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IntercuItural communication involves interaction between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.Our goal in this class is to answer some of the following questions:Why do we often uncomfortable when encountering people who are different from yourself?Why do people from different cultures behave in ways that seem strange to you?How do cultural differences influence communication?Which cultural differences are important and which are inconsequential?Why is it difficult to understand and appreciate cultural difference?第1页CHAPTER 1Communication and Culture:The Challenge of The Future第2页第3页第4页第5页 CHAPTER 1-Communication and Culture:The Challenge of The FutureChallenge?Societies around the globe have been interwoven into a complex fabric of interdependent economic,technological,political,and social relationships.This is called Globalization.Globalization has greatly increased the economic strength of many nations and bring people together from different cultures.However,it could resulting more competition for natural resources,international conflicts and security,environmental issues,and world health issues.第6页 CHAPTER 1-Communication and Culture:The Challenge of The FutureOther challenges:Due to the worlds increasing population,we will see.more people are moving to developed countries(shifting populations).This could bring more communication issues in multicultural societies.Meanwhile,aging population in more developed countriesCould bring more communication issues between older generations and younger generations(this can be treated as co-culture).第7页第8页No Direct Mind-to-Mind Contact第9页We can only Infer第10页We seek to define the world第11页Communication is self-Reflective第12页The Brain is an open system-we learn to communicate第13页Communication has a consequence第14页 CHAPTER 1-Communication and Culture:The Challenge of The FutureDefining Communication:its a dynamic process in which people attempts to share their internal states with other people through the use of symbols.Principles of Communication:a)It is a dynamic processb)It is symbolicc)It is contextual(situations)d)it is self-reflectivee)we learn to communicatef)it has a consequenceFunctions of Communication:a)Gather information about other peopleb)Fulfill interpersonal needsc)Establishes personal identitiesd)Influence others第15页 Dominant CultureIts the one in power-control.Control the major institutions within the culture such as:church,gov.,education,military,mass media,monetary systems,etc.Co-CulturesThey are numerous.Distinct and unique patterns of communication that they have learned.Can be based on race,ethnic background,age,sex,or other factors.CHAPTER 1-Communication and Culture:The Challenge of The Future第16页第17页We learn our culture through proverbsOffer an important set of instructions第18页 CHAPTER 1-Communication and Culture:The Challenge of The FutureCulture isTransmitted from generation to generationLearnedSharedBased on symbolsDynamicAn intergrated system 第19页We learn our culture from folk tales,legends,and myths.The Epic of GilgameshWencheng(Sumerian)第20页We learn our culture through art Art is a symbolic way of communicating(pics taken from The Corning Museum of Glass)第21页We learned our culture through mass media第22页Culture is transmitted from generation to generation第23页Culture is based on symbols第24页Culture is subjected to change第25页Culture is integrated第26页Culture is Ethnocentric第27页Culture is adaptive第28页 CHAPTER 1-Communication and Culture:The Challenge of The FutureDefining Culture:its a set of human-made objectives and subjective elements thatincreased the probability of survival satisfaction for the participants in an ecological nicheshare with those who could communicate with each other and lived in the same time and place.Subjective elements include:values,beliefs,attitudes,orientations,and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in the society.Basic functions of Culture:adapt to a particular ecology,and includes the knowledge that people need to have in order to function in their own social environment.Elements include:History,Regligion,Values,Social organizations,and Language.第29页 CHAPTER 1-Communication and Culture:The Challenge of The FutureIn order to study cross-cultural communication,we must pay attention to the following:a)Each individual are unique.b)Stereotyping.c)Objectivity.d)Communication is not a Cure-all.第30页CHAPTER 2 The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality第31页 CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityThe deep structure of culture is the unconscious assumptions about how the world operates.It makes each culture unique,and explains how and why of a cultures collective action.At the core of any cultures deep structure are its social organizations(or social institutions).Lessons about life and ways for living that lifeIts based on cooperationThree most enduring and influential social organizations that deal with deep structure issues areFamilyState(Community)Religion(Worldview)第32页 CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityWhy do most serious confrontations and misunderstandings can be traced to cultural differences?Different civilizations have different views on the relations between God and man,the individual group and the group,the citizen and the state,parents and children,husband and wife,as well as differing views of the relative importance of rights and responsibilities,liberty and authority,equality and hierarchy.-p.51第33页 CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityThe Deep Structure of Culture contains the following:A cultures most important beliefsHistory(origin)Involves deep and emotional feelingsSupply much of a persons identity 第34页 CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityThe Importance of Family:The family is the principal transmitter of knowledge,values,attitudes,roles,and habits from one generation to the next.Through word and example,the family shapes a childs personality and instills modes of thoughts and ways of acting that become habitual-p.55第35页 CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityTraditionally,most people encounter two families during the course of their life:the family they are born into and the family that is formed when and if they take a name.But there are fewer typical American families in the U.S.than ever before.Most of these changes were brought about by the following:Economic changesTechnological innovationsDemographicsGender roles and opportunities for women(Examples:Single parent,never married couples,adopted child etc.)Can you think of any similar changes in China?第36页 CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityGlobalization has major impact on traditional family structure all through the world.The two characteristics of globalization that have been the most responsible for those changes are(1)mass media and(2)migration.Mass MediaFamily values exposed to different set of valuesExample:materials&money vs.spirituality&principlesMigrationMillions of workers leave their families and move from one place to another place to seek jobs or higher wages.第37页 CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityFamilies perform a series of key functions in all cultures.These functions include teaching members of the culture about economics,socialization,values and religion,individualism and collectivism,and social skills.第38页 CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityHistory is the witness that testifies to the passing of time;illumines reality,vitalizes memory,provides guidance in daily life,and brings us tidings of antiquity.A cultures history affects individual perception and behavior and how people relate to another culture.Two assumptions:Historical events help explain the character of a culture.What a culture seeks to remember and pass onto the next generation tells us about the character of that culture.第39页 CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityHistory of United States:Those who originally arrived on the Atlantic coast brought many English values,system of law,and the basic organization of commerce during 16th century.“Life,liberty and the pursuit of happiness”liberties had to be secured against abusive power of government(independent from Britain)Environmental factors brought psychological effects on the settlers:survival based on individualism第40页 CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityHistory of Russia:The history of Russians have been subjected to invasion and suffering.(Mongols,Germans,Turks,Poles,Swedes,French,and English)therefore,militarized absolutism.Molded by the type of leadership that has control the country for thousand of years follow orders and accept“words”(dictums)of their leaders.A deep appreciation and devotion to the performing arts and cultural arts.The size of land have created the people to think(muse)about life.第41页 CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityHistory of China:“Consider the past then youll know the present”the importance of history.History links all members of the culture.Chinas long history of physical and cultural isolation.may partly attributed their intense national pride.They were the source of the culture of most of neighbors.Considered others were inferior.View family value as priority and civilization has been built on agriculture-Collectivism第42页 CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityHistory of Japan:Based on series of islands,Japan is yet another isolated country strong sense of self-identity,acutely aware of anything that comes from outside.250 years of feudal period loyalty for the feudal lords in the past(now companies);discipline and sacrifice;lack of individualism.Collectivism cooperative efforts,group identification and group action.第43页CHAPTER 3 Culture and the Individual:Cultural Identity第44页 CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultural IdentityHow identity influences and guides expectations about your own and others social roles,and provides guidelines for your communication interaction with others.Factors include:political views,religious beliefs,lifestyle choices,ethnic similarity,economic interest,etc.Some selected social identities in chapter:Racial IdentityEthnic IdentityGender IdentityNational IdentityRegional IdentityOrganizational IdentityPersonal IdentityCyber and Fantasy Identity第45页 CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultural IdentityThe initial exposure to our identity came from our family-where we began to learn culturally appropriate beliefs,values,and social roles.Later,education and mass media can play a considerable role in our identity development.lThree-stage identity development models(Phinney)lUnexamined ethnic identity-ethnic identity search-ethnic achievementlFour-stage identity development models(Martin and Nakayama)lModel for minority:Unexamined identity-conformity-resistance and separatism-integrationlModel for majority:Unexamined identity-acceptance-resistance-redefinition and reintegration第46页 CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultural Identity第47页 CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultural IdentityThe Dark Side of Identity-Stereotyping-a means of organizing your images into fixed and simple categories that you use to represent an entire collection of people.can be positive or negativenarrow our perceptions(oversimplified,exaggerated,and overgeneralized)stereotypes are learned(again,begins with our early education)may evolve out of fear of persons from groups that differ from ones ownHow to avoid stereotypes?aware of your tendency to engage in categorizationopen to new information and evidencebeing aware of your zone of discomfort第48页 CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultural IdentityThe Dark Side of Identity-Prejudice(part 1)-they are deeply held negative feelings associated with a particular group.These sentiments often include anger,fear,aversion,and anxiety.directed at a social group and its membersinvolve with evaluative dimension(right/wrong,moral/immoral)possess centrality(strong belief)Functionsego-defensive:hold prejudice without having to admit.utilitarian:receiving rewards by holding on to their prejudicial beliefs.value-expressive:when they believe their attitudes are expressing the highest and most moral values of the culture.knowledge:able to categorize,organize,and construct their perceptions of other people in a manner that makes sense to them.第49页 CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultural IdentityThe Dark Side of Identity-Prejudice(part 2)Five expressions of prejudice:antilocution;avoidance;discrimination;physical attacks;exterminationCauses:Societal sources-major organizations and institutions produce laws,regulations,and norms that create prejudice within a society.Maintaining social identity-the connection between our identity and culture can be personal and emotional.Anything that threatens that bond can become the target of prejudice.Scapegoating-minority group gets the blame.How to avoid prejudice?Personal contact&education第50页 CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultural IdentityThe Dark Side of Identity-Racism-is an extension of stereotyping and prejudice-the belief in the inherent superiority of a particular race.can be categorized as either personal or institutional.institutional can refer to schools,corporations,hospitals,or criminal justice system.may be intentional or unintentionalsome can be easily to detect,while others are almost impossible.How to avoid racism?Try to be honest to yourselfObject to racist jokes and insults whenever you hear themRespect freedomExamine the historical roots of racism第51页 CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultural IdentityThe Dark Side of Identity-Ethnocentrism-is the notion that ones own culture is superior to any other.links ethnocentrism to the concepts of stereotyping,prejudice,and racism.can be viewed as three levels:positive,negative,and extremely negative.most people are ethnocentriccontributes to cultural identityWhy there can be serious consequences if you engage in negative ethnocentrism?The more ethnocentric you are,the more anxious you are;when we are fearful,we are less likely to expect a positive outcome and less willing to trust someone from another culture.How to avoid ethnocentrism?Avoid dogmatism第52页CHAPTER 4 Shaping Interpretations of Reality:Cultural Values第53页 CHAPTER 4-Shaping Interpretation of Reality:Cultural ValuesPerception is the process of selecting,organizing,and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of the world.第54页 CHAPTER 4-Shaping Interpretation of Reality:Cultural ValuesPerception is selective.A part of perception is determined by culture.Perceptual patterns are learned.BeliefsA storage system.Shaped by individuals culture.Accepted as truths.Usually reflected in your actions and communication behavior.ValuesBeliefs from the basis of our values.Represents what is expected or hoped for,required or forbidden.Can be classifi
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