通用口译I教师李芳琴市公开课一等奖百校联赛优质课金奖名师赛课获奖课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,通用口译I教师：李芳琴,主要使用教材,：,新世纪口译理论技巧与实践，（李芳琴等），四川人民出版社，年1 月。,口译实践材料,推荐教材及资料,：,实用英语口译教程，冯建忠，译林出版社，年。,CCTV国际频道访谈、主题讨论节目,CNN新闻等。,1/51,通用口译I,教学目标：,经过讲授口译基本理论、口译背景知识以及对学生进行口译基本技巧训练，使学生使学生初步掌握口译程序和基本技巧，初步学会口译记忆方法、口译笔记、口头概述、公众演讲等基本技巧和口译基本策略，培养学生关心时事信息意识，积累知识，掌握文件检索、资料查询基本方法；培养学生话语分析能力，提升学生逻辑思维能力、语言组织能力和双语表示能力，提升学生跨文化交际能力和英、汉两种语言互译能力，为进入下一阶段讨论式、分语类对学生进行口译基本技巧训练做准备。,2/51,Unit One-Definition,Definition of Interpreting:,It is defined as oral translation of a written text(Shuttleworth&Cowie:1997:83).,Interpreting is a service activity with a communication function.(Gile)It is usually a face-to-face communicative act.,3/51,Unit One-Types of interpreting,Interpreting can be classified into the following three types according its nature:,Conference Interpreting 会议口译,Personal Interpreting 随行口译,Liaison Interpreting 联络口译,It can be divided into:,alternating interpretation（交替口译）English Chinese,consecutive interpretation（连续/接续/逐步口译）,simultaneous interpretation（同声传译）,whispering interpretation（耳语翻译）,sight/on sight interpretation（视阅翻译/视译）,4/51,Unit One-Requirements,Basic qualities required of interpreters:,A strong sense of responsibility,A solid foundation of two languages,Profound knowledge,Good memory,Quick thinking,Outstanding ability of understanding,Fluent expression of ideas,5/51,Unit One-Active Listening,Improving Active Listening,l,Main reasons,for failure to remember what has been heard:,a.Insufficient attention is paid to the speaker.,b.Unfamiliarity with the topic under discussion.,c.Incompetence in the foreign language/languages,l,How to improve active listening:,a.Enlarge background knowledge.,b.Ask WH questions before listening.,c.Listen to the main ideas of the speech,.,6/51,Unit Two-Memory in CI,The importance of a good memory in interpreting,The ability to process information is an essential part of successful interpreting.The ability to listen,comprehend,and retain information is necessary for processing information.,7/51,U2:Short-Term Memory(STM),The duration of STM is very short.It is up 6 to 30 seconds.Memory in interpreting only lasts for a short time.Once the interpreting assignment is over,the interpreter moves on to another one,often with different context,subject and speakers.,8/51,U2:Long-Term Memory(LTM),Long-Term Memory occurs when you have created neural pathways for storing ideas and information which can then be recalled weeks,months,or even years later.To create these pathways,you must make a deliberate attempt to encode the information in the way you intend to recall it later.Long-term memory is a learning process.And it is essentially an important part of the interpreters acquisition of knowledge,because information stored in LTM may last for minutes to weeks,months,or even an entire life.,9/51,Unit 2:Tactics of memorizing information-Visualization,This is to visualize what the speaker is saying in interpretation.It is applicable to the retaining of information in such speech types as narration,description and introduction.,10/51,U2:Visualization-An Example,Hurricane Henry moved into northern Florida early yesterday morning.Nearly half a million people have had to be evacuated as the 200 km per hour winds uprooted trees,tore roofs off some houses and completely demolished less sturdy ones.In coastal areas many boats were submerged by the 10 meter swell,while others were beached and left stranded with their hulls ripped open.,11/51,Unit Three-Memory in CI,Outlining information,提要式记忆,提要式记忆指译员充分利用语篇基本结构及其主要意义间联络，把源语材料内容看成提要或框架来处理。在此提要或框架里，译员所“记”内容是源语材料主要意义及其联络。在随即所“忆”和“译”阶段，译员则在所记基本提要基础上，完整地归纳包含其它次要意义在内全部意义。提要式记忆惯用于那些讲话内容相对有条理性、主次意义较清楚讲话材料，如论证类、介绍类讲话等。,12/51,Unit 3:Memory in Interpreting-Outlining Information:An Example,澳大利亚和中国在生态环境上有很大差异，我认为原因很多。首先是因为中国人口密度较大，其次是经济情况不一样。澳大利亚经济主要依靠第一和第三产业，比如农业、旅游业，它们对环境污染相对较小；而中国经济更依赖于第二产业（工业），第二产业对环境污染最大。另外，澳大利亚是一个发达国家，在经济上有能力制订比较严格环境保护法规。第三是历史原因。即使澳大利亚土族居民有六万多年历史，不过他们是游牧民族，所以对生态环境没有重大影响。澳大利亚主要人类活动只有两百年历史。在中国，主要人类活动已经有几千年之久。第四，中国环境保护还没有受到应有重视。第五个原因是澳大利亚人和中国人社会文明意识有所不一样。,13/51,Unit 3:Memory in Interpreting-Outlining Information(2),澳、中生态环境差异原因：,1,人口密度,2,经济情况：,澳：第一、三产业（两例、结果）,中：第二产业（结果）,另外，澳：发达国（环境保护法规）,3,历史：（主要人类活动史比较）,4,环境保护重视程度,5,文明意识,14/51,Unit 3:Memory in Interpreting-Re-arranging Information,推理式信息组合记忆：,译员在了解前提下，以话语所展现信息位为基础，分清信息主次，结合逻辑推理，将信息单位按主次关系逻辑性地组合成更大信息单位，以增加短时记忆容量。这种方法较适合于记忆那些信息量大长句或内容相对比较枯燥、话语连贯性较差材料。,15/51,Unit 3:Memory in Interpreting-Re-arranging Information-An Example,We have heard a lot of interesting points from the speakers who have gone before me about creating a supportive investment climate which takes into account the interests and concerns of foreign companies,while also helping Chinese companies and the various regions of China to realize their competitive advantages.,16/51,Unit 3:Memory in Interpreting-Re-arranging Information-An Example(2),这句话大致是以下信息单位依次进入译员记忆：,1,）,we have heard a lot interesting points from the speakers who have gone before me,（在我讲话之前，我们已听到许多讲话人很有意义看法）,2,）,about creating a supportive investment climate,（就创造勉励性投资环境）,3,）,which takes into account the interests and concerns of foreign companies,（它照料外国企业利益）,4,）,while also helping Chinese companies and the various regions of China to realise their competitive advantages,（同时，帮助中国企业和各个地域实现其本身竞争优势）。,连贯语篇信息：在我之前讲话人已围绕“照料外国企业利益、创造勉励性投资环境、同时帮助中国企业和各个地域实现其本身竞争优势”这一话题作了很有意义阐述,。,17/51,Unit Four:,Note-taking in Interpreting,The importance of taking notes in interpreting,Our short-term memory alone can not retain the amount of information the speaker gives in the act of interpreting.We need to employ other means to help with our retaining and retrieval of information.Notes are an aid to enhance the work of understanding,analysis and re-expression,the three activities of consecutive interpreting.,The main use of notes is to relieve memory.Although an interpreter may have understood the main ideas of a speech,it is almost impossible for him/her to recall all the elements of a five-minute speech,particularly if it contains numbers,names,lists,since such elements cannot be recalled on the basis of analysis and logic.,18/51,U4:,Basic guidelines for note-taking in CI,Use A 15cm X 20cm stenographers note-pad;avoid loose sheets.,Write only on one side of the sheets;use a good old lead pencil.,Notes should be easily readable,be well spread on the page,written in large characters,and one single sentence can even occupy one sheet.,Notes must be unequivocal:for instance,an arrow pointing upward,must be always used to represent one idea.,Avoid inventing symbols or abbreviations in the course of a conference.,Language used in your notes:SL and TL,Write your notes vertically,Use abbreviations,Use whatever language that comes to your mind,Use as many symbols as you feel comfortable with,19/51,Some suggested symbols used in note-taking,+,=,20/51,Unit 4:Note-taking:What to note,-Take down the main points of the speech,together with any amount of minor details you could manage(口译笔记对象：概念、命题、名称、数字、组织机构和逻辑关系)-Note down the main ideas.-Systematically note down the links between different ideas.-Note down the point of view being expressed.-Pay attention to verb tenses,conditional forms,and modal verbs.-Note down accurately the numbers,dates and proper names.,But digest everything before taking notes!,21/51,Unit 4Note-taking:An Example,because every child has the same needs,and the right to a basic education,the right to food,the right to shelter,and the right to basic health and every child needs a friend,all same,rights ed.,shelter,health,need friend,22/51,Unit FiveNote-taking(2),The use of left-hand margin,The left-hand margin is all-important,since in this section of the sheet the subjects of and the links between the sentences are to be noted.Some interpreters may choose to leave a left-hand margin of one to two centimeters for links only.,23/51,Unit 5Note-taking:an Example 1,Hungary has complained that its steel exports to the European Union are unable to develop because of excessively restrictive quotas.But the Union representative pointed out that quotas are still underused by Hungary by a large margin,so the quotas themselves didnt appear to be creating the difficulties,could be noted down as follows:,HU complainedsteel experts to EU cant develop,because too strict tariff quotas,But EU repquotas underused by HU a lot,So quotas not prob,24/51,Unit 5Note-taking:Example 2,HU:steel experts,cannot develop,to EU,because tariff quotas,too restrictive,_,but EU:HU,underuses a lot,quotas,so quotas,not problem,25/51,Unit SixInterpreting Numerals,笔记方法,e.g.,5,500-5,千,5,或,55,15,300-1,万,5,千,3,或,153,175,000-17,万,5,或,175,3,000,000-3,或,3,或,3,635,500,000-6,亿,3,千,5,百,50,万,或,635 5,26/51,Unit SevenInterpreting Numerals(2),The reading of vulgar fractions,1/2 one half,1/4 one quarter,1/5 one-fifth,1/3 one-third,3/4 three-fourths,5/9 five-ninths,2/6 two-sixths,9/10 nine-tenths,3/1000 three-thousandths,26/95 twenty six over ninety-five,79/53 seventy-nine over fifty-three,九又四分之一 nine and a quarter,五又三分之二 five and two-thirds,27/51,Unit Eight-Public Speaking,Voice Projection,Public speaking means that you must be clearly audible,and an important skill for interpreters is voice projection.Here are some tips of voice projection:,-do speak with a clear,firm voice,the first few sentences are especially important to convey assurance to your audience;,-be clearly intelligible at all times;pronounce proper names and titles especially carefully;,-dont“orate”,but do sound natural and sincere;,-use the first person singular;,-talk to your audience“personally”and keep contact with them at all times;,-watch the reaction of the audience to what you say;,-be friendly toward your audience,be interested in your subject;,-dont frown;,-dont grimace,even if you make mistakes.,28/51,Unit 8-Public Speaking(2,Speed of delivery,Public speaking for an interpreter means that you have to maintain the interest of the audience,who are hearing a text twice,once in a version which they cannot understand.You must engage their attention,and one method is to,vary your speed,of delivery.,More tips:,-dont talk faster than 160 words a minute or slower than 90 words a minute;,-do keep your rate of delivery constantly changing;,-dont be monotonous in your delivery;,-change your pace or speed in response to the audiences reactions;,-allow space for applause,laughter,or interruptions;,-keep eye contact with the audience.,29/51,Public Speaking,Important:,Importance of eye-contact,“三点法”：三个论点/三个原/三个例子,30/51,Unit Nine-Paraphrasing in CI,What is paraphrasing?,或称复述训练repetition training，此训练意在检验记忆、加深了解，帮助我们逐步摆脱原语表示方式束缚，专注于要传递“意义”，借着用译入语进行复述，深入巩固了解并储存“意义”。注意意义完整和逻辑连贯。,31/51,Unit 9-Paraphrasing in CI(2),Rules to be followed in paraphrasing:,1,不应该有任何删减源语意义情况；,2,不应有任何改变源语意义情况；,3.对源语信息中明示或暗示态度、立场、观点和口气等，译员不应掺杂任何个人偏见或成见。,32/51,Unit 9-paraphrasing:Tactics,1.Change of parts of speech,Original:Tourism earns a lot of foreign exchange for Spain.,Paraphrased:Tourism is a big foreign exchange earner for Spain.,2.Change of sentence structure,Original:Only by eliminating corruption and bureaucracy can we establish a clean,small and efficient government.,Paraphrased:We must get rid of corruption and bureaucracy before we are able to establish a clean,small and efficient government.,3.Break up the long sentence into several short ones,Original:The boom in the airline industry that began about 30 years ago,resulted in a corresponding boom in hotel construction.,Paraphrased:The airline industry started to boom about 30 years ago.This boom brought a similar boom in hotel construction.,33/51,Unit Ten,Component Exercise,Note-taking,Punctuation,Anticipation,34/51,Unit TenAnticipation in Interpreting(1),Linguistic anticipation,语言系预测,extra-linguistic anticipation,非语言系预测,语言系预测,词汇排列是有规律可循,。比如在英语里，介词后面接冠词或名词概率很高，而接另一个介词或动词概率则很低。这种规律能够帮助人们对在特定语境中词义进行预测。（2）语言系统内部存在着大量冗余现象，语言冗余带来信息冗于。,在语段中，上文中关键词汇已能清楚表示还未结束部分意义,。（3）在特定语境中，,被唤起或被激活认知知识含有还未结束句子意思。,35/51,Unit 10Anticipation:Example 1,Allmost four years ago,on July 1,st,1997,in this very special place,in a solemn ceremony marking the hand-over,President Jiang announced to the world the return of Hong Kong to China.（近四年前，1997年7月1日，江主席莅临此地，出席庄重厉穆香港回归大典，向全世界宣告香港回归祖国。）,在这句话中，译员语言知识以及被唤起认知知识足以使其对以下划线部分进行预测，：Almost four years,ago,（近四年,前,）,on July 1,st,1997（1997年7月1 日）,in this very special,place,（就在,此地,）,in a solemn,ceremony,（在庄重厉穆,仪式,上）marking the,hand-over,（标志着,回归,）,President Jiang（江主席）,announced to the world the,return of Hong Kong to China（,宣告,香港回归祖国）,。对划线部分中一些词预测实际上遵照了英语词汇排列规律，如ago，place等，它们前面词语使其在这一语境中显得毫无疑义；而译员对其它划线部分预测则与其认知知识息息相关，如on July 1,st,1997,ceremony,President Jiang,the return of Hong Kong to China。从某种意义上讲，假如译员在其认知知识库里已经储存这么信息：江泽民主席于1997年7月1日宣告香港回归中国，那么上述划线部分实际上就成了冗余信息。,36/51,Unit 10:Anticipation in interpreting(2):,非语言系预测:,既包含译员译前预测，又包含在口译过程中所作预测。,即,对讲话中要表示思想预测,，而非准确无误地预测讲话人详细措辞。,比如，,年,10,月美国教育代表团来渝访问了解该市当代外语教育技术概况，该市教委高教处领导发表了一篇集欢迎与介绍于一体讲话。在这一特定语境中，译员在讲话发表前就可预测到以下内容：（,1,）讲话人将代表市教委向代表团表示欢迎；（,2,）重庆市高等院校介绍；（,3,）重庆市高校当代外语教育技术利用情况以及（,4,）对代表团良好祝福。,37/51,Interpreting Exercise,Focus:,Note-taking and note-reading,Interpreting,Eye-contact with audience,38/51,Unit Eleven:Similarities and Differences between WT&CI,）,1.,工作方式不一样,2 2.,语言利用不一样,a.,用词上区分,口译用偏重口语化词，笔译往往用书面词语。,b.,句法上区分,口译多用简单语法、简单句子和简单结构;,笔译能够视需要而定，选取适当句子结构:,口译应少用被动语态，笔译不做此要求。,39/51,Interpreting Exericise,Dr.Sclafanis speech continued,Focus:interpreting with the help of notes,40/51,Unit 12:Basic characteristics of communication in interpreting,Speaker(message)Interpreter Listener(message),41/51,Unit 12:Basic characteristics of narrative speech,Narrative speech,:叙述类讲话(also include introduction),A chronological narrative may be history,the story of a country,or an international organization over the last fifty years.But it may also be the chairperson of a meeting summing up the situation at the outcome of the last meeting,the procedure followed since then,including the activities of various sub-committees and the procedure envisaged for the immediate future.,The interpreter must pay due attention to time phrases,dates and verb tenses.People want to what happened when.,A narrative speech may also have the feature of the descriptive speech.,42/51,Unit 12:Introductory speeches,介绍类讲话基本特点,介绍类讲话是口译实践中最常见语类之一，出现得最多情况有以下几个：,(1),对企业、工厂、学校等企业、团体介绍；,(2),对项目、展品、产品以及科研结果等介绍；,(3),对城市、地域（包含景区）等介绍；,(4),对人物介绍。,介绍类讲话基本模式是：总说、分说、总结或适当小结。这类话语展开没有显著时间或空间次序，而是靠时间、空间和逻辑程序相互组合或补充。通常在介绍之前都有一段概述性质话语，方便能给听话人留下一个整体印象，然后再按照被介绍物特点或说话人目标，分门别类按不一样主题进行深入详细介绍。,43/51,Unit 13:Preparation in interpretation,Advanced Preparation,Before the meeting,the interpreter should ask the conference organizer to provide a full set of,documents,which include the,conference programme,list of participants,background information,about the conference,and most important,documents on the content of the conference,(including drafts of papers to be read or presented,abstracts,etc.),Briefings,are potentially a very useful part of advanced preparation.They are