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专题01 阅读理解( 记叙文 )
【母题来源一】2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（甲卷）
【母题题文】
C
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.
29 What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?
A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discount fare. D. A friend’s invitation.
30. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey?
A. It could be a home for her. B. It should be easily accessible.
C. It should be well preserved. D. It needs to be fully introduced.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
【答案】28. A 29. C 30. C 31. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了71岁的Ginni Balinton从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望探险，不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。
28.A
词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词前文“Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. (在她的职业舞蹈演员生涯中，她曾在英国巡演，但一直渴望进一步探索)”和“When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest (当她不再跳舞，她的儿子们最终独立生活)”可知，Ginni在退休和儿子们成家立业之后，她决定尝试有挑战性的事情。由此推知，划线词组take the plunge与try challenging things“尝试有挑战性的事情”意思接近。故选A。
29.C
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tiera del Fuego. (正是在智利，她发现自己可以在最后一刻买到从火地岛附近岛屿前往南极洲的廉价船票)”可知，是折扣的票价让Ginni决定去南极洲旅行的。故选C。
30.C
细节理解题。根据最后一段“The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni. (意识到这是一块宝贵的土地，应该受到人类的尊重，这是Ginni最深刻的感受之一)”可知，旅行结束后，Ginni认为南极洲应该得到很好的保护。故选C。
31.B
主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了Ginni Balinton去南极旅行的经历，再根据第一段“These gentle lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget. (这些温柔可爱的看门人欢迎了她，并开始了一次Ginni永远不会忘记的旅行)”和倒数第二段Ginni Balinton对南极之旅的评价可知，文章主要介绍了Ginni Balinton去南极洲之旅让她非常难忘。由此可知，An unforgettable experience. (一次难忘的经历)能够概括文章主旨。故选B。
【母题来源二】2021年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（甲卷）
【母题题文】
By day, Robert Titterton is a lawyer. In his spare on stage beside pianist Maria Raspopova — not as a musician but as her page turner. “I’m not a trained musician, but I’ve learnt to read music so I can help Maria in her performance.”
Mr Titterton is chairman of the Omega Ensemble but has been the group’s official page turner for the past four
years. His job is to sit beside the pianist and turn the pages of the score so the musician doesn’t have to break the flow of sound by doing it themselves. He said he became just as nervous as those playing instruments on stage.
“A lot of skills are needed for the job. You have to make sure you don’t turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot.” Mr Titterton explained.
Being a page turner requires plenty of practice. Some pieces of music can go for 40 minutes and require up to 50 page turns, including back turns for repeat passages. Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of “nodding” to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.
But like all performances, there are moments when things go wrong. “I was turning the page to get ready for the next page, but the draft wind from the turn caused the spare pages to fall off the stand,” Mr Titterton said, “Luckily I was able to catch them and put them back.”
Most page turners are piano students or up-and-coming concert pianists, although Ms Raspopova has once asked her husband to help her out on stage.
“My husband is the worst page turner,” she laughed. “He’s interested in the music, feeling every note, and I have to say: ‘Turn, turn!’ “Robert is the best page turner I’ve had in my entire life.”
24. What should Titterton be able to do to be a page turner?
A. Read music. B. Play the piano.
C. Sing songs. D. Fix the instruments.
25. Which of the following best describes Titterton’s job on stage?
A. Boring. B. Well-paid.
C. Demanding. D. Dangerous.
26. What does Titterton need to practise?
A. Counting the pages. B. Recognizing the “nodding”.
C. Catching falling objects. D. Performing in his own style.
27. Why is Ms Raspopova’s husband “the worse page turner”?
A. He has very poor eyesight. B. He ignores the audience.
C. He has no interest in music. D. He forgets to do his job.
【答案】24. A 25. C 26. B 27. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了为钢琴演奏者做翻页工作的Robert Titterton和他的工作情况。
24. A
细节理解题。根据第一段“I’m not a trained musician, but I’ve learnt to read music so I can help Maria in her performance.(我不是受过训练的音乐家，但我学会了识谱，这样我就可以在Maria的表演中帮助她)”可知，Titterton因为识谱，所以可以在Maria的钢琴表演中为她翻页。故选A项。
25.C
推理判断题。根据第三段“A lot of skills are needed for the job. You have to make sure you don’t turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot.(这项工作需要很多技能。你必须确保你不会一次翻两页并且必要的时候确保你回到前面找到音乐重复的部分)”可知，为钢琴家翻页这项工作很需要技巧。由此推知，Titterton的工作要求是很高的。故选C项。
26.B
细节理解题。根据第四段“Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of “nodding” to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.(无声的舞台交流是关键，每个钢琴家都有自己的“点头”风格来表示翻页，他们需要和翻页者进行练习)”可知，Titterton需要和钢琴演奏者练习识别他们的“点头”示意来翻页。故选B项。
27.D
细节理解题。根据最后一段“He’s interested in the music, feeling every note, and I have to say: ‘Turn, turn!’(他对音乐很感兴趣，感受着每一个音符，所以我不得不说：“翻页，翻页！”)”可知，Ms Raspopova的丈夫因为对音乐感兴趣，所以帮她翻页的时候总是沉浸在音乐中而忘掉自己的工作，她不得不去提醒。故选D项。
【母题来源三】2021年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（乙卷）
【母题题文】
B
I have worked as a keeper at the National Zoo, Paris for 11 years. Spot and Stripe are the first tiger cubs that have ever been born here. Globally, a third of Sumatran cubs in zoos don't make it to adulthood, so I decided to give them round-the-clock care at home.
I've got two children—the younger one, Kynan, was extremely happy about the tigers arriving - but all of us really looked forward to being part of their lives and watching them grow. I wasn't worried about bringing them into my home with my wife and kids. These were cubs. They weighed about 2.5 kg and were so small that there was absolutely no risk.
As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they'd get up to mischief. We'd come down in the morning to find they'd turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.
Things quickly got very intense due to the huge amount of energy required to look after them. There were some tough times and I just felt extremely tired. I was grateful that my family was there to help. We had to have a bit of a production line going, making up “tiger milk”, washing baby bottles, and cleaning the floors.
When Spot and Stripe were four months old, they were learning how to open doors and jump fences, and we knew it really was time for them to go. It was hard for us to finally part with them. For the first few days, Kynan was always a bit disappointed that the cubs weren't there.
I'm not sad about it. I'm hands-on with them every day at the zoo, and I do look back very fondly on the time that we had them.
4. Why did the author bring the tiger cubs home?
A. To ensure their survival. B. To observe their differences.
C. To teach them life skills. D. To let them play with his kids.
5. What do the underlined words “get up to mischief” mean in paragraph 3?
A. Behave badly. B. Lose their way. C. Sleep soundly. D. Miss their mom.
6. What did the author think of raising the tiger cubs at home?
A. Boring. B. Tiring. C. Costly. D. Risky.
7. Why did the author decide to send Spot and Stripe back to the zoo?
A. They frightened the children. B. They became difficult to contain.
C. They annoyed the neighbours. D. They started fighting each other.
【答案】4. A 5. A 6. B 7. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者为了保证两只老虎幼崽的存活，决定在家里全天候照顾它们。介绍了老虎在作者家生活的情况以及作者照顾老虎的感受。
4.A
细节理解题。根据第一段中“Globally, a third of Sumatran cubs in zoos don't make it to adulthood, so I decided to give them round-the-clock care at home. (在全球范围内，动物园里三分之一的苏门答腊老虎幼崽活不到成年，所以我决定在家里全天候照顾它们)”可知，作者把老虎幼崽带回家是为了确保他们的存活。故选A。
5.A
词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they'd ”（随着它们的活动越来越多，我们白天让它们在房子里自由活动，但当我们睡觉时，我们必须把它们关在一个大房间里，否则它们会）以及后文“We'd come down in the morning to find they'd turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.”（我们早上下楼时发现他们把房间弄得乱七八糟，让它看起来像个动物园。）可知，作者不得不把老虎们关在一个大房间里，否则它们就会调皮捣蛋，表现不好。早上下楼时发现他们把房间弄得乱七八糟，看起来像个动物园。故画线词意思是“表现不好”。故选A。
6.B
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中“Things quickly got very intense due to the huge amount of energy required to look after them. There were some tough times and I just felt extremely tired.(由于需要大量的精力来照顾它们，事情很快变得非常紧张。有一段艰难的日子，我只是觉得非常累)”可推知，作者认为在家里养小老虎累人。故选B。
7.B
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“When Spot and Stripe were four months old, they were learning how to open doors and jump fences, and we knew it really was time for them to go.(当Spot和Stripe四个月大的时候，他们正在学习如何开门和跳栅栏，我们知道是时候让他们离开了)”可知，作者决定把Spot 和Stripe送回动物园是因为他们变得难以控制。故选B。
【课程标准解读】
语篇阅读能力一直是高考英语的考查重点，因此阅读理解是高考英语试卷最重要的内容之一。阅读理解在各省市的高考卷中占分达40分左右，是决定考生英语成绩的一个重要题型。不管是全国高考卷，还是省区高考卷中基本每年都涉及记叙文的考查，这充分体现了＂为用而学，学以致用＂的新课程理念。
【命题意图】教育部考试中心公布的《考试说明》对阅读理解要求做了明确的规定，主要考查考生以下能力：理解主旨与要义、理解文中具体信息、根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义、做出判断和推理、理解文章的基本结构、理解作者的意图、观点和态度。考生必须理解短文大意、文中重要信息点、作者观点，并深层理解作者的态度和意图。
【考试方向】记叙文是一种以记叙为主要表达方式的文章体裁，分为写人的记叙文和叙事的记叙文，人不离事，事不离人，但写作对象和写作目的有区别。写人的记叙文以人为写作对象，表现人物的品质特点，而叙事的记叙文以事件为记叙对象，揭示事件对人、对社会的思想意义。
【得分要点】
在做记叙文阅读理解题时，需要遵循三个原则：主旨原则、问题优先原则、证据原则。首先，阅读理解的题目通常会围绕主旨或主线，违背主旨的选项一般不是正确答案;与主旨无关的选项或原文中细枝末节的信息，即便选项内容正确，一般也不是正确答案。其次，考生在做阅读理解时，应先看问题，然后根据题干信息去文中寻找答案信息，将找到的信息与选项匹配。如果看题后立即看选项，可能会被选项的众多信息所干扰，而且也不容易记住选项信息。最后，考生在答题时一定要有证据意识，即所有答案一定都能从文中找到出处，切忌根据自己的主观和想法答题，或是根据常识判断，否则很容易失分。
除了主旨题以外的题目，大多数题目顺序与原文中各信息要点顺序一致。针对这些题目，可以采用区间定位的方法，根据题干信息锁定相应的区间进行答题，因此文章如有个别区间没有理解，不一定会影响其他题目的答题。下文将根据不同题型介绍相应的解题策略。
（一）细节题
细节题几乎是每一篇记叙文阅读理解中都会出现的题型，围绕文章主题考查考生对具体信息点的理解。考生需要细心审题，使用定位法答题，即先看问题，关注题干中可以帮助定位的关键词（如时间、地名、人物、重要的动词、名词、形容词等），同时还要关注疑问词（如what、how、why），疑问词不同，信息源的位置可能不同，或正确答案的特点不同。近年来细节题题干中的关键词往往会变换原文中的词汇和表达，需要考生平时积累词汇表达，理解语法现象。
1. 有些细节题可以直接根据题干中的关
键词定位到原文，找到选项的同义替换。
2.有些细节题的题干使用了原文信息的同义表达，因此需要识别题干中的同义表达，然后定位到原文，选择原文的同义转换。
3.有些细节题可以根据题干关键词快速定位，然后对定位处进行深层理解，正确选项能根据原文总结概括得到。
（二）推断题
推断题是属于难度较高的一类题型，需要考生在理解原文字面意思的基础上，通过分析语篇内在逻辑和理解其中的细节内容的暗示，理解文章深层意义和隐含意义，然后作出一定的推理判断，切忌凭空猜想，而要以原文内容为依据，对文章信息细致分析、深入挖掘，揭示其深层含义，同时也要注意避免过度推断。
（三）词义推断题
词义推断题旨在考查考生根据上下文推断词汇和短语的能力，包括超纲词义、熟词生义、代词的指代关系、俗语、特殊表达等，因此考生不仅需要加强语境中的理解推断能力，也需要在平时注意积累和扩大词汇量。此类题目可以采用以下几种方法：
1. 利用构词法
积累英语词汇中的前缀、后缀和词根的含义，进而能准确推测出相互组合形成的整体词义，但这种方法仅限于对一些有词根词缀的单词的考查。
2. 联系上下文语境
联系上下文是最常用和有效的方法，上下文指该词汇或表达所在的句子，以及这个句子的上下句。记叙文中句子之间或句子内部的逻辑关系主要有同义、反义、解释、因果。
3. 代入法
如果上述两种方法都不可行，还可采用将四个选项代入原文，对比选择最合适的一个。
（四）主旨题
主旨题考查学生对文章的整体把握，能否分辨主题和细节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力。主旨题具体分为主旨大意题、最佳标题题和写作目的题。此类题目需遵循“末位原则”，即不论出现在哪一题，都要最后做。此类题型可以运用以下几种方法：
1. 根据全文关键词确定主题
关键词为在全文以同一个词或各种同义词、上下义词不断重复出现的词，这往往是全文的中心或主旨。
2. 把握文章逻辑结构
记叙文比较常见的逻辑结构为时间顺序和事情发展顺序，因此可关注文章中表示时间和事情发展过程的词。
3. 整体把握，从文章叙述的个人故事中体会其传达的信息
4. 对于写作目的题，可以结合文章体裁或关注文章首尾处
对于记叙文阅读理解，把握文章的中心和主旨、主人公或作者的主要观点和态度是十分必要的。考生需要在平时保持长期的持续性输入，进行泛读和一定量的阅读练习，培养记忆、分析、对比、判断、推理和综合能力，多反思总结，找到适合自己的策略。
1. （2022·广东韶关·二模）Days after Argentina canceled all international passenger flights to protect the country from the new coronavirus, Juan Manuel Ballestero began his journey home the only way possible: He stepped aboard his small sailboat for what turned out to be an 85-day voyage across the Atlantic.
The 47-year-old sailor could have stayed on the tiny Portuguese island of Porto Santo to survive the era of lockdowns and social distancing in a scenic place largely spared by the virus. But the idea of spending what he thought could be “the end of the world” away from his family, especially his father who was goon to turn 90, was unbearable.
“I didn’t want to stay like a coward on an island where there were no cases,” Mr. Ballestero said. “I wanted to do everything possible to return home. The most important thing for me was to be with my family.”
He bought his sailboat in 2017, hoping to travel around the world. “I wasn’t afraid, but I did have a lot of uncertainty,” he said. “It was very strange to sail in the middle of a pandemic with humanity teetering around me.”
Sailing can be lonely passion, and it was particularly so on this voyage for Mr. Ballestero. Despite the vastness of the ocean, Mr. Ballestero felt he was in isolation, imprisoned by an intense steam of not knowing what the future held. “I was locked up in my own freedom,” he recalled.
When he made it to his native Mar del Plata on June 17, he was shocked by the hero’s welcome he received. “Entering my port where my father had his sailboat, where he taught me so many things, where I learned how to sail and where all this originated, gave me the taste of a mission accomplished,” he said.
1．Why did Ballestero decide on his Trans-Atlantic sailing?
A．To return home and see his family. B．To explore scenic places of the world.
C．To avoid being considered as a coward. D．To stay away from the new coronavirus.
2．How did Ballestero feel during the journey?
A．Free and lonely. B．Frightened but proud.
C．Uncerta
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