合同文本翻译模板.doc

n TIME. The parties agree that [specify, e.g., time is of the essence or timely performance of this Agreement is important, provided that if a party fails to perform on time, the parties will strive to renegotiate the terms]. 时间。双方同意[时间是本质或立刻推行本协议是很关键, 假如一方不能遵守时间, 双方将进行条款重新谈判]。

n CONDITIONS PERCEDENT. This Agreement is subject to [specify, e.g., the issuance of an import license to the Buyer by the appropriate agency of (country) government and the issuance of an export license to the Seller by the appropriate agency of (country) government]. 先决条件。此协议服从于 [如: 相关（国家）政府给买方颁发进口许可证和相关（国家）政府给卖方颁发出口许可证].

解释: 先决条件（precondition）普遍采取于英文协议版本当中, 中国日常协议当中采取不多。这可能是源于中国协议法并无明确要求先决条件条款, 而是采取同时推行抗辩权、 不安抗辩权和先推行抗辩权“三国鼎立”, 所以实践当中制订先决条件条款并不多见。
其实, 先决条件法律性质含义较广、 较灵活, 依据它设计内容不一样, 既能够单指同时推行抗辩权、 不安抗辩权和先推行抗辩权三种权利其中之一, 也可能包含了二者或全部。因为先决条件是指仅当特定条件成就后, 协议一方才推行特定行为如交割、 付款等。这个条款通常见作保护处于优势地位一方明确己方权利和对方义务关系时候使用。具体作用有二:
一是标准, 约定明确判定标准, 作为一方负担义务和另一方行使权利依据;
二是保护, 即保护一方当事人尤其是优势方当事人协议利益, 免受另一方拒不推行或拖延推行而带来损害。

相关举例:
(1) After friendly consultations conducted in accordance with the principles of equality and mutual benefit, the Parties have agreed to [describe subject matter of the Contract] in accordance with Applicable laws and the provisions of this Contract. 
双方本着平等互利标准, 经友好协商, 依据［相关法律名称］以及其她相关法律, 同意根据本协议条款, ［描述协议标］。 

n RIGHT TO CANCEL. The Buyer has a right to cancel this Agreement if the Seller fails [specify, e.g., to ship all or any of the Goods on time]. The Seller has a right to cancel this Agreement if the Buyer fails [specify, e.g., to make any payment required by this Agreement within (number) days of its due date]. If either party notifies the other party that it will not or is unable, to perform this Agreement, the party receiving notice is entitled to cancel the Agreement. To make the cancellation effective, the party seeking to cancel must give notice to the other party that the Agreement is deemed canceled. The date of the cancellation will be the date on which the party receives the notice of nonperformance. 撤销权利。假如卖方不能按时装运货物, 买方有权撤销协议。假如买方不能在[几]天内付款, 卖方有权撤销协议。假如任何一方通知另一方不想或不能推行协议, 接到通知一方有权撤消协议。为了使撤销有效, 撤销一方应通知另一方协议已撤销。撤销日期是收到不推行协议通知日期。撤消日期是收到不推行协议通知日期。

n FORCE MAJEURE. This agreement will be deemed canceled, and neither party will have any liability to the other for losses resulting from nonperformance, if delivery is prevented by causes beyond the control of the Seller. Such causes include, but are not limited to, acts of nature, labor disputes, failure of essential means of transportation, or changes in policy with respect to exports or imports by the [country] government or the [country] government. 不可抗力。假如因为天灾、 劳资纠纷、 缺乏基础运输方法、 政府进出口政策改变及其它卖方无力控制原因所造成无法交货, 协议被撤销, 任何一方无需为不推行协议负担责任。

解释: 不可抗力条款是指协议中订明如当事人一方因不可抗力不能推行协议全部或部分义务, 免去其全部或部分责任。另一方当事人不得对此要求损害赔偿。所以, 不可抗力条款是一个免责条款。
不可抗力条款是要求在协议签订后发生当事人在订协议时不能预见、 不能避免、 不可控制意外事故, 以致不能推行协议或不能准期推行协议时, 遭受不可抗力一方能够免去推行协议责任条款。
这里补充说明不可抗力法律后果与结果: 依1980年《联合国国际货物销售协议条约》要求, 遭受不可抗力一方可解除协议或延迟推行而不负担责任。只有在不可抗力原因与当事人过失同时存在情况下, 当事人才负担对应赔偿责任。遭受不可抗力后协议结果关键为下列:
①解除协议。通常来说, 假如不可抗力事故使协议推行成为不可能, 则可解除协议。如在买卖特种粮食交易中, 该特种粮食产地因水灾而失收, 在这种情况下, 能够解除协议。
②延迟推行。如不可抗力只是临时阻碍协议推行, 则只能延迟推行。比如, 因为不可抗力使交通受阻, 可能延迟推行, 等通车后再推行。

不可抗力条款表述方法还有:
(1) The Sellers shall not be held responsible for late delivery or nondelivery of the goods owing to the generally recognized “Force Majeure” causes. However, in such cases, the Sellers shall telegraph the Buyers a certificate of the occurrence issued by the government authorities or the Chamber of Commerce at the place where the accident occurs as evidence thereof. 因公认不可抗力造成延迟发货或不能发货, 卖方不负担责任。但此种情况下, 卖方应经过电报形式寄送买方事故发生地政府部门或商会颁发事故发生证实作为所发生事件证据。
(2) Neither seller nor buyer shall be liable in damages or otherwise for any failure or delay in performance of any obligation hereunder other than obligation to make payment, where such failure or delays is caused by force majeure, being any event, occurrence of circumstance reasonably beyond the contral of that party, including without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, failure or delay caused by or resulting from acts of god, strikes, fires, floods destruction of the material, delays of carriers due to breakdown or adverse weather, perils of the sea, embargoes, accidents, restrictions imposed by any governmental authority (including allocations, priorities, requisitions, quotas and price controls). 买卖双方除推行付款义务外, 因以下事由造成买卖任一方无法推行协议要求义务或推行延误, 买卖任一方均不对此负担任何责任, 事由具体内容以下: 因不可抗力所致超出买卖任一方力合理控制范围内不可抗力事件, 不可抗力发生, 及出现不可抗力情况, 包含不影响前述事由通常情况; 天灾, 罢工, 火灾, 洪水, 材料损毁; 事故, 恶劣天气所致无法推行义务或造成义务推行延误; 海难, 禁运, 事故, 政府当局公布限制要求(包含配给, 优先事项, 征用, 报价和价格控制等等)造成义务无法推行或义务推行延误。
(3) Any event or circumstance beyond control shall be regarded as Force Majeure but not restricted to fire, wind, flood, earthquake, explosion, rebellion, epidemic, quarantine and segregation. In case either party that encounters Force Majeure fails to fulfill the obligation under the contract, the other party should extend the performance time by period equal to the time that Fore Majeure will last. 假如遭遇无法控制时间或情况应视为不可抗力, 但不限于火灾、 风灾、 水灾、 地震、 爆炸、 叛乱、 传染、 检疫、 隔离。如要是不可抗力一方不能推行协议要求下义务, 另一方应将推行协议时间延长, 所延长时间应于不可抗力事件时间相等。 
(4) If the Force Majeure last over 6 months, the two parties of the contract should settle the case of continuing the contract by friendly negotiation as soon as possible. Should the two parties fail to reach an agreement will be settled by arbitration according to Clause 12 of the contract thereof. 假如不可抗力连续6个月以上, 协议双方应立刻经过友好协商方法调整继续推行协议事宜。假如双方不能达成协议, 则依据协议中第12条款经过仲裁决定。  

n LIQUIDATED DAMAGES. Each party understands that a breach of this Agreement will cause the nonbreaching party damages that will be difficult to calculate in terms of sales, markets, and goodwill lost. It is agreed that the parties have considered what would be a reasonable estimate of the damages each would suffer if the other were to breach this Agreement. If the Seller cannot deliver the Goods for any reason other than by fault of the Buyer, the Seller will pay to the buyer as liquidated damages the sum of [currency and amount]. If the Buyer fails to furnish shipping instructions, wrongfully refuses to accept the Goods, or fails to pay the amount due on time, the Buyer will pay to the Seller as liquidated damages the sum of [currency and amount]. If the Buyer infringes the Seller’s Intellectual Property, the Buyer will pay to the Seller as liquidated damages the sum of [currency and amount] for each day of continued use. Payment of liquidated damages will not, in any way, affect the Seller’s rights to enjoin the Buyer’s continued use of the Seller’s Intellectual Property. 违约赔偿金。双方了解违反协议将造成未违约一方损失, 就所损失销售、 市场、 和商誉而言未违约方损失是极难计算。如一方违约, 就另一方所遭受损失合理估量, 各方已达成一致。假如卖方不能交货是因为除买方错误之外其它原因, 卖方将向卖方支付总计[币种和金额]赔偿金。假如买方未能提供装运指示, 错误地拒绝接收货物, 或者未按时支付款项, 买方将向卖方支付[币种和金额]赔偿金。假如买方侵犯卖方知识产权, 买方每继续使用一天将向卖方支付[币种和金额]赔偿金。不管怎样, 赔偿金不会阻碍买方继续使用卖方知识产权。

解释: 一个完整协议应该有违约责任条款, 违约责任条款就有两个作用: 一、 督促作用, 经过违约责任警示作用, 督促协议当事人全方面推行协议; 二、 填补损失作用, 在一方违约情况下, 能够经过追究对方违约责任, 填补损失。国际商务协议中违约通常不称违约金 而是称损害赔偿。违约金条款第一不要遗漏, 第二要全方面, 第三幅度能够高,但不要太高, 因为太高造成条款无效, 等于让裁判庭自己决定。通常损害赔偿方法可表述以下: (直接财产损失十可得利益损失十减损支付费用)一(应该避免损失十避免成本或因违约损害而获取收益十属于受害方自己过失造成损失)=违约方应该支付损害赔偿数额（≤受害方实际损失）。

违约赔偿相关表述还有:
(1) Party B shall, if it fails to comply with this agreement to make purchase of the goods delivered by Party A as reimbursement, or Party A shall, if it fails to comply with this agreement to deliver the goods it is due to provide, be deemed liable for a breach of agreement and shall compensate the non-breaching Party for the loss caused thereupon and shall pay the non-breaching Party a fine accounting for % of the total value of the goods in question. 乙方不按协议要求购置赔偿商品或甲方不按协议要求提供商品时, 均应按协议条款负担违约责任, 赔偿由此造成经济损失, 并向对方支付该项货款总值____%罚款。
(2) When there is delay in delivery of any goods, the Buyer is entitled to claim liquidated damages equal to 0.5% or such other percentage as may be agreed of the price of those goods for each complete week of delay, provided the Buyer notifies the Seller of the delay. Where the Buyer so notifies the Seller within 15 days from the agreed date of delivery, damages will run from the agreed date of delivery or from the last day within the agreed period of delivery. Where the Buyer so notifies the Seller after 15 days of the agreed date of delivery, damages will run from the date of the notice. Liquidated damages for delay shall not exceed 5% of the price of the delayed goods or such other maximum amount as may be agreed. 假如发生任何货物拖延交付, 则买方有权要求预定损害赔偿, 每拖延一整周, 其金额为该迟交货物价款0.5%, 或约定其她比率, 但以买方通知卖方交货拖延为前提。买方在约定交货日期后15天内照此通知卖方, 则损害赔偿金应从约定交货日或约定交货期间最终一天起算; 假如买方在约定交货日期后超出15天才通知卖方, 则损害赔偿金应从通知日起算。延迟交货预定损害赔偿金不应超出迟交货物价款5%, 或其她可能约定最高数额。
(3) If either party of this Contract fails to perform its obligation as stated in this contract, other than by reason of Force Majeure as per Clause 14, The concern party shall pay 2% penalty to the other party. the penalty must be paid within 30days. 若买卖双方任何一方未能推行协议条款, 除因条款第十四条款所述不可抗力事件外, 违约方须向对方支付2%违约金.支付时间为判定为违约后30天内,

n ARBITRATION. Except when liquidated damages apply, if a disputed arises between the parties to this Agreement with regard to any of the provisions or the performance of any terms and conditions of this Agreement, the dispute will be settled by [binding/nonbinding] arbitration to be conducted in accordance with the [name of arbitration rules] in [location]. 仲裁。产生违约金除外, 假如协议双方对本协议中任何要求或在推行本协议条款和条件时产生纠纷, 应依据[所在地][仲裁规则名称]进行[有约束力/无约束力]仲裁来处理纠纷。

解释: 仲裁(Arbitration), 又称公断, 是指买卖双方在纠纷发生之前或发生以后, 签署书面协议, 自愿将纠纷提交双方所同意第三者给予裁决, 以处理纠纷一个方法。仲裁协议有两种形式: 一个是在争议发生之前签订, 它通常作为协议中一项仲裁条款出现; 另一个是在争议以后签订, 它是把已经发生争议提交给仲裁协议。这两种形式仲裁协议, 其法律效力是相同。

相关协议文本举例:
(1) Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this Agreement, or the interpretation, breach, termination or validity hereof, shall be first resolved through consultation between the parties. In case the dispute is not resolved by consultations within thirty (30) days, then any party may submit the dispute to Hong Kong International Arbitration Center for arbitration in accordance with its arbitration rules then in force at the time the dispute submitted for arbitration.
若发生由本协议（或其违反、 终止或无效）引发或与之相关任何争议、 纠纷或者索赔, 双方应首先争取经过友好协商来处理争议。双方未能在30天内经过协商达成处理方案, 则任何一方可将该争议提交香港国际仲裁中心并适用该仲裁机构仲裁规则进行仲裁。
(2) In any dispute with regard of the contract, both parties should pursue a solution by friendly negotiation. If no settlement can be reached through negotiation, the case should be submitted to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission for arbitration based on the relative arbitration rules. The arbitral award is final and with the power of binding both parties. 凡因本协议或与本协议相关任何争议,双方应经过友好协商措施处理; 假如协商不能处理, 均应提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会, 根据申请仲裁时该会现行有效仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局, 对双方都有约束力。
(3) For all of the contract arising as a result of this. Or contract-related disputes, the contract should the two sides through friendly consultations, resolved, if consensus can not be resolved, the dispute should be referred to arbitration.
对于全部因本协议引发.或根本协议相关纠纷, 协议双方应经过友好协商处理, 若无法经过协商处理, 应将纠纷提交仲裁处理。

n FORUM AND GOVERNING LAW. The parties understand and agree that the laws of [location] will be applied to interpret this Agreement. This Agreement is to be interpreted by application of the United Nations Convention on International Sale of Goods. Any action filed to resolve a dispute between the parties must be brought in [location]. 法庭及适使用方法律。各方了解并同意本协议将采取[某地]法律解释本协议。本协议[采取/不采取]联合国条约国际货物销售条款来解释。任何处理各方争议法律诉讼行为必需在[某地]进行。

解释: 法律适用条款是指国际货物买卖协议是在营业地分处不一样国家当事人之间签订。因为各国政治、 经济、 法律制度不一样, 就产生了法律冲突和法律适用问题。当事人在协议中明确宣告协议适用何国法律条款称作法律适用条款或法律选择条款。

相关表述举例:
(1) The formation, validity, interpretation and implementation of this Agreement shall be governed by the laws and regulations of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China. 相关本协议成立, 有效性, 解释和实施应根据中国香港尤其行政区相关法律来管理。

n MODIFICATIONS AND WAIVERS. All modifications to this Agreement must be in writing and signed by the parties or their authorized agents. If a party waives any of its rights under this Agreement to make a claim for breach, that waiver will have no effect with regard to the party’s right to enforce the Agreement as to any subsequent breach. 修改和弃权。对本协议所做出任何修改必需以书面形式做出并由各方或其授权代理人签署。假如一方放弃协议中起诉违约权利, 此弃权不会影响这一方强制实施本协议权利。

相关协议文本举例:
(1) Failure or delay by either party in enforcing or partially enforcing any provision of this Agreement will not be construed as a waiver of any of their respective rights under this Agreement. Any waiver by either party of any breach or any default under any provision of this Agreement by the other(s) shall not be deemed a waiver of any subsequent breach or default and will in no way affect the terms and conditions of this Agreement. 在实施本协议任何条款中, 任何一方失败或延迟不得被视为豁免操作, 也不能以任何方法影响本协议或本协议任一部分有效性, 或以后任何一方实施本协议每一项条款权利。任一方对协议中任何一项要求权利放弃, 不视为对其她权利及此项权利后续权利放弃, 亦不影响协议其它条款效力。
(2) The Parties explicitly agree that any omission or delay by the Principal to request the implementation of provisions of this agreement may not be interpreted as a waiver of any rights by the Principal and will not in any way impair the validity of this agreement or any of the contractual provisions or the right to enforce such provisions at any later date. 协议各方谨此明确同意, 委托人未能或者延迟要求实施本协议各项条款并不能解释为该委托人放弃任何权利, 而且也不会所以而损坏本协议有效性、 任何合约条款以及随即要求强制实施这类条款权利。
(3) No omission or delay on the part of any PARTY hereto in requiring a due and punctual fulfillment by the other PARTY hereto of the obligations of such other PARTY shall be deemed to constitute a waiver by the omitting or delaying PARTY of any of its rights to require such due and punctual fulfillment of any other obligations hereunder whether similar or otherwise, or a waiver of any remedy it might have hereunder. 当协议方要求付款及限期实施条款时, 协议任何一方不得疏忽或拖延其责任。出现疏忽及拖延协议方将被视为自此自动放弃其权益, 不管是该付款或限期实施条款任何责任或其她责任, 或由自动放弃任何可能产生任何赔偿。