大学跨文化交际.pptx

大学跨文化交际大学跨文化交际Courseexpectations/tasks1、previewthetext:lookingupthenewwordsandexpressionsbeforeclass;preparewhattheteacherhasaskedyoutodo2、takeanactivepartinclassdiscussionsandperformances、2Chooseandreadatleastoneremendedtextbook1、跨文化交际英语教程跨文化交际英语教程主编主编/许力生许力生,上海外语上海外语教育教育,20042、municationBetweenCultures,LarryA、Samovar,外研社外研社,2002年年7月月。3、跨文化交际学概论跨文化交际学概论,胡文仲胡文仲,外语教学与研究出外语教学与研究出版社版社,1999年年11月月4、跨文化交际学跨文化交际学,贾玉新贾玉新,上海外语教育出版社上海外语教育出版社5、跨文化交际研究跨文化交际研究:与英美人交往指南与英美人交往指南,林大津林大津,福福建人民出版社建人民出版社,2008、3CaseStudiesShowingConcernFirstOfferSamelanguage,differentbehaviorShowingconcern5AbabyboomerisapersonwhowasbornduringthedemographicPost-WorldWarIIbabyboombetweentheyears1946and1959在二战之前出生得美国人较为传统在二战之前出生得美国人较为传统,被称为被称为SilentGeneration(沉静得一代沉静得一代)。二战后得美。二战后得美国百废待兴国百废待兴,很多男性从战场返乡很多男性从战场返乡,结婚生子结婚生子,创创造了美国史无前例得造了美国史无前例得babyboom(婴儿潮婴儿潮),而在而在此期间出生得孩子则被称为此期间出生得孩子则被称为babyboomer(婴儿婴儿潮世代潮世代)。人们将战后新生活得希望寄托在。人们将战后新生活得希望寄托在babyboomers身上身上,因此她们从小就受到良好因此她们从小就受到良好得教育得教育,长大之后在美国诸多领域挑大梁。而目长大之后在美国诸多领域挑大梁。而目前前babyboomers大都面临退休大都面临退休,使社会养老负使社会养老负担加重。担加重。6而在而在babyboom之后之后,接踵而至得就是接踵而至得就是babybust(生育生育低谷低谷),在在babybust这段时期出生得孩子被称为这段时期出生得孩子被称为GenerationX(被遗忘得一代被遗忘得一代,或或X一代一代,20世纪世纪60年代到年代到70年代初出生得美国人年代初出生得美国人)。这代人成长得过程。这代人成长得过程,恰逢美国恰逢美国社会风气偏向于个人价值得体现和个人幸福得实现社会风气偏向于个人价值得体现和个人幸福得实现,因因此她们身上有着不同程度得不负责任、冷漠和物质主义此她们身上有着不同程度得不负责任、冷漠和物质主义等特点。等特点。GenerationY(Y一代一代)就是在就是在GenerationX之后出生得之后出生得美国人美国人,她们出生于她们出生于20世纪七八十年代世纪七八十年代,伴随着计算机以伴随着计算机以及互联网得成长而成长。有人认为及互联网得成长而成长。有人认为Y一代有着更开放得一代有着更开放得文化价值观文化价值观,和新得消费方式和行为方式和新得消费方式和行为方式,而也有些人认而也有些人认为她们更加以自我为中心为她们更加以自我为中心,缺乏同情心和责任感。缺乏同情心和责任感。7Whatisculture?ThreeIngredients:artifacts人造物品人造物品concepts(beliefs,values,worldviews)behaviore、g、Whereasthemoneyisconsideredanartifact,thenvalueplacedonitisaconcept,theactualspendingandsavingofthemoneyisbehavior、大家学习辛苦了，还是要坚持继续保持安静继续保持安静继续保持安静继续保持安静TheNatureofCultureThinkaboutthefollowingsimilesandmetaphors,howdoyouthinkcultureisrelatedtothereferences?1、Cultureislikeaniceberg、2、Cultureisoursoftware、3、Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin、4、Cultureisthegrammarofourbehavior、121、TheCulturalIceberg14CultureLikeanIceberga、Objectiveculture:history,literature,andcustoms、(visible,observable,smallpart)b、Subjectiveculture:feelingsandattitudesaboutthings、(invisible,largepart)15(1)finearts,literature,drama,classicalmusic,popularmusic,folkdancing,games,cooking,dress(2)eyebehavior,contextualconversationpatterns,socialinteractionrate,facialexpressionsObjectiveCulture16(1)notionsofmodesty,conceptionofbeauty,idealofchildrearing,relationshipstoanimals(2)patternsofsuperior/subordinaterelations,definitionofsin,courtshippractices,conceptionofjustice,incentivestowork,notionsofleadership,tempoofwork,groupdecision-makingSubjectiveCulture17(3)conceptionofcleanliness,attitudestowardsdependents,theoryofdisease,approachestoproblem-solving,conceptionofstatusmobility,statusdesignationsbasedonage,sex,class,occupation,kinship,etc、(4)natureoffriendship,orderingoftime,conceptof“self”,preferenceforpetitionorcooperation,bodylanguage,notionsaboutlogicandvalidity,patternsofhandlingemotionsSubjectiveCulture18CulturalIceberg1)美术、文学、戏剧、古典音乐、流行隐喻、民间舞蹈、饮食、服饰美术、文学、戏剧、古典音乐、流行隐喻、民间舞蹈、饮食、服饰2)目光、语境谈话方式、社交频率、面部表情目光、语境谈话方式、社交频率、面部表情1 1)谦虚观念、美得概念、子女抚养标准、与动物得关系谦虚观念、美得概念、子女抚养标准、与动物得关系2 2)上下级关系模式、罪恶得定义、求爱方式、工作得积极性、友谊得性质、上下级关系模式、罪恶得定义、求爱方式、工作得积极性、友谊得性质、对领导得看法、工作节奏、集体决策对领导得看法、工作节奏、集体决策3 3)整洁得概念、对依赖得态度、疾病理论、解决问题方法、地位变化看法、整洁得概念、对依赖得态度、疾病理论、解决问题方法、地位变化看法、因年龄因年龄(性别、阶级、职业、亲属关系等性别、阶级、职业、亲属关系等)社会地位得称谓社会地位得称谓4 4)朋友得意义、时间观念、朋友得意义、时间观念、对、对“个人个人”得看法、对竞争和合作得偏爱、得看法、对竞争和合作得偏爱、肢体语言、对逻辑和信度得概念、控制情感得模式肢体语言、对逻辑和信度得概念、控制情感得模式192、TheCulturalSoftware201)Thebasicoperatingsystemthatmakesushuman、2)Humansaroundtheworldarephysicallythesame,universal、3)Physicalselvesarethehardware、4)Homecultureprogramsusandprovesusthesoftware、5)Aninfantisapotentialhumanatbirthandbeearealhumanwithculture、6)The puter stops working as a result of its inpatibility with someoneelsessoftware、OperatingSystem213、TheCulturalFish22a、Thefishnoticeseverythingexceptthewaterheisswimmingin、b、Thefishtakesthewaterforgranted、c、Wetakeeverythingaroundusforgranted、CultureLiketheWateraFishSwimsin23Thesameistrueforus、Ourcultureissomuchapartofwhoweareandwhattheworldislikeforusthatwedonotnoticeit、Wetakeitforgranted、FishSwimminginWater244、TheCultureinourOwnStory255)Cultureisthestorywetellourselvesaboutourselves、a、Everyculturalgrouphasastoryforunderstandingwhotheyareandwhattheworldislike、b、Thestoryistoldintheirfolklorearts,inpoliticsandinintimateconversation、c、Whatissignificantisthatpeopletellthestorytoshowthemselvesandotherswhotheyare、TheCultureinourOwnStory26TheCultureinourOwnStory27ChineseDragonspowerful;brave;all-conqueringTheCultureinourOwnStory28WesternDragonFerocious;frightening;terribleTheCultureinourOwnStory295、TheCultureUnderstoodbyChinese30TheCulturebyChinesea、writerorspeakershowsherlearningbyquotingfamouspeoplefromthepast、b、atreasureofgreatworksandculturalachievements3132TheAnalectsofConfucius33DaoDejing34OutlawsoftheMarsh35TheStoryoftheStone36TheRomanceofThreeKingdoms37JourneytotheWestThefirstpresidentoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,isoftenreferredtoastheFatherofAmerica、386、TheCultureUnderstoodbyAmericansFightfordemocracyandfreedom39第第32任任总统总统富兰克林富兰克林D罗斯福罗斯福(FranklinD、Roosevelt)(1882、1、301945、4、12),一直被视为一直被视为美国历史上最伟大得总统之一美国历史上最伟大得总统之一,就是就是20世纪美国最受民世纪美国最受民众期望和受爱戴得总统众期望和受爱戴得总统,也就是美国历史上惟一连任也就是美国历史上惟一连任4届届总统得人总统得人,任职长达任职长达12年年,就是惟一一个坐在轮椅上领导就是惟一一个坐在轮椅上领导美国得总统。她就是身残志坚得代表人美国得总统。她就是身残志坚得代表人(因患脊髓灰质因患脊髓灰质炎炎,俗称俗称:小儿麻痹小儿麻痹)致残。致残。,也受到世界人民得尊敬也受到世界人民得尊敬、Values:self-reliant,freedom,diversity,risk-takingandinnovative40TheCulturebyAmericansa、usinganout-of-datemetaphorrevealsyoutobeoutofdateb、afastmovingtrain,keepingupwiththetrain41CableNewsNetwork24小时全球报道。美国政府宣传工具。在中国小时全球报道。美国政府宣传工具。在中国,民众批评民众批评CNN网站在报道网站在报道2008年西藏骚乱年西藏骚乱时时“采用了裁剪照片采用了裁剪照片”且认为节目主持人发表不当言论且认为节目主持人发表不当言论Fast-foodculture,culturalcolonizationBasketballculture做人不能太做人不能太“CNN”BillGates:takingriskandinnovative、42TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeople(generalization)SavingFaceHardworkingFormal43TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeopleInsensitivetotime TendingtomisunderstandBeatingaboutthebush说话拐弯抹角说话拐弯抹角44TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeopleBeingdoubtful不明确表态不明确表态,含糊其辞含糊其辞Beatingcontent45TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeopleNeverkissedparentsShanzaieverywhere46TheattitudesbyChinesetowardsWesternersKissandhuganytimeandanywhereGoingDutch47TheattitudesbyChinesetowardsWesternersBeingpunctualMindyourownbusinessToofrank48CulturesDefinedSIMILAR?DIFFERENT?Human beings are unique but individuals who share a mon culture tend to perceive and interpret the world similarly or differently?1、DefiningCulturefromtheAnthropologicalPerspective“Cultureconsistsofpatterns,explicitandimplicit,ofandforbehavioracquiredandtransmittedbysymbols,constitutingthedistinctiveachievementofhumangroups,includingtheirembodimentsinartifacts;theessentialcoreofcultureconsistsoftraditionalideasandespeciallytheirattachedvalues”、-KroeberandKluckhohn1952年年,美国学者美国学者AlfredLouisKroeber与与ClydeKluckhohn在她们得著作在她们得著作文化文化,关于概念和定义得评关于概念和定义得评述述中总结了中总结了164条文化定义条文化定义、上述就是她们自己对文上述就是她们自己对文化得定义。化得定义。Activity:TranslationTranslateKroeberandKluckhohnsdefinitionofcultureintoChinese、文化由外显和内隐得行为模式构成文化由外显和内隐得行为模式构成;这种行为这种行为模式通过象征符号而获得和传播模式通过象征符号而获得和传播;文化代表了文化代表了人类群体得显著成就人类群体得显著成就,包括她们在人造器物中包括她们在人造器物中得体现得体现;文化得核心部分就是传统观念文化得核心部分就是传统观念,尤其尤其就是她们带来得价值观念。就是她们带来得价值观念。_2、DefiningCulturefromthePsychologicalPerspectivecultureisthecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanother、-GeertHofstedeGeertHofstedeisaninfluentialDutchsocialpsychologistandanthropologist、Heisawell-knownpioneerinhisresearchofcross-culturalgroupsandorganizations3、DefiningCulturefromtheSociologicalPerspectiveAccordingtothesocialscientists:“Cultureisdefinedasapatternoflearned,group-relatedperceptionincludingbothverbalandnonverballanguageattitudes,values,beliefsystem,disbeliefsystems,andbehavior”、Activity:KeywordsFindoutthekeywordssharedbythethreedefinitionsabove、Writethemdownandtrytomakeupyourowndefinitionofcultureaccordingtothekeywords、Keywords:4、DefiningCulturefromtheInterculturalPerspective“Culture is a system of shared beliefs,values,customs,behaviours and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning、”Bates and PlogCONCLUSION:CULTURE IS A MANS SECOND NATUREA WAY OF OVERING VULNERABILITYACQUIRED THROUGH SOCIALIZATIONTHUS,MAN IS THE PRODUCER OF CULTURE AND THE PRODUCT OF CULTURETheCharacteristicsofCultureCultureisNotInnate,itisLearned、CultureisDynamicCultureispervasiveFacetsofCultureareInterrelatedCultureisEthnocentricCultureisadaptive58When the children are growing inthemunity,theirculturaleducationisadvancedbywatchingsocialinteractions,taking part in cultural activitiesandritualsinthemunity,forming their own relationshipsand taking their place in theculture、1)Cultureislearned59Itisnecessarytorecognizethatculturesaredynamicratherthanstatic、Theyareconstantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures、Cultureschangethroughthreemostmonmechanisms:innovation,diffusion传播传播andacculturation文文化互渗化互渗(calamity)、2)CultureissubjectivetochangeE、g、1、Chinaspolicyofreformandopening-up2、TheUnitedStatesenteringWWII3、TheatomicbombinginJapaninWWII3、CultureIsPervasiveLiketheairwebreathe,culturepenetratesintoeveryaspectofourlifeandinfluencesthewaywethink,thewaywetalk,andthewaywebehave、4、CultureIsIntegratedWesometimesbreakdownandisolatevariouspartsofcultureandtalkaboutthemasiftheyareseparateparts、However,inreality,culturefunctionsasanintegratedwholeanditissystemic、62Ethnocentrismisthebeliefthatyourownculturalbackground,includingwaysofanalyzingproblems,values,beliefs,language,andverbalandnonverbalmunication,iscorrect、Ethnocentristsbelievetheircultureisthecentralcultureandotherculturesareincorrect,ineffective,orquaint奇怪奇怪得得、5)Cultureisethnocentric63、Historyofferssomanyexamplesofhowcultureshavechangedasaresultoflaws,shiftsinvalues,naturaldisasters,wars,orcalamities、MoreandmorewomenworkasCEOsinmajorpaniesandasofficialsingovernmentinsteadofremainingathomelookingafterchildren、Bothwomenandmenhavemadeadaptationtothisculturalchange、6)CultureisadaptivePartIImunication1.The definition of munication 2.ponents of munication Western Perspective of munication Eastern perspective of munication 1.ThedefinitionofmunicationWestern Perspective of munication Inwesterncultures,municationisstudiedasthemeansoftransmittingideas、Westernculturesemphasizetheinstrumentalfunctionofmunication;thatis,effectivenessisevaluatedintermsofsuccessinthemanipulationofotherstoachieveonespersonalgoal、EasternperspectiveofmunicationDefinitionsofmunicationfrommanyAsiancountriesstress:harmony,whichismostnotableincultureswithaConfuciantradition、Easternculturesunderstandingwoulddefinemunicationasaprocesswhereallpartiesaresearchingtodevelopandmaintainasocialrelationship、PictureAnalysisWhataretheponentsofmunicationreflectedinthefollowingpicture?2、ponents of munication A sender/source is the person who transmits a message、A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver、Encoding refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message、Encoding(编码编码)Channel/Medium(渠道)Channel/Mediumis the method used to deliver a message、Message(信息信息)Sender/Source(信息源)Decoding(解码解码)Decoding is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received、Receiver(信息接收者信息接收者)A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message、Feedback(反馈反馈)The response of a receiver to a senders message is called feedback、Noise(干扰干扰)Noise is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages,including external noise,physiological noise,psychological noise and semantic noise、Noise is inevitable、(1)ExternalNoiseSounds that distract municators:voices in the next room;annoying ring of someones cell phone in a meeting;etc、Other types of external noise that dont involve sound:an overcrowded room or a smelly cigar(2)PhysiologicalNoiseillnesses and disabilities(3)PsychologicalNoiseforces with the sender or receiver that interfere with understanding:egotism;hostility;preoccupation;fear;etc、(4)SemanticNoisecaused by using different languages;the use of jargon;different understanding of the message delivered;etc、Characteristicsofmunicationa、munication is dynamic b、municationissystematicc、municationissymbolicd、municationisirreversiblee、municationistransactionalf、municationisself-reflectiveg、municationiscontextual、a、munication is dynamicmunicationisanongoingactivity、Itisnotfixed、Awordoractiondoesnotstayfrozenwhenyoumunicate;itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanotherwordoraction、b、munication is systematic (系统性得系统性得)munication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum,but rather is part of a larger system、We send and receive messages not in isolation,but in a specific setting、Setting and environment help determine the words and actions we generate、Dress,language,topic selection,and the like are all adapted to context、c、munication is symbolic (符号性得符号性得)Symbolsarecentraltothemunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthataremunicated、Asymbol isaword,action,orobjectthatstandsfororrepresentsaunitofmeaning、Peoplesbehaviorsarefrequentlyinterpretedsymbolically,asanexternalrepresentationoffeelings,emotions,andinternalstates、d、munication is irreversible(不可逆转得不可逆转得)municationisanirreversibleprocess、Wecanneverundowhathasalreadybeendone、Althoughwemaytrytoqualify,negate,orsomehowreducetheeffectsofourmessage,onceithasbeensentandreceived,themessageitselfcannotbereversed、e、munication is transactional(交互式得交互式得)Atransactionalviewholdsthatmunicatorsaresimultaneouslysending and receiving messages ateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversations、f、munication is self-reflectiveHumanbeingshaveauniqueabilitytothinkaboutthemselves,towatchhowtheydefinetheworld,andtoreflectontheirpast,present,andfuture、g、munication is contextual(情境得情境得)Allmunicationtakesplacewithinasettingorsituationcalledacontext、Bycontext,wemeantheplacewherepeoplemeet,thesocialpurposeforbeingtogether,andthenatureoftherelationship、Thusthecontextincludesthephysical,social,andinterpersonalsettings、81EdwardT、Hall:anAmericananthropologistandcross-culturalresearcher2、FormsofInterculturalmunicationa、International munication b、Interethnic munication c、Interracial munication 1、InterculturalmunicationDefinedInterculturalmunication refers to munication between people whose cultural backgrounds(perception and symbol system)are distinct enough to alter their munication(p、10)、a、InternationalmunicationInternational munication takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals;it is quite formal and ritualized(仪式化仪式化)、United Nations Conferenceb、InterethnicmunicationEthnic groups usually form their own munities in a country or culture、These groups share a mon origin or heritage that is apt to influence family names,language,religion,values,and the like、