语言交际在人类交际中非常重要。因为它最能反映一个人的情感或情绪因为它最能反映一个人的情感或情绪状态。状态。l一个人（或多个人）不利用言语形式一个人（或多个人）不利用言语形式或只利用副语言形式所传达的信息被或只利用副语言形式所传达的信息被另一个人（或多个人）接收的交际行另一个人（或多个人）接收的交际行为。为。Overview of Nonverbal Communication1.Body LanguageGeneral appearance and dressGesturesEye contactFacial expressionPostureTouching2.ParalanguageSilencePitchVolumn3.Environment LanguageSpaceTime毕继万（1995）l l体态语（体态语（体态语（体态语（body languagebody language，包括各种表情、动，包括各种表情、动，包括各种表情、动，包括各种表情、动 作、姿态）作、姿态）作、姿态）作、姿态）l l 副语言（副语言（副语言（副语言（paralanguageparalanguage，包括沉默与非语义声，包括沉默与非语义声，包括沉默与非语义声，包括沉默与非语义声音）音）音）音）l l 客体语（客体语（客体语（客体语（object languageobject language，包括皮肤颜色、气，包括皮肤颜色、气，包括皮肤颜色、气，包括皮肤颜色、气味、衣着化妆、家具等）味、衣着化妆、家具等）味、衣着化妆、家具等）味、衣着化妆、家具等）l l 环境语言（环境语言（环境语言（环境语言（environmental languageenvironmental language，包括时，包括时，包括时，包括时间，空间、颜色、城市规划以及人对自然的影响间，空间、颜色、城市规划以及人对自然的影响间，空间、颜色、城市规划以及人对自然的影响间，空间、颜色、城市规划以及人对自然的影响等，即影响生理与心理的环境因素）。等，即影响生理与心理的环境因素）。等，即影响生理与心理的环境因素）。等，即影响生理与心理的环境因素）。Different categorization 对非言语交际方式，有种种不同的分类法，而且各子系统往往出现相互交叉或包容现象。下面将引述安德逊（Andersen，见 Samovar et al，1991：287)的分类系统。安德逊对非言语交际系统的划分比较全面，并按照人们对其研究的深度，由深到浅地划分出以下几个子系统：安德逊（Andersen)（1 1）时间学）时间学(chronemics)(chronemics)研究人们利用时研究人们利用时间的方式及其意义。间的方式及其意义。（2 2）空间学（）空间学（proxemicsproxemics）研究人际距研究人际距离及空间使用方式及其意义。离及空间使用方式及其意义。（3 3）身势学（）身势学（kinesicskinesics）研究人们的面研究人们的面部表情（部表情（facial expressionfacial expression）、身体动作（）、身体动作（body body movementsmovements）、手势（）、手势（gesturesgestures）等。）等。（4 4）体触学（）体触学（hapticshaptics）研究身体接触所研究身体接触所传达的信息。传达的信息。安德逊（Andersen)（5 5）外表（）外表（physical appearancephysical appearance）研究人研究人们的肤色、衣着打扮及身体形态等。们的肤色、衣着打扮及身体形态等。（6 6）目光学（）目光学（oculesicsoculesics）研究人们通过目研究人们通过目光接触（光接触（eye contacteye contact），眨眼（），眨眼（blinksblinks），眼珠转），眼珠转动（动（eye movementseye movements）及瞳孔放大（）及瞳孔放大（pupil pupil dilationdilation）等所传达的信息。）等所传达的信息。（7 7）副语言）副语言 （paralanguageparalanguagevocalicsvocalics）研究声音的非言语成分研究声音的非言语成分 （nonverbal elementsnonverbal elements）所）所传达的信息。传达的信息。（8 8）嗅觉学（）嗅觉学（olfacticsolfactics）研究人们如何通研究人们如何通过气味来传达信息。过气味来传达信息。1.1 Body Languagel lBody language refers to all nonverbal codes Body language refers to all nonverbal codes which are associated with which are associated with body movementsbody movements.l lBody language includes gestures,head Body language includes gestures,head movements,facial expressions,eye movements,facial expressions,eye behaviors,postures and other displays that behaviors,postures and other displays that can be used to communicate.can be used to communicate.(1)General Appearance and DressConcern with how one appears is universal.We make inferences(often faulty)about anothers“intelligence,gender,age,approachability,financial well-being,class,tastes,values,and cultural background”from attractiveness,dress,and personal artifacts.Do you select attractive friends over less attractive ones?(1)General Appearance and Dressl lMuslin girls usually wear scarves to cover their Muslin girls usually wear scarves to cover their heads,and in most instance,“girls are not heads,and in most instance,“girls are not allowed to participate in swimming classes allowed to participate in swimming classes because of the prohibitions against exposing because of the prohibitions against exposing their bodies.”their bodies.”Modesty is highly valued among Modesty is highly valued among Arabs.Arabs.l lPerhaps nowhere in the world is the merger Perhaps nowhere in the world is the merger between attire and a cultures value system between attire and a cultures value system more evident than in Japan.“The proclivity(more evident than in Japan.“The proclivity(倾倾倾倾向向向向,癖性癖性癖性癖性 )for conservative dress styles and colors for conservative dress styles and colors emphasizes the nations emphasizes the nations collectivismcollectivism and,and,concomitantly(concomitantly(同时地）同时地）同时地）同时地）,lessens the potential lessens the potential for social disharmonyfor social disharmony arising from arising from nonconformist attire.”nonconformist attire.”(2)Gesturesl lDo you know what the following gestures means?Do you know what the following gestures means?Number 1 is used together with the Number 1 is used together with the verbal message“Lets keep our verbal message“Lets keep our fingers crossed”in the United States,fingers crossed”in the United States,England,and Sweden to mean that England,and Sweden to mean that the person is hoping for good luck.the person is hoping for good luck.But in Greece and Turkey it means But in Greece and Turkey it means the breaking of a friendship,and in the breaking of a friendship,and in parts of Italy it means“O.K.”.parts of Italy it means“O.K.”.Number 2 is normally used when talking privately about a third person,meaning that person is crazy,often in a joking way.Number 3 indicates“I have no idea.”/“I dont know.”The gesture in Picture 4 means that“I cant/didnt hear you.”Number 5 means“Thats enough.Its all over for me.”In Picture 6 the“thumbs down”sign indicates“rejection”or“refusal”,“defeat”or“no good”or“bad news”to Americans.“Something is a bit suspicious/odd here.”l“Come here.”Number 9 is widely used in Number 9 is widely used in the US to mean“Great,the US to mean“Great,perfect,acceptable,O.K.”But perfect,acceptable,O.K.”But is Belgium and France,it is Belgium and France,it means“zero”;in Turkey,means“zero”;in Turkey,Brazil,Greece,and Malta,it Brazil,Greece,and Malta,it has an obscene meaning;and has an obscene meaning;and in Tunisia,it is used as a in Tunisia,it is used as a threat.threat.Number 10 is used in Italy to Number 10 is used in Italy to say“Hello.”For Indonesians,say“Hello.”For Indonesians,MalaysiansMalaysians,and some speakers of,and some speakers of Arabic,it signals“Come here.”Arabic,it signals“Come here.”Number 11 means“Oh,I forgot.”Number 11 means“Oh,I forgot.”or an expression of surprise.or an expression of surprise.The gesture in Number 12 means The gesture in Number 12 means“Slow down,relax or wait a“Slow down,relax or wait a second.”second.”Number 13 is used to show Number 13 is used to show that someone is a champion or that someone is a champion or a winner,usually in sports.This a winner,usually in sports.This gesture caused a serious gesture caused a serious international misunderstanding international misunderstanding in 1959.Nikita Khrushchev,the in 1959.Nikita Khrushchev,the Soviet leader,was visiting the Soviet leader,was visiting the US and used this gesture,US and used this gesture,which means friendship in which means friendship in Russia.American newspapers Russia.American newspapers printed it on page one.And the printed it on page one.And the American people understood it American people understood it to mean the opposite:that the to mean the opposite:that the Soviet Union would defeat the Soviet Union would defeat the US.US.Picture 14 is one of the Picture 14 is one of the few gestures which seems few gestures which seems to be used only in the US,to be used only in the US,and many people feel it is and many people feel it is not as common as it once not as common as it once was.This gesture is made was.This gesture is made by moving one index by moving one index finger against the other.It finger against the other.It is usually used with is usually used with children.Or adults do it as children.Or adults do it as a joke.It means“You did a joke.It means“You did something bad;shame on something bad;shame on you.”you.”Finger(1)l lIn the United States,the index finger is used to point to objects and even at people.l lGermans point with the little fingerl lJapanese point with the entire hand,palms upl lIn much of Asia,pointing with the index finger is considered rudeFinger(2)l l英语国家的人有不少手语，其一就是cross ones fingers或keep ones fingers crossed。Cross ones fingers.即把中指放在食指上，作有点像十字架的交叉状。十字架在西方代表上帝，所以cross ones fingers有祝福、祈求好运的意思，例如：I am crossing my fingers that nothing untoward will happen to him.（我祈求不幸的事不会降临他身上）。Keep your fingers crossed for him.即为他祝福吧。留意cross your fingers是说的多，确实做这手势的少。Finger(3)l l说到手指，不能不谈谈伸出中指这个下流手势，英文叫做give someone the finger，例如：The presidential candidate appeared quite unperturbed when a few in the audience gave him the finger.（听众席上有些人向总统候选人伸出中指，但他若无其事）。要说得幽默一点，把gave him the finger改为gave him one-finger salutes（一只手指的敬礼）也无不可。Thumbl l此外还有thumbs up（拇指向上）、thumbs down（拇指向下）的手势。古罗马斗士战败，观众做出拇指朝上手势，是说可以饶他性命；做出拇指朝下手势，则是说杀却。今天，thumbs up常用来表示嘉许或接受，thumbs down则表示不满或反对，例如：The authorities have given the thumbs up./thumbs down on our plan.（当局接受/否决了我们的计划）。What may the O.K.sign mean?l lIn Brazil a.rudenessIn Brazil a.rudenessl lIn Russia b.moneyIn Russia b.moneyl lIn France c.something vulgarIn France c.something vulgarl lIn Japan d.something worthlessIn Japan d.something worthless(3)Eye contactl lThou tellst me there is murder in mine eye.Thou tellst me there is murder in mine eye.-Shakespeare -Shakespearel lYour lips tell me no,no,but theres yes,yes in Your lips tell me no,no,but theres yes,yes in your eyes.your eyes.-Musical ballad -Musical balladHow to read her heart from her eyes?General guidelines l lThe eye contact in an elevator could be very The eye contact in an elevator could be very briefbrief.Direct.Direct visual contact with anothers eyes:visual contact with anothers eyes:视线接触：直接与另一个人的眼睛进行视觉接触：视线接触：直接与另一个人的眼睛进行视觉接触：“He managed to say hello to 12 people in five seconds He managed to say hello to 12 people in five seconds without making eye contact with a single one”without making eye contact with a single one”l lIn a crowded bus,a subway or train,the proper eye In a crowded bus,a subway or train,the proper eye contact time could be some contact time could be some 10 seconds10 seconds.l lOnly a lecturer or a politician addressing an audience can Only a lecturer or a politician addressing an audience can hold eye contact hold eye contact as long asas long as he wishes.he wishes.l lGenerally speaking,if you look at your partners eyes from time to time while speaking,youll be regarded as sociable,friendly,confident and frank.l lIf you avoid eye contact,youll be regarded as cold,distant,unconfident and not involved in the conversation.Direct eye-to-eye contact is not universal A teenage Puerto Rican girl in a New York high school was taken with a number of other girls to the principal for suspected smoking.Although there was no proof of any wrongdoing and although she had a good record,the principal decided she was guilty and suspected her.“There was something sly and suspicious about her.”he said in his report.“she just wouldnt meet my eyes.She wouldnt look at me.”Cross-cultural differencesl lUSA vs.France&Italy Many American women visiting France or Italy are Many American women visiting France or Italy are acutely embarrassed because,for the first time in their acutely embarrassed because,for the first time in their lives,men really look at them-their eyes,hair,nose,lives,men really look at them-their eyes,hair,nose,lips,breasts,hips,legs,thighs,knees,ankles,feet,lips,breasts,hips,legs,thighs,knees,ankles,feet,clothes,hairdo,even their walk.clothes,hairdo,even their walk.These same women,These same women,once having become used to being looked at,often once having become used to being looked at,often return to the United Sates and are overcome with the return to the United Sates and are overcome with the feeling that“No one ever really looks at me anymore.feeling that“No one ever really looks at me anymore.”How about people in China and Japan?Co-culture differencesl lWhite American vs.Black American *“Look at me when I talk to you!”“Look at me when I talk to you!”*“Dont look at me in that tone of voice!”*“Dont look at me in that tone of voice!”*The white speaker interprets intended respect of The white speaker interprets intended respect of black behavior as dishonesty or at least black behavior as dishonesty or at least inattentiveness.inattentiveness.Real life contactl lDo you chan